Free Will and Artificial Intelligence

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 167 - 181, 30.12.2018

Aziz Fevzi Zambak

Öz

Abstract: Free will is one
of the main challenges against artificial intelligence. Free will is considered
to be one of the unique characteristics of human being which cannot be
represented in any artificial intelligent system. Free will is a special issue
in the philosophy of mind. There are two main approaches to free will; namely,
compatibilism and incompatibilism. We construct two main compatibilist
arguments in order to overcome this challenge and these arguments show that the
deterministic and computational structure of machine intelligence does not
empirically prevent artificial intelligence from possessing free will. In
addition to that, we claim that the agentive action is the only condition for
the occurrence and analysis of free will. And these occurrence and analysis
conditions can be modelled and simulated in machine intelligence. Therefore, AI
can possess the tools through which it can realize its autonomous free choices.
Simply stating, AI can have a free will.

Anahtar Kelimeler

artificial intelligence, compatibilism, free will, determinism, computational decision

Özgür İrade ve Yapay Zeka

Öz

Öz: Özgür istenç yapay zekaya dair en temel karşı çıkış noktalardan
birisidir. Özgür istenç insan olmanın ve insanı diğer canlılardan ayırt etmenin
biricik unsuru olarak görülmektedir. Zihin felsefesi içerisinde özel bir konu
olan özgür istenç problemine dair iki faklı yaklaşım bulunmaktadır. Bu
yaklaşımlar bağdaşırcılık ve bağdaşmazcılıktır. Bu yazıda iki farklı
bağdaşıklık uslamlaması üzerinden makinelerin belirlenimli ve berimsel
yapılarının onların özgür istence sahip olabilmesi için bir engel çıkartmadığı
gösterilmektedir. Buna ek olarak, eyleyici edimlerin özgür istencin
çözümlenmesi ve ortaya çıkabilmesi için en temel koşul olduğu iddia
edilmektedir. Bu çözümlemeler ve ortaya çıkışlar makine zekasında
modellenebilinir. Bu modelleme aynı zamanda zihin felsefesinin bir konusu
olarak özgür istenç problemine başka bir açıdan bakabilmemizi sağlayacaktır.
Sonuç olarak, yapay zeka özgür kararlar alabilecek bir yapıya kavuşabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yapay zeka, bağdaşırcılık, özgür istenç, belirlenimcilik, bilgisayımsal karar

Kaynakça

• Beck, F. and Eccles, J. (1992). “Quantum Aspects of Brain Activity and the Role of Consciousness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science US, 89: 11357-61.
• Berofsky, Bernard (1987). Freedom from Necessity: The Metaphysical Basis of Responsibility. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Berofsky, Bernard (1995). Liberation from Self: A Theory of Personal Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Boden, Margaret A. (1972). Purposive Explanation in Psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Boden, Margaret A. (1987). Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man. London: The MIT Press.
• Bohm, D. and Peat, F. D. (1987). Science, Order, and Creativity. London: Routledge.
• Bunge, Mario (1979). Causality and Modern Science. New York: Dover.
• Davidson, Donald (2001). Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Eccles, John (1994). How the Self Controls Its Brain. Berlin: Springer.
• Eigenhardt, Peter L. (1998). “Chaos, Emergence and Complexity: On the Outset of Variety.” In K. Mainzer, A. Müller and W. G. Saltzer (Eds.), From Simplicity to Complexity: Information-Interaction-Emergence, Part II. (pp. 117-126). Weisbaden: Vieweg.
• Fisher, Mark (1993). “A Note on Free Will and Artificial Intelligence.” Philosophia, 13: 75-80.
• Haji, Ishtiyaque (2002). “Compatibilist View of Freedom and Responsibility.” In Robert Kane (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, (pp. 202-228). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Herbert, Nick (1993). Elemental Mind: Human Consciousness and New Physics. New York: Dutton, Penguin.
• Hodgson, David (1991). The Mind Matters. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Hodgson, David (2002). “Quantum Physics, Consciousness, and Free Will.” In Robert Kane (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, (pp. 85-110). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Honderich, Ted (1988). A Theory of Determinism: The Mind, Neuroscience, and Life-Hopes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Honderich, Ted (2002). “Determinism as True, Both Compatibilism and Incompatibilism as False, And the Real Problem.” In Robert Kane (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, (pp. 461-476). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hunt, G. M. K. (1987). “Determinism, Predictability and Chaos” Analysis, 47: 129-133.
• Jibu, M. and Yasue, K. (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness: An Introduction. Amsterdam: Benjamin.
• Kellert, Stephen H. (1993). In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamic Systems. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Lockwood, Michael (1989). Mind, Brain and the Quantum: The Compound of “I.” Oxford: Basic Blackwell.
• MacKay, D. M. (1951). “Mindlike Behaviour in Artefacts.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 2: 105-121.
• Margenau, Henry (1984). The Miracle of Existence. Woodbridge, CT: OxBow.
• Penrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor’s New Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Penrose, Roger (1994). Shadows of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Sloman, Aaron (1978). The Computer Revolution in Philosophy: Philosophy, Science and Models of Mind. Sussex: The Harvester Press.
• Squires, Euan (1990). Conscious Mind in the Physical World. Bristol: Adam Hilger.
• Stapp, Henry (1993). Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics. New York: Springer.
• Stone, Mark A. (1989). “Chaos, Prediction and Laplacean Determinism.” American Philosophical Quarterly, 26: 123-131.
• Taylor, C. and Dennett, D. (2002). “Who’s Afraid of Determinism? Rethinking Causes and Possibilities.” In Robert Kane (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, (pp. 257-277). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Taylor, Richard (1968). “Determinism and the Theory of Agency.” In Sidney Hook (Ed.), Determinism and Freedom in the Age of Modern Science, (pp. 224-230). New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Wolf, Fred A. (1986). Mind and the New Physics. London: Heinemann.
• Zohar, Danah (1990). The Quantum Self. London: Bloomsbuty.