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Silis dumanı katkılı geri kazanılmış agregalı betonların elastisite modüllerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 6, 1069 - 1078, 18.12.2018

Öz

Atık
malzemelerin geri dönüşümü, doğal kaynakların korunmasından ve yaşanabilir bir
gelecek için öncülük edecek çevresel etkilerinin azaltılmasından dolayı, yapı
sektöründe sürdürülebilirlik kavramı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Yapım
işlemleri, genellikle, yüksek miktarda yapı ve yıkıntı atığı (YYA) oluşumuyla
sonuçlanmakta ve geri dönüşüm işlemi ardından YYA bertaraf edilmesi için inşaat
mühendisliği uygulamalarında, özellikle geri kazanılmış agregalı betonda
(GKA-B), geri kazanılmış agrega (GKA) olarak kullanımı büyük potansiyele
sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, çeşitli oranlarda GKA (0-30-40-70-100%) ve çeşitli oranlarda silis dumanı (SD) (0-5-10%) içeren beton
karışımları GKA-B‘ nun elastisite modülünü belirlemek üzere üretilmiştir. Bu
çalışma, çeşitli standartlar tarafından ve çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından
önerilen teorik elastisite modülü formüllerince hesaplanan GKA-B elastisite
modülü değerlerinin deneysel olarak elde edilen GKA-B elastisite modülü
değerlerine yakınlıklarının olup olmadığını göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Analitik
ve istatistik değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, GKA oranının
betondaki artışı ile elastisite modülü azalmaktadır. GKA-B’da SD kullanımı
elastisite modülünü ve basınç dayanımını artırmaktadır. İrdelenen standartlar
göz önüne alındığında, Amerikan standardı (ACI 318-05) elastisite modülünü deneysel sonuçlara göre, en yüksek standart
sapma göstermesine rağmen, yakın tahmini vermektedir. Diğer taraftan
araştırmacılar tarafından GKA-B elastisite modülü tahmini için önerilen
denklemler, irdelenen standartların ve deney sonuçlarının üzerinde sonuç
vermektedirler. SD içeren ve içermeyen betonlar için bir elastisite modülü
denklemi de bu çalışmada önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Xiao J, Li W, Fan Y, Huang X. "An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996-2011)". Construction and Building Materials, 31, 364-83, 2012.
  • Wagih AM, El-Karmoty HZ, Ebid M, Okba SH. "Recycled construction and demolition concrete waste as aggregate for structural concrete". HBRC Journal, 9(3), 193-200, 2013.
  • Dilbas H, Şimşek M, Çakır Ö. "An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without Silica Fume". Construction and Building Materials, 61, 50-59, 2014.
  • Çakır Ö. "Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) Concrete with Mineral Additives". Construction and Building Materials, 68, 17-25, 2014.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. "Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures". Ankara, Turkey, TS 500, 2000.
  • American Concrete Institute. "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary". Farmington Hills, MI, USA, ACI-318M-05, 2004.
  • Canadian Standards Association. “Design of Concrete Structures". Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, CSA A23.3-04, 2010.
  • Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Research and Technology Institute. "Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures without Prestressing". Moscow, Russia, SP 52-101-2003, 2006.
  • European Committee for Standardization. “Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1-1: General Rules for Buildings". Brussels, Belgium, EN 1992-1-1, 2004.
  • Standards Australia. “Australian Standard Concrete Structures". GPO Box 5420, Sydney, Australia, AS-3600-2001, 2001.
  • Nematzadeh M, Naghipour M. "Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of freshly compressed concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 34, 476-485, 2012.
  • Vilanova A, Fernandez-Gomez J, Landsberger GA. "Evaluation of the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete using current estimating models". Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3417-3426, 2011.
  • Zhou C, Li K, Ma F. "Numerical and statistical analysis of elastic modulus of concrete as a three-phase heterogeneous composite". Computers and Structures, 139, 33-42, 2014.
  • Pronzin A. Comparison of Russian, Finnish and European Norms for Reinforced Concrete Structures. BSc Thesis, Saimaa University, Lappeenranta, Finland, 2012.
  • Demir F, Korkmaz A. "Prediction of lower and upper bounds of elastic modulus of high strength concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1385-1393, 2008.
  • Corinaldesi V. "Mechanical and elastic behaviour of concretes made of recycled-concrete coarse aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 24, 1616-1620, 2010.
  • China National Institute of Standardization. “Code for design of concrete structures". China, GB 50010, 2010.
  • Yıldırım H, Sengul O. "Modulus of elasticity of substandard and normal concretes". Construction and Building Materials, 25, 1645-1652, 2011.
  • Belén GF, Fernando MA, Diego CL, Sindy SP. "Stress-Strain relationship in axial compression for concrete using recycled saturated coarse aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 25, 2335-2342, 2011.
  • Sheen YN, Wang HY, Juang YP, Le DH. "Assessment on the engineering properties of ready-mixed concrete using recycled aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 45, 298-305, 2013.
  • Martínez-Lage I, Martínez-Abella F, Vázquez-Herrero C, Pérez-Ordóñez. JL. "Properties of plain concrete made with mixed recycled coarse aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 37, 171-176, 2012.
  • Soares D, Brito J De, Ferreira J, Pacheco J. "Use of coarse recycled aggregates from precast concrete rejects: mechanical and durability performance". Construction and Building Materials, 71, 263-272, 2014.
  • de Brito J, Barra M, Ferreira L. "Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties". Magazine of Concrete Research, 63, 617-627, 2011.
  • Soares D, de Brito J, Ferreira J, Pacheco J. "In situ materials characterization of full-scale recycled aggregates concrete structures". Construction and Building Materials, 71, 237-245, 2014.
  • Fonseca N, de Brito J, Evangelista L. "The influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled concrete waste". Cement and Concrete Composites, 33, 637-643, 2011.
  • Pedro D, de Brito J, Evangelista L. "Influence of the Use of recycled concrete aggregates from different sources on structural concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 71, 141-151, 2014.
  • Silva RV, de Brito J, Dhir RK. "Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production". Construction and Building Materials, 65, 201-217, 2014.
  • Poon CS, Chan D. "Effects of contaminants on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 21, 164-175, 2007.
  • Etxeberria M, Vázquez E, Marí A, Barra M. "Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete". Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 735-742, 2007.
  • Kou SC, Poon CS. "Long-Term mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of fly Ash". Cement and Concrete Composite, 37, 12-19, 2013.
  • Berndt MLL. "Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2606-2613, 2009.
  • Corinaldesi V, Moriconi G. "Influence of mineral additions on the performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2869-2876, 2009.
  • Dhir RK, Limbachiya MC, Leelawat T. "Suitability of recycled concrete aggregate for use in BS5328 designated mixes". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings, 1 January 1998.
  • Dillmann R. "Concrete with recycled concrete aggregate". Proceedings of International Symposium on Sustainable Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, Dundee, Scotland, 11-12 November 1998.
  • Kakizaki M, Harada M, Soshiroda T, Kubota S, Ikeda TKY. "Strength and elastic modulus of recycled aggregate concrete". 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7-11 November, 1988.
  • Abd Elhakam A, Mohamed AE, Awad E. "Influence of self-healing, mixing method and adding silica fume on mechanical properties of recycled aggregates concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 35, 421-427, 2012.
  • González-Fonteboa B, Martínez-Abella F. "Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume". materials and mechanical properties”. Building and Environment, 43, 429-437, 2008.
  • Dilbas H, Çakır Ö, Şimşek Ö. “Recycled aggregate concretes (racs) for structural use: an evaluation on elasticity modulus and energy capacities”. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 15, 247-261, 2017.
  • Sri Ravindrarajah R, Tam CT. "Properties of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate". Magazine of Concrete Research, 37, 29-38, 1985.
  • Xiao JZ, Li J-B, Zhang C. "On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: an overview". Materials and Structures, 39, 655-664, 2007.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Design of Concrete Mixes". Ankara, Turkey, TS 802, 2016.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Testing Hardened Concrete - Part 2: Making and Curing Specimens for Strength Tests". Ankara, Turkey, TS 12390-2, 2010.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates-Part 6: Determination of Particle Density and Water Absorption". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-6/AC, 2013.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates - Part 2: Methods for the Determination of Resistance to Fragmentation". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-2, 2010.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Chemical Properties of Aggregates-Part 1: Chemical Analysis". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1744-1, 2011.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Testing Hardened Concrete - Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 12390-3, 2010.
  • American Society for Testing and Materials. “Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression". West Conshohocken, PA, USA, ASTM C469/C469M-14, 2014.
  • Haktanır T. "Experimental Determination of Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete". 1st International Conference on Concrete Technology, Tabriz, Iran, 6-7 November, 2009.
  • Duan ZH, Poon CS. "Properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars". Materials and Design, 58, 19-29, 2014.
  • Xiao J, Li J, Zhang C. "Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading". Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1187-1194, 2005.

A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 6, 1069 - 1078, 18.12.2018

Öz

Recycling
of waste materials has significant influence on the concept of sustainability
in construction industry due to the conservation of natural resources and
minimizing the environmental impacts which leads to habitable future.
Construction activities, in general, result in huge amount of construction and
demolition waste (C&DW) and C&DW has a great potential for possible
disposal as recycled aggregate (RA) in civil engineering applications,
especially in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), after recycling processes. In
this concept, concrete mixtures including RA and silica fume (SF) at various
ratios (0-30-40-70-100%) and (0-5-10%), respectively, are produced in order to
determine the elasticity modulus of RAC. This work aims to examine elasticity
modulus of RAC determined according to the formulas of standards and studies.
Analytical and statistical assessments are performed and experimental and
theoretical results are compared. When RA content increases, the elasticity
modulus decreases. SF utilization in RAC improves the mechanical parameters
(elasticity modulus and compressive strength). The American standard (ACI
318-05) predicts the elasticity modulus approximately to the experimental
results although it has the highest relative standard deviations in comparison
to the regarded standards. Moreover, proposed equations for RAC by researchers
estimate the elasticity modulus values greater than those of standards and the
experimental results. An elasticity modulus equation is also proposed for RAC
with and without SF.

Kaynakça

  • Xiao J, Li W, Fan Y, Huang X. "An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996-2011)". Construction and Building Materials, 31, 364-83, 2012.
  • Wagih AM, El-Karmoty HZ, Ebid M, Okba SH. "Recycled construction and demolition concrete waste as aggregate for structural concrete". HBRC Journal, 9(3), 193-200, 2013.
  • Dilbas H, Şimşek M, Çakır Ö. "An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without Silica Fume". Construction and Building Materials, 61, 50-59, 2014.
  • Çakır Ö. "Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) Concrete with Mineral Additives". Construction and Building Materials, 68, 17-25, 2014.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. "Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures". Ankara, Turkey, TS 500, 2000.
  • American Concrete Institute. "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary". Farmington Hills, MI, USA, ACI-318M-05, 2004.
  • Canadian Standards Association. “Design of Concrete Structures". Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, CSA A23.3-04, 2010.
  • Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Research and Technology Institute. "Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures without Prestressing". Moscow, Russia, SP 52-101-2003, 2006.
  • European Committee for Standardization. “Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1-1: General Rules for Buildings". Brussels, Belgium, EN 1992-1-1, 2004.
  • Standards Australia. “Australian Standard Concrete Structures". GPO Box 5420, Sydney, Australia, AS-3600-2001, 2001.
  • Nematzadeh M, Naghipour M. "Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of freshly compressed concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 34, 476-485, 2012.
  • Vilanova A, Fernandez-Gomez J, Landsberger GA. "Evaluation of the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete using current estimating models". Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3417-3426, 2011.
  • Zhou C, Li K, Ma F. "Numerical and statistical analysis of elastic modulus of concrete as a three-phase heterogeneous composite". Computers and Structures, 139, 33-42, 2014.
  • Pronzin A. Comparison of Russian, Finnish and European Norms for Reinforced Concrete Structures. BSc Thesis, Saimaa University, Lappeenranta, Finland, 2012.
  • Demir F, Korkmaz A. "Prediction of lower and upper bounds of elastic modulus of high strength concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1385-1393, 2008.
  • Corinaldesi V. "Mechanical and elastic behaviour of concretes made of recycled-concrete coarse aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 24, 1616-1620, 2010.
  • China National Institute of Standardization. “Code for design of concrete structures". China, GB 50010, 2010.
  • Yıldırım H, Sengul O. "Modulus of elasticity of substandard and normal concretes". Construction and Building Materials, 25, 1645-1652, 2011.
  • Belén GF, Fernando MA, Diego CL, Sindy SP. "Stress-Strain relationship in axial compression for concrete using recycled saturated coarse aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 25, 2335-2342, 2011.
  • Sheen YN, Wang HY, Juang YP, Le DH. "Assessment on the engineering properties of ready-mixed concrete using recycled aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 45, 298-305, 2013.
  • Martínez-Lage I, Martínez-Abella F, Vázquez-Herrero C, Pérez-Ordóñez. JL. "Properties of plain concrete made with mixed recycled coarse aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 37, 171-176, 2012.
  • Soares D, Brito J De, Ferreira J, Pacheco J. "Use of coarse recycled aggregates from precast concrete rejects: mechanical and durability performance". Construction and Building Materials, 71, 263-272, 2014.
  • de Brito J, Barra M, Ferreira L. "Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties". Magazine of Concrete Research, 63, 617-627, 2011.
  • Soares D, de Brito J, Ferreira J, Pacheco J. "In situ materials characterization of full-scale recycled aggregates concrete structures". Construction and Building Materials, 71, 237-245, 2014.
  • Fonseca N, de Brito J, Evangelista L. "The influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled concrete waste". Cement and Concrete Composites, 33, 637-643, 2011.
  • Pedro D, de Brito J, Evangelista L. "Influence of the Use of recycled concrete aggregates from different sources on structural concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 71, 141-151, 2014.
  • Silva RV, de Brito J, Dhir RK. "Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production". Construction and Building Materials, 65, 201-217, 2014.
  • Poon CS, Chan D. "Effects of contaminants on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 21, 164-175, 2007.
  • Etxeberria M, Vázquez E, Marí A, Barra M. "Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete". Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 735-742, 2007.
  • Kou SC, Poon CS. "Long-Term mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of fly Ash". Cement and Concrete Composite, 37, 12-19, 2013.
  • Berndt MLL. "Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2606-2613, 2009.
  • Corinaldesi V, Moriconi G. "Influence of mineral additions on the performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2869-2876, 2009.
  • Dhir RK, Limbachiya MC, Leelawat T. "Suitability of recycled concrete aggregate for use in BS5328 designated mixes". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings, 1 January 1998.
  • Dillmann R. "Concrete with recycled concrete aggregate". Proceedings of International Symposium on Sustainable Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, Dundee, Scotland, 11-12 November 1998.
  • Kakizaki M, Harada M, Soshiroda T, Kubota S, Ikeda TKY. "Strength and elastic modulus of recycled aggregate concrete". 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7-11 November, 1988.
  • Abd Elhakam A, Mohamed AE, Awad E. "Influence of self-healing, mixing method and adding silica fume on mechanical properties of recycled aggregates concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 35, 421-427, 2012.
  • González-Fonteboa B, Martínez-Abella F. "Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume". materials and mechanical properties”. Building and Environment, 43, 429-437, 2008.
  • Dilbas H, Çakır Ö, Şimşek Ö. “Recycled aggregate concretes (racs) for structural use: an evaluation on elasticity modulus and energy capacities”. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 15, 247-261, 2017.
  • Sri Ravindrarajah R, Tam CT. "Properties of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate". Magazine of Concrete Research, 37, 29-38, 1985.
  • Xiao JZ, Li J-B, Zhang C. "On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: an overview". Materials and Structures, 39, 655-664, 2007.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Design of Concrete Mixes". Ankara, Turkey, TS 802, 2016.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Testing Hardened Concrete - Part 2: Making and Curing Specimens for Strength Tests". Ankara, Turkey, TS 12390-2, 2010.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates-Part 6: Determination of Particle Density and Water Absorption". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-6/AC, 2013.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates - Part 2: Methods for the Determination of Resistance to Fragmentation". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-2, 2010.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Chemical Properties of Aggregates-Part 1: Chemical Analysis". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1744-1, 2011.
  • Turkish Standards Institute. “Testing Hardened Concrete - Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens". Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 12390-3, 2010.
  • American Society for Testing and Materials. “Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression". West Conshohocken, PA, USA, ASTM C469/C469M-14, 2014.
  • Haktanır T. "Experimental Determination of Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete". 1st International Conference on Concrete Technology, Tabriz, Iran, 6-7 November, 2009.
  • Duan ZH, Poon CS. "Properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars". Materials and Design, 58, 19-29, 2014.
  • Xiao J, Li J, Zhang C. "Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading". Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1187-1194, 2005.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Özgür Çakır 0000-0001-6150-7647

Hasan Dilbas 0000-0002-3780-8818

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakır, Ö., & Dilbas, H. (2018). A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(6), 1069-1078.
AMA Çakır Ö, Dilbas H. A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Aralık 2018;24(6):1069-1078.
Chicago Çakır, Özgür, ve Hasan Dilbas. “A Comparative Analysis of Elasticity Modulus of Recycled Aggregate Concrete With Silica Fume”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24, sy. 6 (Aralık 2018): 1069-78.
EndNote Çakır Ö, Dilbas H (01 Aralık 2018) A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24 6 1069–1078.
IEEE Ö. Çakır ve H. Dilbas, “A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 6, ss. 1069–1078, 2018.
ISNAD Çakır, Özgür - Dilbas, Hasan. “A Comparative Analysis of Elasticity Modulus of Recycled Aggregate Concrete With Silica Fume”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 24/6 (Aralık 2018), 1069-1078.
JAMA Çakır Ö, Dilbas H. A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;24:1069–1078.
MLA Çakır, Özgür ve Hasan Dilbas. “A Comparative Analysis of Elasticity Modulus of Recycled Aggregate Concrete With Silica Fume”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 6, 2018, ss. 1069-78.
Vancouver Çakır Ö, Dilbas H. A comparative analysis of elasticity modulus of recycled aggregate concrete with silica fume. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;24(6):1069-78.





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