ÖZBEKİSTAN’DA DEVLET İNŞASI SÜRECİ: KATEDİLMESİ GEREKEN UZUN YOLLAR

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 519 - 537, 27.12.2018

Gürhan Ünal

https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.410992

Öz

Bu
çalışma Sovyet sonrası dönemde Özbekistan’ın yürüttüğü devlet inşası
politikalarını incelemektedir. SSCB’nin ayrışması neticesinde bağımsızlıklarını
ilan devlet-ler bağımsız ve modern birer ulus devlet olarak fonksiyon
göstermekte zorlanmış, komünizm sonrasına geçiş çabaları halkı ve yöneticileri
alışık olmadıkları konularla tanıştır-mıştır. Mevcut ekonomik ve siyasal
sistemden bir başka sisteme dönüşümü anlatan geçiş çalışmaları, bilhassa Latin
Amerika ve Güney Avrupa’daki demokratikleşme hareket-leriyle birlikte
araştırmacıların ilgi odağına girmiştir. Fakat, yalnızca demokratikleşmeye ve
market ekonomisine geçişe odaklanan mevcut geçiş çalışmaları alan yazınının,
eski Sov-yet ülkelerinin dönüşümlerini açıklamakta yeterli olmadığı görülmüştür.
Bunun sebebi, Sovyet mirasının, ülkelerin sadece yönetim biçimlerini ve
ekonomilerini değil, aynı zamanda ulusal kimliklerini ve dini ilişkilerini de
etkilemiş olmasıdır. Bu sebeple, eski Sovyet ülkelerinin yeniden inşa sürecini
incelerken, demokrasi, market ekonomisi, devlet kapasitesi ve millet inşası
konularını kapsayan dörtlü bir ge-çiş modelinin kullanılmasının fayda
sağlayacağı öne sürül-müştür. Özbekistan’ın geçiş süreci 2016 yılına kadar
İslam Karimov tarafından yürütülmüştür. Bazı Orta Asya ülke-lerine nazaran
Özbekistan, Karimov’un tutucu politikaları sebebiyle göreceli bir istikrara
kavuşmuştur, ancak tam bir demokratik rejime ya da işleyen bir market
ekonomisine sahip olduğunu söylemek oldukça güçtür; radikal İslamcı olarak
adlandırılan gruplarla hükümet arasındaki mücadele istikrarı tehdit etmektedir.
Son dönemde, Karimov’un ölümüyle başkanlığa seçilen Şevket Mirziyoyev’in
önderliğinde Özbekistan’ın demokratikleşmesi için daha uygun bir ortamın
oluştuğu inancı yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu gelişmeler çerçevesinde, bu çalışma ulus
inşası, demokratikleşme, market ekonomisine geçiş, din ve dış ilişkiler konulu beş
başlıkta Özbekistan’ın devlet inşası politikalarını değerlendirmektedir. Sonuç
olarak, görece istikrar ve ilerlemeye rağmen Özbekistan’ın halen başarılı bir
geçiş örneği teşkil etmediği değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Özbekistan, Geçiş Çalışmaları, Devlet İnşası, Karimov, Mirziyoyev

STATE-BUILDING PROCESS IN UZBEKISTAN: MANY MILES TO GO

Öz

This
study examines the developments in post-Soviet Uzbekistan in the field of state
building. With the dissolution of USSR, newly independent states struggled to
function as independent nation-states since the transition efforts from
Communism to post-Communism created an uncharted area for the post-Soviet
societies. Transition studies gained widespread attention with the
democratization of Latin America and Southern Europe. However, it became
evident that current transition literature which solely focuses on
democratization and marketization lacks the explanatory power on transition
process of post-Soviet states due to the Soviet legacy which left its marks not
only in terms of democracy and economy but also on national-identity and
religious affairs. Therefore, it is argued that a quadruple transition model
which focuses on democratization, marketization, stateness and nationality is
more appropriate to analyze the developments in post-Soviet states. In
Uzbekistan, transition process was operated by Islam Karimov until 2016.
Contrary to some other Central Asian countries, Uzbekistan enjoyed a more
stable transition process mostly due to Karimov’s authoritarian rule. However,
after more than two decades, it is difficult to consider Uzbekistan neither as
a full democracy nor as a market economy. Moreover, the struggle between
so-called radical Islamist groups and the government poses serious threats to
the stability of the country. Lately Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s presidency following the
death of Karimov created a more fertile ground for further democratization of
Uzbekistan. Considering these developments, this study evaluates state-building
policies of Uzbekistan in five topics regarding nation-building,
democratization, marketization, religion and foreign affairs. It is argued that
despite relative stability and progress, Uzbekistan is far from being an
example of successful transition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uzbekistan, transition, state-building, Karimov, Mirziyoyev

Kaynakça

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