Araştırma Makalesi
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THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, TRADE OPENNESS AND POPULATION DENSITY ON CO2 EMISSIONS IN TURKEY: A COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS WITH STRUCTURAL BREAKS

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 32, 23 - 35, 30.12.2015

Öz

This study explores the relationship between per capita CO2 emissions, per capita income, per capita energy consumption, trade openness rate and population density for Turkey over the period from 1966 to 2011 in order to test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Hatemi-J (2008) cointegration test under two structural breaks is used to determine the relationship. The results reveal that there is a cointegration relationship with two structural breaks (1973, 1985) between CO2 emissions (dependet variable) and independent variables (economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness rate and population density). Moreover, economic growth and other independent variables affect CO2 emissions positively. Therefore, the EKC hypothesis is valid for Turkey

Kaynakça

  • Acaravcı, A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12): 5412-5420.
  • Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., Qasim, A., ve Long, W. (2015). The linkages between deforestation, energy and growth for environmental degradation in Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 49, 95-103.
  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S.,ve Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve? Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., ve Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2009). Energy consumption and economic growth in Central America: evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. Energy Econ.31: 211-216.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2010). The emissions, energy consumption, and growth nexus: Evidence from the common wealth of independent states. Energy Policy, 38: 650–655.
  • Apergis, N.ve Öztürk, İ. (2015). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, 16-22.
  • Ben-David, D., Lumsdaine, R. ve Papell, D.H. (2003). Unit Root, Post war Slow downs and Long-Run Growth: Evidence From Two Structural Breaks. Empirical Economics, vol. 28, no.2, pp.303-319.
  • Chandran, V. G. R. ve Tang, C. F. (2013). The impacts of transport energy consumption, foreign direct investment and income on CO 2 emissions in ASEAN-5 economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 445-453.
  • Coondoo, D. ve Dinda, S. (2002). Causality between income and emissions: a country group-specific econometric analysis. Ecological Economics, 40: 351-67.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49: 431-55.
  • Gregory, A. W. ve Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. J. Econometrics, 70: 99-126.
  • Grossmann, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1993). Environmental impact of a North American free trade agreement. In: The Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement, Garber, P. (Ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 13-56.
  • Grossmann, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impact of a North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper 3914.
  • Grossmann, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Q. J. Econ. 110: 353-377.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37: 1156-64.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with Two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics, 35 (3), s. 497-505. Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 49: 1-28.
  • Jalil, A. ve Mahmud, S.F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy, 37, 5167-5172.
  • Kanjilal, K., ve Ghosh, S. (2013). Environmental Kuznet’s curve for India: Evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structuralbreaks. Energy Policy, 56, 509-515.
  • Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K.,ve Eng, Y. K. (2014). Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Malaysia: Do foreign direct investment and trade matter?. Energy Policy, 68, 490-497.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test With Two Structural Breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 85, no.4, pp.1082-1089.
  • Luzzati, T. Ve Orsini, M. (2009). Investigating the energy-environmental Kuznets curve. Energy, 34(3): 291-300.
  • Meadows, Donella H., Meadows, Dennis L., Randers, J., Behrens III, William, W. (1972). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sınırları, Tosun, K. (Çev.) İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayını, İstanbul, s. 102.
  • Ozturk, I. ve Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Econ. 36,262–267.
  • Öztürk, I. ve Acaravcı, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9): 3220-3225.
  • Öztürk, İ. ve Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57, 324-330.
  • Öztürk, İ. ve Salah Uddin, G. (2012). Causality among carbon emissions, energy consumption and growth in India. Ekonomska istraživanja, 25(3), 752-775.
  • Pao, H.T. ve Tsai, C.H. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth. Energy Policy, 38(12): 7850-7860.
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables, Journal of Econometrics, vol. 80, no. 2, pp.355-385.
  • Richmond, A. K. ve Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is there a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and/or carbon emissions. Ecol. Econ. 56: 176-189.
  • Saatçi, M. ve Dumrul, Y. (2011). Çevre Kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Türk ekonomisi için yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme yardımıyla tahmini. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (37), 65-86.
  • Shahbaz, M., Dube, S., Öztürk, İ., ve Jalil, A. (2015). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Portugal. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(2), 475-481.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., Uddin, G. S., ve Öztürk, İ. (2014). Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 325-336.
  • Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Afza, T. ve Ali, A. (2013). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 494-502.
  • Soytaş, U., Sarı, U. ve Ewing, B.T. (2007). Energy consumption, income and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62, 482-489.
  • Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development , 32: 1419-39.
  • Vogelsang, T. J., ve Perron, P. (1998). Additional tests for a unit root allowing for a break in the trend function at an unknown time. International Economic Review, 1073-1100.
  • Wang, S. S.,Zhou ,D. Q., Zhou, P. ve Wang, Q. W. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: a panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 39, 4870-4875.
  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2014). CO2 emission, energy consumption, and economic growth for turkey: evidence from a cointegration test with a structural break.Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(3), 229-235.
  • Zhang, X.P. ve Cheng, X.M. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68, 2706‑2712.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil-Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.251-270.

TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 32, 23 - 35, 30.12.2015

Öz

Çalışma, Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezinin geçerliliğini test etmek için, 1966-
2011 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde Türkiye’de CO2 emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme, enerji
tüketimi, ticari açıklık oranı ve nüfus yoğunluğu değişkenleri arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiyi
incelemektedir. Eşbütünleşme ilişkisini belirlemek için iki yapısal kırılmaya izin veren Hatemi-J
(2008) eşbütünleşme testi kullanılmıştır. Test sonuçları CO2 emisyonu (bağımlı değişken) ile
bağımsız değişkenler (ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi, ticari açıklık oranı ve nüfus
yoğunluğu) arasında iki yapısal kırılmayla (1973, 1985) birlikte eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğunu
göstermiştir. Ayrıca, diğer bağımsız değişkenlerle birlikte ekonomik büyüme CO2 emisyonunu
pozitif etkilemektedir. Bundan dolayı, ÇKE hipotezi Türkiye için geçerlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Acaravcı, A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12): 5412-5420.
  • Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., Qasim, A., ve Long, W. (2015). The linkages between deforestation, energy and growth for environmental degradation in Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 49, 95-103.
  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S.,ve Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve? Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., ve Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2009). Energy consumption and economic growth in Central America: evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. Energy Econ.31: 211-216.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2010). The emissions, energy consumption, and growth nexus: Evidence from the common wealth of independent states. Energy Policy, 38: 650–655.
  • Apergis, N.ve Öztürk, İ. (2015). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, 16-22.
  • Ben-David, D., Lumsdaine, R. ve Papell, D.H. (2003). Unit Root, Post war Slow downs and Long-Run Growth: Evidence From Two Structural Breaks. Empirical Economics, vol. 28, no.2, pp.303-319.
  • Chandran, V. G. R. ve Tang, C. F. (2013). The impacts of transport energy consumption, foreign direct investment and income on CO 2 emissions in ASEAN-5 economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 445-453.
  • Coondoo, D. ve Dinda, S. (2002). Causality between income and emissions: a country group-specific econometric analysis. Ecological Economics, 40: 351-67.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49: 431-55.
  • Gregory, A. W. ve Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. J. Econometrics, 70: 99-126.
  • Grossmann, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1993). Environmental impact of a North American free trade agreement. In: The Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement, Garber, P. (Ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 13-56.
  • Grossmann, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impact of a North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper 3914.
  • Grossmann, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Q. J. Econ. 110: 353-377.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37: 1156-64.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with Two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics, 35 (3), s. 497-505. Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 49: 1-28.
  • Jalil, A. ve Mahmud, S.F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy, 37, 5167-5172.
  • Kanjilal, K., ve Ghosh, S. (2013). Environmental Kuznet’s curve for India: Evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structuralbreaks. Energy Policy, 56, 509-515.
  • Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K.,ve Eng, Y. K. (2014). Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Malaysia: Do foreign direct investment and trade matter?. Energy Policy, 68, 490-497.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test With Two Structural Breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 85, no.4, pp.1082-1089.
  • Luzzati, T. Ve Orsini, M. (2009). Investigating the energy-environmental Kuznets curve. Energy, 34(3): 291-300.
  • Meadows, Donella H., Meadows, Dennis L., Randers, J., Behrens III, William, W. (1972). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sınırları, Tosun, K. (Çev.) İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayını, İstanbul, s. 102.
  • Ozturk, I. ve Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Econ. 36,262–267.
  • Öztürk, I. ve Acaravcı, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9): 3220-3225.
  • Öztürk, İ. ve Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57, 324-330.
  • Öztürk, İ. ve Salah Uddin, G. (2012). Causality among carbon emissions, energy consumption and growth in India. Ekonomska istraživanja, 25(3), 752-775.
  • Pao, H.T. ve Tsai, C.H. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth. Energy Policy, 38(12): 7850-7860.
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables, Journal of Econometrics, vol. 80, no. 2, pp.355-385.
  • Richmond, A. K. ve Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is there a turning point in the relationship between income and energy use and/or carbon emissions. Ecol. Econ. 56: 176-189.
  • Saatçi, M. ve Dumrul, Y. (2011). Çevre Kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Türk ekonomisi için yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme yardımıyla tahmini. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (37), 65-86.
  • Shahbaz, M., Dube, S., Öztürk, İ., ve Jalil, A. (2015). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Portugal. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(2), 475-481.
  • Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., Uddin, G. S., ve Öztürk, İ. (2014). Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 325-336.
  • Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Afza, T. ve Ali, A. (2013). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 494-502.
  • Soytaş, U., Sarı, U. ve Ewing, B.T. (2007). Energy consumption, income and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62, 482-489.
  • Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development , 32: 1419-39.
  • Vogelsang, T. J., ve Perron, P. (1998). Additional tests for a unit root allowing for a break in the trend function at an unknown time. International Economic Review, 1073-1100.
  • Wang, S. S.,Zhou ,D. Q., Zhou, P. ve Wang, Q. W. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: a panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 39, 4870-4875.
  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2014). CO2 emission, energy consumption, and economic growth for turkey: evidence from a cointegration test with a structural break.Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(3), 229-235.
  • Zhang, X.P. ve Cheng, X.M. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68, 2706‑2712.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil-Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.251-270.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Cuma Bozkurt

İlyas Okumuş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

APA Bozkurt, C., & Okumuş, İ. (2015). TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35.
AMA Bozkurt C, Okumuş İ. TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Aralık 2015;12(32):23-35.
Chicago Bozkurt, Cuma, ve İlyas Okumuş. “TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 12, sy. 32 (Aralık 2015): 23-35.
EndNote Bozkurt C, Okumuş İ (01 Aralık 2015) TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 12 32 23–35.
IEEE C. Bozkurt ve İ. Okumuş, “TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 32, ss. 23–35, 2015.
ISNAD Bozkurt, Cuma - Okumuş, İlyas. “TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 12/32 (Aralık 2015), 23-35.
JAMA Bozkurt C, Okumuş İ. TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2015;12:23–35.
MLA Bozkurt, Cuma ve İlyas Okumuş. “TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 32, 2015, ss. 23-35.
Vancouver Bozkurt C, Okumuş İ. TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, TİCARİ SERBESTLEŞME VE NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞUNUN CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2015;12(32):23-35.

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