Effects of radio-frequency radiation on the permeability of blood-brain barrier

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 5, 206 - 12, 15.05.2016

Bahriye Sirav Nesrin Seyhan

Öz

Health concerns have been a raised after the enormous increase in the use of mobile phones and related base stations throughout the world. In spite of extensive increase in the studies of biological effects of mobile phone radiations with in last decades, little is known about the effect of long term exposure. In this present report, we summarized a review of the literature on the effects of radio-frequency radiation exposure on the permeability of blood-brain barrier. Gazi University Biophysics group have earlier shown that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones – also called radio-frequency radiation - alters the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, GSM like modulated fields were found to be more effective than continuous-wave fields. This paper will review some evidence that demonstrates the existence of non-thermal effects and the exposure complexities that must be considered and understood to provide appropriate, more thorough evaluation and guidance for future studies and for assessment of potential health consequences

Anahtar Kelimeler

Permeability; Blood brain barrier; Radio Frequency Radiation; Mobile Phones

Effects of radio-frequency radiation on the permeability of blood-brain barrier

Öz

Kaynakça

• Nittby H, Grafström G, Tian D, Brun A, Persson BRR, Salford LG, Eberhardt J. 2008. Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phones. Bioelectromagnetics 29: 219–232.
• Belyaev LY, Bauréus Koch C, Terenius O, Roxström-Lindquist K, Malmgren LOG, Sommer WH, Salford LG, Persson BRR. 2006. Exposure of rat brain to 915MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Bioelectromagnetics 27: 295–306.
• Nittby H, Widegren B, Krogh M, Grafström G, Rehn G, Berlin H, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford LG. 2008. Exposure to radiation from global system for mobile communications at 1800MHz significantly changes gene expression in rat hippocampus and cortex. Environmentalist. (published online ahead of print 15 April 2008)
• Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW. 1992. Opioid receptor subtypes that mediate a micro-wave induced decrease in central cholinergic activity in the rat, Bioelectromagnetics 13: 237–246.
• Vecchio F, Babilono C, Ferreri F, Curcio G, Fini R, Del Percio C, Maria Rossini FP. 2007. Mobile phone emission modulated interhemisperic functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms, Eur. J. Neurosci. 25: 1908–1913.
• Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild FK. 2005. Case–control study on cellular and cordless phones and the risk for acoustic neuroma or meningioma in patients diagnosed 2000–2003, Neuroepidemiology 25: 120–128.
• Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. 2006. Pooled analysis of two case–control studies on use of cellular and cordless phones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997–2003, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 79: 630–639.
• International Agency for Research on Cancer, Radio Frequency Radiation Monograph http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol102/
• Nittby H, Grafström G, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Brun A, Persson BRR, Salford LG. 2008. Radiofrequency and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field effects on the blood–brain barrier, Electromagn. Biol. Med. 27: 103–126.
• Sirav B. 2008. 900 MHz ve 1800 MHz Radyo Frekans Radyasyonun Kan Beyin Bariyeri Geçirgenliğine Etkisi, Doktora Tezi (Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Nesrin Seyhan), Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM. 2000. Principles of Neural Science, McGraw Hill : 1288-1303.
• ICNIRP. 1998. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Phys. 74: 494–522
• Frey AH, Feld SR, Frey B. 1975. Neural function and behaviour: defining the relationship, Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 247: 433–439.
• Oscar KJ, Hawkins TD. 1977. Microwave alteration of the BBB system of rats, Brain Res. 126: 281–293.
• Preston E, Vavasour RJ, Assenheim HM. 1979. Permeability of the BBB to mannitol in the rat following 2450MHz microwave irradiation, Brain Res. 174: 109–117.
• Ward TR, Elder JA, Long MD, Svendsgaard D. 1982. Measurement of BBB permeation in rats during exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves, Bioelectromagnetics 3: 371–383.
• Ward TR, Ali JS. 1985. BBB permeation in the rat during exposure to lowpower 1.7-GHz microwave radiation, Bioelectromagnetics 6:131–143.
• Gruenau SP, Oscar KJ, Folker MT, Rapoport SI. 1982. Absence of microwave effect on blood–brain-barrier permeability to [C-14]- labeled sucrose in the conscious rat, Exp. Neurol. 75: 299–307.
• Albert EN, Kerns JM. 1981. Reversible microwave effects on the BBB, Brain Res. 230: 153–164.
• Sirav B, Seyhan N. 2015. Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats. J Chem Neuroanat. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.010. [Epub ahead of print]
• Sirav B, Seyhan N. 2011. Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats. Electromagn Biol Med. 30(4):253-60.
• Sirav B, Seyhan N. 2009. Blood-brain barrier disruption by continuous-wave radio frequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. 28(2):215-22.
• Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LO. 2008. Blood–brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones, Electromagn. Biol. Med. 27: 215–229.
• Salford LG, Brun A, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR. 2003. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones, Environ. Health. Perspect. 111: 881–883.
• Töre F, Dulou PE, Haro E, Veyret B, Aubineau P. 2002. Effect of 2 h GSM-900 microwave exposures at 2.0, 0.5 and 0.12 W/kg on plasma protein extravasation in rat brain and dura mater, in: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the BEMS, pp. 61–62.
• Neubauer C, Phelan AM, Kues H, Lange DG. 1990. Microwave irradiation of rats at 2.45 GHz activates pinocytotic-like uptake of tracer by capillary endothelial cells of cerebral cortex, Bioelectromagnetics 11: 261–268.
• Shivers RR, Kavaliers M, Teskey GC, Prato FS, Pelletier RM. 1987. Magnetic resonance imaging temporarily alters BBB permeability in the rat, Neurosci. Lett. 76: 25–31.
• Garber HJ, Oldendorf WH, Braun LD, Lufkin RB. 1989. MRI gradient fields increase brain mannitol space, Magn. Reson. Imag. 7: 605–610.
• Adzamli IK, Jolesz EA, Blau M. 1989. An assessment of BBB integrity under MRI conditions: brain uptake of radiolabelled Gd-DTPA and In-DTPA-IgG, J. Nucl. Med. 30: 839–840.
• Preston E, Buffler K, Haas N. 1989. Does magnetic resonance imaging compromise integrity of the BBB? Neurosci. Lett. 101: 46–50.
• Prato FS, Frappier RH, Shivers RR, Kavaliers M, Zabel P, Drost D, Lee TY. 1990. Magnetic resonance imaging increases the BBB permeability to 153-gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in rats, Brain Res. 523: 301–4.
• Prato FS, Wills JM, Roger J, Frappier H, Drost DJ, Lee TY, Shivers RR, Zabel P. 1994. BBB permeability in rats is altered by exposure to magnetic fields associated with magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T, Microsc. Res. Technol. 27: 528–534.
• Salford LG, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BB. 1992. Electromagnetic field-induced permeability of the blood–brain barrier shown by immunohistochemical methods. Interaction mechanism of low-level electromagnetic fields, in: B. Nordén, C. Ramel (Eds.), Living Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 251– 258.
• Salford LG, Brun A, Eberhardt JL, Persson BRR. 1993. Permeability of the blood–brain-barrier induced by 915MHzelectromagnetic-radiation continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 30: 293–301.
• Fritze K, Sommer C. 1997. Effect of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on BBB permeability in rat, Acta Neuropathol. 94: 465–470.
• Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Utteridge TD, Gebski V, Davies RA, Vernon-Roberts B, Kuchel TR. 2002. Effect of long-term mobile communication microwave exposure on vascular permeability in mouse brain, Pathology 34: 244–347.
• Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. 2006. Effect of mobile telephony on blood–brain barrier permeability in the fetal mouse brain, Pathology 38: 63–65.
• Kumlin T, Livonen H, Miettinen P, Juvonen A, van Groen T, Paranen L, Pitkäaho R, Juutilainen J, Tanila H. 2007. Mobile phone radiation and the developing brain: behavioral and morphological effects in juvenile rats, Radiat. Res. 168: 471–479.
• Schirmacher A, Winters S, Fischer S, Goeke J, Galla HJ, Kullnick U, Ringelstein EB, Stögbauer F. 2000. Electromagnetic fields (1.8 GHz) increase the permeability to sucrose of the BBB in vitro, Bioelectromagnetics 21: 338–345.
• Franke H, Ringelstein EB, Stögbauer F. 2005. Electromagnetic fields (GSM 1800) do not alter BBB permeability to sucrose in models in vitro with high barrier tightness, Bioelectromagnetics 26: 529–535.
• Franke H, Streckert J, Bitz A, Goeke J, Hansen V, Ringelstein EB, Nattkämper H, Galla HJ, Stögbauer F. 2005. Effects of universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) electromagnetic fields on the BBB in vitro, Radiat. Res. 164: 258–269.
• Kherani ZS, Auer RN. 2008. Pharmacologic analysis of the mechanism of dark neuron production in cerebral cortex, Acta Neuropathol. 116: 447–452.
• Kövesdi E, Pál J, Gallyas F. 2007. The fate of “dark” neurons produced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in a non-necrotic and non-excitotoxic environment: neurobiological aspects, Brain Res. 1147: 272–283.
• Gallyas F, Csordás A, Schwarcz A, Mázló M. 2005. “Dark” (compacted) neurons may not die through the necrotic pathway, Exp. Brain Res. 160: 473–486.
• Söderfeldt B, Kalimo H, Olsson Y, Siesjö BK. 1983. Bicucullineinduced epileptic brain injury. Transient and persistent cell changes in rat cerebral cortex in the early recovery period, Acta Neuropathol. 62: 87–95.
• Ilhan A, Gurel A, Armutcu F, Kamisli S, Iraz M, Akyol O, Ozen S. 2004. Gingko biloba prevents mobile phone-induced oxidative stress in rat brain, Clin. Chim. Acta 340: 153–162.
• Fredriksson K, Kalimo H, Norberg C, Johansson BB, Olsson Y. 1988. Nerve cell injury in the brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 76: 227–237.
• Salahuddin TS, Kalimo H, Johansson BB, Olsson Y. 1988. Observations on exsudation of fibronectin, fibrinogen and albumin in the brain after carotid infusion of hyperosmolar solutions. An immunohistochemical study in the rat indicating longlasting changes in the brain microenvironment and multifocal nerve cell injuries, Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 76: 1–10.
• Hassel B, Iversen EG, Fonnum F. 1994. Neurotoxicity of albumin in vivo, Neurosci. Lett. 167: 29–32.
• Eimerl S, Scramm M. 1991. Acute glutamate toxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells: agonist potency, effects of pH, Zn2+ and the potentiation by serum albumin, Brain Res. 560: 282–290.