BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey.

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 57 - 63, 01.06.2017

Öz

Batı Nil Virusu (BNV); insanlar, atlar, kuşlar ve birçok evcil ve yabani hayvanlarda çeşitli sinirsel semptomlara neden olan, özellikle Culex cinsi sokucu sineklerle bulaşan Flaviviridae familyasının Flavivirus genusuna mensup bir RNA virusudur. Son yıllarda özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Asya, Afrika, Orta Doğu, Balkanlar ve Avrupa’da insanlar, atlar, köpekler ve kanatlı hayvanlarda hafif seyirli ateşli hastalıktan ölümlerle sonuçlanan menenjit ve ensefalite kadar varabilen BNV enfeksiyonlarına rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde bulunan 5 farklı ildeki 282 eşek ile 48 köpek ve 45 sığırdan toplanan 375 adet kan serumu örneği kullanıldı. Serum örneklerinde ticari bir competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) testi kullanılarak BNV’na spesifik antikorların varlığı araştırıldı. BNV antikorları yönünden 375 örneğin 22’si (% 5.87) pozitif bulundu.

Kaynakça

  • Abutarbush, S. M. and Al-Majali A.M, (2014). West Nile virus infection in horses in Jordan: clinical cases, seroprevalence and risk factors. Transbound Emerg Dis 61:1-6.
  • Aharonson-Raz, K., Lichter-Peled, A., Tal, S., et al. (2014). Spatial and temporal distribution of West Nile virüs in horses in Israel (1997-2013) from endemic to epidemics. PLoS One 2014 Nov 17;9(11):e113149.
  • Ahmednejad, F., Otarod, V., Fallah, M.H., Lowenski, S., Sedighi-Oghaddam, R., Zavareh, A., Durand, B., Lecollined S. and Sabatier P. (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosurvey in equines, 2008–2009. Epidemiol. Infect. (2011), 139, 1587–1593.
  • Albayrak, H. Özan, E. (2010). Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus but not West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Northern Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 57 (2010) e71–e75.
  • Albayrak, H. Özan, E. (2013). Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in Some of Mammalian Species (Herbivores) in Northern Turkey. J Arthropod-Borne Dis, June 2013, 7(1): 90–93.
  • Baba, S. S., NNnadi, O.D., Hamman, K.D., Saidu, A., El Yuguda, A., Oderinde B. S. (2014). Preliminary study on the prevalence of West Nile virus antibody among horses, donkeys and camels in Borno State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Virol 3:39-45.
  • Barbić. L., Listeš, E., Katić, S., Stevanović, V., Madić, J., Starešina, V., Labrović, A., Di Gennaro, A., Savini G. (2012). Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Vet Microbiol 159:504-508.
  • Bocanegra I. G., Arenas-Montes A, Jaén-Téllez J. A., Napp, S., Fernández-Morente, M., Arenas, A. (2012). Use of sentinel serosurveillance of mules and donkeys in the monitoring of West Nile virus infection. Vet J 194:262-264.
  • Bargaoui, R., Lecollinet, S., Lancelot, R. (2015). Mapping the prevalence rate of West Nile fever in equids, Tunusia. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2015 Feb;62(1):55-66.
  • Burgueño, A., Spinsanti, L. Díaz, L. A., Rivarola, M. E., Arbiza, J., Contigiani, M. and Delfraro A. (2013). Seroprevalence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) in horses, Uruguay. BioMed Research International Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 582957, 5 pages.
  • Blackburn, N. K., Reyerst, F., Berry W. L. and Shepherd A. J. (1989) Susceptibility of Dogs to West Nile Virus: A Survey and Pathogenicity Trial J. Comp. Path. 1989 Vol. 100, 59-66.
  • Engler, O., Savini, G., Papa, A., Figuerola, J. et al. (2013). European Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4869-4895.
  • Ergünay, K., Günay, F., Erisoz Kasap, Ö., Öter, K., Gargari, S., Karaoğlu, T., Tezcan, S., Çabalar, M., Yıldırım, Y., Emekdaş,G., Alten, B., Özkul A. (2014). Serological, Molecular and Entomological Surveillance Demonstrates Widespread Circulation of West Nile Virus in Turkey. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, July 2014, Volume 8, Issue 7, e3028.
  • Erol, N., Gürçay, M., Kırdar, S., Ertuğrul, B., Gür, S., Koç, B.T. and Tan, M.T. (2016). A Serological Investigation of West Nile Virus Infections in Various Animal Species and Humans in Western Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 71 (2), June 2016, 42-46.
  • MacLachlan, N. J., Dubovi, E. J., et. Al. (2017). Fenner’s Veterinary Virology Fifth Ed., Chapter 29, Flaviviridae, West Nile Virus. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom, p533-535.
  • Hubálek, Z., Wegner, E., Halouzka, J., et al. (2008). Serologic Survey of Potential Vertebrate Hosts for West Nile Virus in Poland. Viral Immunology, Volume 21, Number 2, 2008, 247-253.
  • Hubalek Z, Ludvikova E, Jahn P, Treml, F., Rudolf, I., Svobodová, P., Šikutová, S., Betášová, L., Bíreš, J., Mojžíš, M., Tinák, M., Boldižár, M., Citsoňová, G. and Staššíková, Z. (2013). West Nile Virus equine serosurvey in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013, 13:733-7388.
  • Ibarra-Juarez, L., Eisen, L., Bolling, B. G., et al., (2012). Detection of West Nile virus-specific antibodies and nucleic acid in horses and mosquitoes, respectively, in Nuevo Leon State, northern Mexico, 2006-2007. Med Vet Entomol 26:351-354.
  • Jimenez-Clavero, M. A., Gomez-Tejedor, C., Rojo, G., et al., (2007). Serosurvey of West Nile virus in equids and bovids in Spain. Vet Rec 161:212.
  • Kale M., Gür S., Yapıcı O., Mamak N., Yavru S., Hasırcıoğlu S., Bulut O. and Gürçay M. (2017). Serological Investigation of West Nile Virus Infection in Domestic Horses and Donkeys in Turkey. Pak Vet J, 2017, 37(1): 51-54.
  • Kutasi, O., Bakonyi, T., Lecollinet, S., Biksi, I., Ferenczi, E., Bahuon, C., Sardi, S., Zientara, S. and Szenci O. (2011). Equine Encephalomyelitis Outbreak Caused by a Genetic Lineage 2 West Nile Virus in Hungary. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25:586–591.
  • Kuwahara, M., Kitai, Y., Kondo, T. and Konishi, E. (2012). Survey on antibodies specific for West Nile virus in horses from 2006 to 2010 in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 65:553-555.
  • Lanciotti, R.S., Ebel, G. D., Deubel, V., Kerst, A. J., et al. (2002). Complete Genome Sequences and Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus Strains Isolated from the United States, Europe and the Middle East. Virology 298, 96-105 (2002).
  • Mackenzie, J. S., Barrett, A. D. T., Deubel, V. (2002). The Japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses: a brief introduction to the group. Curr Top Microbiol. 267: 1–10. 2002.
  • Özkul, A., Yıldırım, Y., Pınar, D., Akçalı, A., Yılmaz V. and Çolak D. (2006). Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol. Infect. (2006), 134, 826–829.
  • Özkul, A., Ergünay, K., Köysüren, A., Alkan, F., Arsava, E. M., Tezcan, S., Emekdaş, G., Hacıoğlu, S., Turan, M., Us, D. (2013). Concurrent occurence of human and equine West Nile virüs infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: the first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17 (2013) e546-e551.
  • Padilla, J. A., Loza-Rubio, E., Escribano-Romero, E., Cordoba, L., Cuevas, S., Mejia, F., Calderon, R., Milian, F., Travassos da Rosa, A., Weaver, S. C., Estrada-Franco J. G. AND Saiz J. C. (2009). The continuous spread of West Nile virus (WNV): seroprevalence in asymptomatic horses. Epidemiol. Infect. (2009), 137, 1163–1168.
  • Tosun, S. (2012). Batı Nil virüs enfeksiyonu (Rewiev). Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi - Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 29 (2012) S183-S192.
  • Wernery, U., Kettle, T., Moussa, M., Babiker, H. And Whiting, J. (2007). West Nile Fever in the United Arab Emirates. Wildlife Middle East News, Volume 2, Issue 3, December 2007.
  • Yazıcı, Z., Albayrak, H., Özan, E., Gümüşova S. (2012). The First Investigation of West Nile Virus in Horses Using Real Time RT-PCR in Middle Black Sea Region in Turkey. J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 151–155.
  • Zeller, H. G., Schuffenecker, I. (2004). West Nile Virus: An Overview of Its Spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in Contrast to Its Spread in the Americas. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2004) 23:147–156.
  • Ziegler, U., Seidowski, D., Angenvoort, J., Eiden, M., Müller, K., Nowotny N. and Groschup M. H. (2011). Monitoring of West Nile Virus Infections in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 59 (Suppl. 2) (2012) 95–101.
  • Ziegler, U., Skrypnyk, A., Keller, M., Staubach, C., Bezymennyi, M., Damiani, A. M., Osterrieder N. and Groschup M. H. (2013). West Nile Virus Antibody Prevalence in Horses of Ukraine. Viruses 2013, 5, 2469-2482.

Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Bazı Memeli Türlerinde Batı Nil Virüs Enfeksiyonunun Seroepidemiyolojik Olarak İncelenmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 57 - 63, 01.06.2017

Öz

Batı Nil Virusu (BNV); insanlar, atlar, kuşlar ve birçok evcil ve yabani hayvanlarda çeşitli sinirsel  semptomlara  neden  olan,  özellikle  Culex  cinsi  sokucu  sineklerle  bulaşan  Flaviviridae familyasının  Flavivirus  genusuna  mensup  bir  RNA  virusudur.    Son  yıllarda  özellikle  Amerika Birleşik  Devletleri  (ABD),  Asya,  Afrika,  Orta  Doğu,  Balkanlar  ve  Avrupa’da  insanlar,  atlar, köpekler ve kanatlı hayvanlarda hafif seyirli ateşli hastalıktan ölümlerle sonuçlanan menenjit ve ensefalite  kadar  varabilen  BNV  enfeksiyonlarına  rastlanmaktadır.  Bu  çalışmada  Türkiye’nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde bulunan 5 farklı ildeki 282 eşek ile 48 köpek ve 45 sığırdan toplanan 375  adet  kan  serumu  örneği  kullanıldı.  Serum  örneklerinde  ticari  bir  competitive  enzyme‐linked  immunosorbent  assay  (c‐ELISA)  testi  kullanılarak  BNV’na  spesifik  antikorların  varlığı araştırıldı. BNV antikorları yönünden 375 örneğin 22’si (% 5.87) pozitif bulundu.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Batı Nil Virusu, c‐ELISA, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi, Eşek    Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian Species from the Eastern Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Abutarbush, S. M. and Al-Majali A.M, (2014). West Nile virus infection in horses in Jordan: clinical cases, seroprevalence and risk factors. Transbound Emerg Dis 61:1-6.
  • Aharonson-Raz, K., Lichter-Peled, A., Tal, S., et al. (2014). Spatial and temporal distribution of West Nile virüs in horses in Israel (1997-2013) from endemic to epidemics. PLoS One 2014 Nov 17;9(11):e113149.
  • Ahmednejad, F., Otarod, V., Fallah, M.H., Lowenski, S., Sedighi-Oghaddam, R., Zavareh, A., Durand, B., Lecollined S. and Sabatier P. (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: a cross-sectional serosurvey in equines, 2008–2009. Epidemiol. Infect. (2011), 139, 1587–1593.
  • Albayrak, H. Özan, E. (2010). Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus but not West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Northern Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 57 (2010) e71–e75.
  • Albayrak, H. Özan, E. (2013). Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in Some of Mammalian Species (Herbivores) in Northern Turkey. J Arthropod-Borne Dis, June 2013, 7(1): 90–93.
  • Baba, S. S., NNnadi, O.D., Hamman, K.D., Saidu, A., El Yuguda, A., Oderinde B. S. (2014). Preliminary study on the prevalence of West Nile virus antibody among horses, donkeys and camels in Borno State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Virol 3:39-45.
  • Barbić. L., Listeš, E., Katić, S., Stevanović, V., Madić, J., Starešina, V., Labrović, A., Di Gennaro, A., Savini G. (2012). Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Vet Microbiol 159:504-508.
  • Bocanegra I. G., Arenas-Montes A, Jaén-Téllez J. A., Napp, S., Fernández-Morente, M., Arenas, A. (2012). Use of sentinel serosurveillance of mules and donkeys in the monitoring of West Nile virus infection. Vet J 194:262-264.
  • Bargaoui, R., Lecollinet, S., Lancelot, R. (2015). Mapping the prevalence rate of West Nile fever in equids, Tunusia. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2015 Feb;62(1):55-66.
  • Burgueño, A., Spinsanti, L. Díaz, L. A., Rivarola, M. E., Arbiza, J., Contigiani, M. and Delfraro A. (2013). Seroprevalence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) in horses, Uruguay. BioMed Research International Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 582957, 5 pages.
  • Blackburn, N. K., Reyerst, F., Berry W. L. and Shepherd A. J. (1989) Susceptibility of Dogs to West Nile Virus: A Survey and Pathogenicity Trial J. Comp. Path. 1989 Vol. 100, 59-66.
  • Engler, O., Savini, G., Papa, A., Figuerola, J. et al. (2013). European Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4869-4895.
  • Ergünay, K., Günay, F., Erisoz Kasap, Ö., Öter, K., Gargari, S., Karaoğlu, T., Tezcan, S., Çabalar, M., Yıldırım, Y., Emekdaş,G., Alten, B., Özkul A. (2014). Serological, Molecular and Entomological Surveillance Demonstrates Widespread Circulation of West Nile Virus in Turkey. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, July 2014, Volume 8, Issue 7, e3028.
  • Erol, N., Gürçay, M., Kırdar, S., Ertuğrul, B., Gür, S., Koç, B.T. and Tan, M.T. (2016). A Serological Investigation of West Nile Virus Infections in Various Animal Species and Humans in Western Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 71 (2), June 2016, 42-46.
  • MacLachlan, N. J., Dubovi, E. J., et. Al. (2017). Fenner’s Veterinary Virology Fifth Ed., Chapter 29, Flaviviridae, West Nile Virus. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom, p533-535.
  • Hubálek, Z., Wegner, E., Halouzka, J., et al. (2008). Serologic Survey of Potential Vertebrate Hosts for West Nile Virus in Poland. Viral Immunology, Volume 21, Number 2, 2008, 247-253.
  • Hubalek Z, Ludvikova E, Jahn P, Treml, F., Rudolf, I., Svobodová, P., Šikutová, S., Betášová, L., Bíreš, J., Mojžíš, M., Tinák, M., Boldižár, M., Citsoňová, G. and Staššíková, Z. (2013). West Nile Virus equine serosurvey in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013, 13:733-7388.
  • Ibarra-Juarez, L., Eisen, L., Bolling, B. G., et al., (2012). Detection of West Nile virus-specific antibodies and nucleic acid in horses and mosquitoes, respectively, in Nuevo Leon State, northern Mexico, 2006-2007. Med Vet Entomol 26:351-354.
  • Jimenez-Clavero, M. A., Gomez-Tejedor, C., Rojo, G., et al., (2007). Serosurvey of West Nile virus in equids and bovids in Spain. Vet Rec 161:212.
  • Kale M., Gür S., Yapıcı O., Mamak N., Yavru S., Hasırcıoğlu S., Bulut O. and Gürçay M. (2017). Serological Investigation of West Nile Virus Infection in Domestic Horses and Donkeys in Turkey. Pak Vet J, 2017, 37(1): 51-54.
  • Kutasi, O., Bakonyi, T., Lecollinet, S., Biksi, I., Ferenczi, E., Bahuon, C., Sardi, S., Zientara, S. and Szenci O. (2011). Equine Encephalomyelitis Outbreak Caused by a Genetic Lineage 2 West Nile Virus in Hungary. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25:586–591.
  • Kuwahara, M., Kitai, Y., Kondo, T. and Konishi, E. (2012). Survey on antibodies specific for West Nile virus in horses from 2006 to 2010 in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 65:553-555.
  • Lanciotti, R.S., Ebel, G. D., Deubel, V., Kerst, A. J., et al. (2002). Complete Genome Sequences and Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus Strains Isolated from the United States, Europe and the Middle East. Virology 298, 96-105 (2002).
  • Mackenzie, J. S., Barrett, A. D. T., Deubel, V. (2002). The Japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses: a brief introduction to the group. Curr Top Microbiol. 267: 1–10. 2002.
  • Özkul, A., Yıldırım, Y., Pınar, D., Akçalı, A., Yılmaz V. and Çolak D. (2006). Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epidemiol. Infect. (2006), 134, 826–829.
  • Özkul, A., Ergünay, K., Köysüren, A., Alkan, F., Arsava, E. M., Tezcan, S., Emekdaş, G., Hacıoğlu, S., Turan, M., Us, D. (2013). Concurrent occurence of human and equine West Nile virüs infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: the first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17 (2013) e546-e551.
  • Padilla, J. A., Loza-Rubio, E., Escribano-Romero, E., Cordoba, L., Cuevas, S., Mejia, F., Calderon, R., Milian, F., Travassos da Rosa, A., Weaver, S. C., Estrada-Franco J. G. AND Saiz J. C. (2009). The continuous spread of West Nile virus (WNV): seroprevalence in asymptomatic horses. Epidemiol. Infect. (2009), 137, 1163–1168.
  • Tosun, S. (2012). Batı Nil virüs enfeksiyonu (Rewiev). Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi - Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 29 (2012) S183-S192.
  • Wernery, U., Kettle, T., Moussa, M., Babiker, H. And Whiting, J. (2007). West Nile Fever in the United Arab Emirates. Wildlife Middle East News, Volume 2, Issue 3, December 2007.
  • Yazıcı, Z., Albayrak, H., Özan, E., Gümüşova S. (2012). The First Investigation of West Nile Virus in Horses Using Real Time RT-PCR in Middle Black Sea Region in Turkey. J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 151–155.
  • Zeller, H. G., Schuffenecker, I. (2004). West Nile Virus: An Overview of Its Spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in Contrast to Its Spread in the Americas. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2004) 23:147–156.
  • Ziegler, U., Seidowski, D., Angenvoort, J., Eiden, M., Müller, K., Nowotny N. and Groschup M. H. (2011). Monitoring of West Nile Virus Infections in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 59 (Suppl. 2) (2012) 95–101.
  • Ziegler, U., Skrypnyk, A., Keller, M., Staubach, C., Bezymennyi, M., Damiani, A. M., Osterrieder N. and Groschup M. H. (2013). West Nile Virus Antibody Prevalence in Horses of Ukraine. Viruses 2013, 5, 2469-2482.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA97AN73MG
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Turhan Turan

Hakan Işıdan Bu kişi benim

Bünyamin İrehan Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Ozan Atasoy Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Turan, T., Işıdan, H., İrehan, B., Atasoy, M. O. (2017). Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 7(1), 57-63.
AMA Turan T, Işıdan H, İrehan B, Atasoy MO. Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey. MJAVL. Haziran 2017;7(1):57-63.
Chicago Turan, Turhan, Hakan Işıdan, Bünyamin İrehan, ve Mustafa Ozan Atasoy. “Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey”. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 7, sy. 1 (Haziran 2017): 57-63.
EndNote Turan T, Işıdan H, İrehan B, Atasoy MO (01 Haziran 2017) Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 7 1 57–63.
IEEE T. Turan, H. Işıdan, B. İrehan, ve M. O. Atasoy, “Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey”., MJAVL, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 57–63, 2017.
ISNAD Turan, Turhan vd. “Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey”. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 7/1 (Haziran 2017), 57-63.
JAMA Turan T, Işıdan H, İrehan B, Atasoy MO. Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey. MJAVL. 2017;7:57–63.
MLA Turan, Turhan vd. “Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey”. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, c. 7, sy. 1, 2017, ss. 57-63.
Vancouver Turan T, Işıdan H, İrehan B, Atasoy MO. Seroepidemiological Study of West Nile Virus Infections in Some of Mammalian  Species from the Eastern Turkey. MJAVL. 2017;7(1):57-63.