Araştırma Makalesi
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Hope and Hopelessness in Infertile Women: A Phenomenological Study

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı), 24 - 36, 29.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.530714

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate hope and hopelessness in infertile women by using Seligman’s theory of “learned helplessness”. The study was conducted using a phenomenological research design. Fifteen infertile women whose treatment had failed were purposively selected. Data were collected via a semi-structured interview technique. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The main themes relating to hope were individual and social/environmental factors; the main themes relating to hopelessness were individual and so-cial/environmental factors, and the treatment processes. The infertile women made more statements expressing their sense of hopelessness than hope. Women experienced fluctuating feelings during treatment and that unsuccessful treatment resulted in a sense of hopelessness and helplessness. Hope-lessness experienced as a result of negative unsuccessful experiences of treatment leads to feelings of helplessness by suggesting to infertile women that their treatment will fail and that they will not be able to live a successful life. These feelings cause women to cease treatment. Health professionals need to take infertile women’s psychological needs into account and consider their personal feelings and values.

Kaynakça

  • Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ (1992) Infertility and subjective well-being: The mediating roles of self-esteem, internal control, and interpersonal conflict. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54(2):408-417. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353072
  • Seligman MEP (2007) Learned Optimism: A translation of the Seligman MEP (Trans Ed. SK Akbaş) Ankara, HYB Printing.
  • Akyüz A, Sever N (2009) Reasons for infertile couples to discontinue in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 27(3):258–268. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830802409652
  • Behboodi‐Moghadam Z, Salsali M, Eftekhar-Ardabilty H, Vaismorad, M, Ramezanzadeh F (2013) Experiences of infertility through the lens of Iranian infertile women: A qualitative study. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 10:41-46. Doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2012.00208.x
  • Bell AV, Hetterly E (2014) There's a higher power, but He gave us a free will: Socioeconomic status and the intersection of agency and fatalism in infertility. Social Science & Medicine, 114:66-72. Doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.036
  • Bergart AM (2000) The experience of women in unsuccessful infertility treatment: what do patients need when medical intervention fails?. Social Work in Health Care, 30(4):45-69.
  • Bhatti LI, Fikre FY, Khan A (1999) The quest of infertile women in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: A qualitative study. Social Science and Medicine, 49(5):637-649.
  • Çetişli NE, Ören EDT, Kaba F (2018) The marital adjustment and hopelessness in infertile couples. ACU Health Science Journal (in press) DOI:https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2018.81.
  • Çoban TK, Dinç A (2013) Studying the effects of infertility on sexual life. International Journal of Clinical Research, 1(2): 46-53.
  • Dağ H, Yiğitoğlu S, Aksakal BI, Kavlak O (2015) The association between coping method and distress in infertile woman: A cross-sectional study from Turkey. Pak J Med Sci., 31(6):1457-1462.
  • Drosdzol A, Skrzypulec V (2009) Depression and anxiety among polish infertile couples: An evaluative prevalence study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology,30(1):11–20.
  • Filetto J, Makuch M (2005) Long-term follow-up of women and man after unsuccessful IVF. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 11(4):458-463.
  • Franco JG, Baruffi RLR, Mauri AL, Petersen CG, Felipe V, Garbellini E (2002) Psychological evaluation test for infertile couples. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 19(6):269-273.
  • Gökkaya VB (2015) A woman who learns helplessness: Learned helplessness. International periodical for the languages, literature and history of Turkish or Turkic, 10(14):53-70.
  • Hammarberg K, Astbury J, Baker HWG (2001) Womens experience of IVF: A follow up study. Human Reproduction, 16(2):374–383.
  • Hammarberg K (2003) Stress in assisted reproductive technology: implications for nursing practice. Human Fertility, 6(1):30-33.
  • Hasanpoor-Azghdy SB, Simbar M, Vedadhir A (2014) The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: Results of a qualitative study. Iran J Reprod Med., 12(2):131-138.
  • Hoşgör H, Akyüz I, Cengiz E (2017) Determination of the order of priority of the factors that are effective in infertile patients’ decision to stop IVF treatment: An AHP practice. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 9(19):64-84.
  • Imeson M, McMurray A (1996) Couples' Experiences of infertility: A phenomenological study. Joumal of Advanced Nursing, 24:1014-1022.
  • Kargın M, Ünal S (2011) Determining hopelessness in infertile individuals. New Symposium Journal, 49(1):54-60.
  • Kavlak O, Saruhan A (2002) A study on determination the loneliness level in infertile women and to assess the factors that effect the loneliness level. Ege Journal of Medicine, 41(4):229–232.
  • Kırca N, Pasinlioğlu T (2013) Psychosocial problems during Infertility Treatment. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 5(2):162-178.
  • Kraaij V, Garnefski N, Schroevers MJ (2009) Coping, Goal Adjustment, and Positive and Negative Affect in Definitive Infertility. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1): 18-26.
  • Kümbetoğlu B (2008) Qualitative Method and Research in Sociology and Anthropology. Istanbul: Bağlam.
  • Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA (2012) National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: A systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Med., 9(12):e1001356.
  • Mohanty A, Pradhan RK, Jena LK (2015) Learned helplessness and socialization: A reflective analysis. Psychology, 6:885-895.
  • Monga M, Alexandrescu B, Katz SE, Stein M, Ganitas T (2004) Impact of infertility on quality of life, marital adjustment and sexual function. Urology, 63(1):126-130.
  • Mosalanejad L, Parandavar N, Gholami M, Abdollahifard S (2014) Increasing and decreasing factors of hope in infertile women with failure in infertility treatment: A phenomenology study. Iran J Reprod Med., 12(2):117-124.
  • Nuvvula S (2016) Learned helplessness. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 7(4):426-427.
  • Oskay ÜY, Bayram GO, Dişsiz M (2009) Psychosocial and psychosexual effects of infertility. In Infertility Nursing (Ed. NK Beji):177-196. Istanbul, Acar Press.
  • Öz F. (2010) Fundamental concepts in health. 2nd ed. Ankara: Mattek Printing.
  • Ozan YD, Okumuş H (2013) Experiences of Turkish women about infertility treatment: A qualitative study. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies, 2(2):56-64.
  • Pedro A (2015) Coping with infertility: An explorative study of South African women’s experiences. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5:49-59.
  • Rajkhowa M, Mcconnell A, Thomas GE (2006) Reasons for discontinuation of IVF treatment: A questionnaire study. Human Reproduction, 21(2):358–363.
  • Robinson GE, Stewart DE (2005) Infertility and new reproductive technologies. In Review of Psychiatry (Eds JM Oldham, MB Riba). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
  • Şen S, Sevil Ü (2016) Stigma experiences of infertile women: a qualitative study in Turkey. International Refereed Journal of Gynaecological Diseases and Maternal Child Health, 6:63-82.
  • Smith JA (2011) Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(1):9-27.
  • Smith JA (2004) Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(1):39-54.
  • Tanyaş B (2014) An introduction to qualitative research methods: General principles and applications in psychology. Critical Psychology Bulltein, 5:25-38.
  • Taşçı E, Bolsoy N, Kavlak O, Yücesoy F (2008) Marital adjustment in infertile women. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5(2):105–10.
  • Turkish Disclosure of Health Practices (2013) Social security institution health application notification. 2013 Available from: URL: https://kms.kaysis.gov.tr/Home/Goster/42134. Accessed date: 20.08.2016.
  • Upkong D, Orji E (2006) Mental health of infertile women in Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 17(4):259-265.
  • van Rooij FB, van Balen F, Hermanns JM (2009) The experiences of involuntarily childless Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Qualitative Health Research, 19(5):621-632.
  • Verhaak CM, Smeenk JMJ, Evers AWM, Kremer JA, Kraaimaat FW, Braat DD (2007) Women’s emotional adjustment to IVF: A systematic review of 25 years of research. Human Reproduction Update, 13(1):27–36.
  • Vural PI, Beji NK (2014) Psychosexual effects of infertility of the problem. Andrology Bulltein, 57:135-138.
  • Yanıkkerem E, Kavlak O, Sevil Ü (2008) Infertile couple’s problems and nursing approach. Atatürk University Nursing High School Journal, 11(4):112-121.
  • Yıldırım A, Şimşek H (2005) Qualitative Research Methods in Social Sciences. 5th ed. Ankara: Seçkin Printing.
  • Yılmaz SD, Beji NK, Serdaroğlu H (2016) Levels of hopelessness and depression in infertile women. Turkiye Klinikleri J Obstet Womens Health Dis Nurs-Special Topics, 2(3):46-50.
  • Yılmaz T, Oskay ÜY (2015) Methods to cope with infertility stress and nursing attitudes. Journal of Health Sciences and Professions, 2(1):100-112.

İnfertil Kadınlarda Umut ve Umutsuzluk: Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı), 24 - 36, 29.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.530714

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, infertil kadınların umut ve umutsuzluklarını Seligman’ın öğrenilmiş çaresizlik teorisi kullanarak incelemektir. Çalışma, fenomenolojik araştırma yöntemi ile yürütülmüştür. Olumsuz tedavi deneyimi olan 15 kadın amaçlı yöntem ile seçilmiştir. Veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yönte-mi ile toplanmıştır. Görüşmeler, harfi harfine yazılmış ve yorumlayıcı içerik analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Umudun ana temaları, bireysel ve sosyal/çevresel; umutsuzluğun ana temaları bireysel, sosyal/çevresel ve tedavi süreci ile bunların alt temaları oluşturulmuştur. İnfertilite tedavisi sürecinde kadınların değişen duygular yaşadıkları; olumsuz tedavi deneyimlerinin umutsuzluk ve çaresizlik duygularının yaşanmasına yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Olumsuz tedavi sonucu deneyimlenen umutsuzluk, infertil kadınların tedavide ve hayatta başarıya ulaşamayacağını düşündürerek çaresizliğe yol açmaktadır. Bu hisler, kadınların tedaviyi bırakmalarına neden olmaktadır. Sağlık profesyonellerinin infertil kadınların psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını kişisel duygu ve değerleri göz önüne alarak incelemeleri gerekir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbey A, Andrews FM, Halman LJ (1992) Infertility and subjective well-being: The mediating roles of self-esteem, internal control, and interpersonal conflict. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54(2):408-417. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353072
  • Seligman MEP (2007) Learned Optimism: A translation of the Seligman MEP (Trans Ed. SK Akbaş) Ankara, HYB Printing.
  • Akyüz A, Sever N (2009) Reasons for infertile couples to discontinue in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 27(3):258–268. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830802409652
  • Behboodi‐Moghadam Z, Salsali M, Eftekhar-Ardabilty H, Vaismorad, M, Ramezanzadeh F (2013) Experiences of infertility through the lens of Iranian infertile women: A qualitative study. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 10:41-46. Doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2012.00208.x
  • Bell AV, Hetterly E (2014) There's a higher power, but He gave us a free will: Socioeconomic status and the intersection of agency and fatalism in infertility. Social Science & Medicine, 114:66-72. Doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.036
  • Bergart AM (2000) The experience of women in unsuccessful infertility treatment: what do patients need when medical intervention fails?. Social Work in Health Care, 30(4):45-69.
  • Bhatti LI, Fikre FY, Khan A (1999) The quest of infertile women in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: A qualitative study. Social Science and Medicine, 49(5):637-649.
  • Çetişli NE, Ören EDT, Kaba F (2018) The marital adjustment and hopelessness in infertile couples. ACU Health Science Journal (in press) DOI:https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2018.81.
  • Çoban TK, Dinç A (2013) Studying the effects of infertility on sexual life. International Journal of Clinical Research, 1(2): 46-53.
  • Dağ H, Yiğitoğlu S, Aksakal BI, Kavlak O (2015) The association between coping method and distress in infertile woman: A cross-sectional study from Turkey. Pak J Med Sci., 31(6):1457-1462.
  • Drosdzol A, Skrzypulec V (2009) Depression and anxiety among polish infertile couples: An evaluative prevalence study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology,30(1):11–20.
  • Filetto J, Makuch M (2005) Long-term follow-up of women and man after unsuccessful IVF. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 11(4):458-463.
  • Franco JG, Baruffi RLR, Mauri AL, Petersen CG, Felipe V, Garbellini E (2002) Psychological evaluation test for infertile couples. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 19(6):269-273.
  • Gökkaya VB (2015) A woman who learns helplessness: Learned helplessness. International periodical for the languages, literature and history of Turkish or Turkic, 10(14):53-70.
  • Hammarberg K, Astbury J, Baker HWG (2001) Womens experience of IVF: A follow up study. Human Reproduction, 16(2):374–383.
  • Hammarberg K (2003) Stress in assisted reproductive technology: implications for nursing practice. Human Fertility, 6(1):30-33.
  • Hasanpoor-Azghdy SB, Simbar M, Vedadhir A (2014) The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: Results of a qualitative study. Iran J Reprod Med., 12(2):131-138.
  • Hoşgör H, Akyüz I, Cengiz E (2017) Determination of the order of priority of the factors that are effective in infertile patients’ decision to stop IVF treatment: An AHP practice. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 9(19):64-84.
  • Imeson M, McMurray A (1996) Couples' Experiences of infertility: A phenomenological study. Joumal of Advanced Nursing, 24:1014-1022.
  • Kargın M, Ünal S (2011) Determining hopelessness in infertile individuals. New Symposium Journal, 49(1):54-60.
  • Kavlak O, Saruhan A (2002) A study on determination the loneliness level in infertile women and to assess the factors that effect the loneliness level. Ege Journal of Medicine, 41(4):229–232.
  • Kırca N, Pasinlioğlu T (2013) Psychosocial problems during Infertility Treatment. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 5(2):162-178.
  • Kraaij V, Garnefski N, Schroevers MJ (2009) Coping, Goal Adjustment, and Positive and Negative Affect in Definitive Infertility. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1): 18-26.
  • Kümbetoğlu B (2008) Qualitative Method and Research in Sociology and Anthropology. Istanbul: Bağlam.
  • Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA (2012) National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: A systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Med., 9(12):e1001356.
  • Mohanty A, Pradhan RK, Jena LK (2015) Learned helplessness and socialization: A reflective analysis. Psychology, 6:885-895.
  • Monga M, Alexandrescu B, Katz SE, Stein M, Ganitas T (2004) Impact of infertility on quality of life, marital adjustment and sexual function. Urology, 63(1):126-130.
  • Mosalanejad L, Parandavar N, Gholami M, Abdollahifard S (2014) Increasing and decreasing factors of hope in infertile women with failure in infertility treatment: A phenomenology study. Iran J Reprod Med., 12(2):117-124.
  • Nuvvula S (2016) Learned helplessness. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 7(4):426-427.
  • Oskay ÜY, Bayram GO, Dişsiz M (2009) Psychosocial and psychosexual effects of infertility. In Infertility Nursing (Ed. NK Beji):177-196. Istanbul, Acar Press.
  • Öz F. (2010) Fundamental concepts in health. 2nd ed. Ankara: Mattek Printing.
  • Ozan YD, Okumuş H (2013) Experiences of Turkish women about infertility treatment: A qualitative study. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies, 2(2):56-64.
  • Pedro A (2015) Coping with infertility: An explorative study of South African women’s experiences. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5:49-59.
  • Rajkhowa M, Mcconnell A, Thomas GE (2006) Reasons for discontinuation of IVF treatment: A questionnaire study. Human Reproduction, 21(2):358–363.
  • Robinson GE, Stewart DE (2005) Infertility and new reproductive technologies. In Review of Psychiatry (Eds JM Oldham, MB Riba). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
  • Şen S, Sevil Ü (2016) Stigma experiences of infertile women: a qualitative study in Turkey. International Refereed Journal of Gynaecological Diseases and Maternal Child Health, 6:63-82.
  • Smith JA (2011) Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(1):9-27.
  • Smith JA (2004) Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1(1):39-54.
  • Tanyaş B (2014) An introduction to qualitative research methods: General principles and applications in psychology. Critical Psychology Bulltein, 5:25-38.
  • Taşçı E, Bolsoy N, Kavlak O, Yücesoy F (2008) Marital adjustment in infertile women. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5(2):105–10.
  • Turkish Disclosure of Health Practices (2013) Social security institution health application notification. 2013 Available from: URL: https://kms.kaysis.gov.tr/Home/Goster/42134. Accessed date: 20.08.2016.
  • Upkong D, Orji E (2006) Mental health of infertile women in Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 17(4):259-265.
  • van Rooij FB, van Balen F, Hermanns JM (2009) The experiences of involuntarily childless Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Qualitative Health Research, 19(5):621-632.
  • Verhaak CM, Smeenk JMJ, Evers AWM, Kremer JA, Kraaimaat FW, Braat DD (2007) Women’s emotional adjustment to IVF: A systematic review of 25 years of research. Human Reproduction Update, 13(1):27–36.
  • Vural PI, Beji NK (2014) Psychosexual effects of infertility of the problem. Andrology Bulltein, 57:135-138.
  • Yanıkkerem E, Kavlak O, Sevil Ü (2008) Infertile couple’s problems and nursing approach. Atatürk University Nursing High School Journal, 11(4):112-121.
  • Yıldırım A, Şimşek H (2005) Qualitative Research Methods in Social Sciences. 5th ed. Ankara: Seçkin Printing.
  • Yılmaz SD, Beji NK, Serdaroğlu H (2016) Levels of hopelessness and depression in infertile women. Turkiye Klinikleri J Obstet Womens Health Dis Nurs-Special Topics, 2(3):46-50.
  • Yılmaz T, Oskay ÜY (2015) Methods to cope with infertility stress and nursing attitudes. Journal of Health Sciences and Professions, 2(1):100-112.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri, Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Sezer Er Güneri 0000-0002-6097-841X

Oya Kavlak 0000-0003-3242-5313

Ege Nazan Tavmergen Göker Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3196-1624

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 2 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı)

Kaynak Göster

AMA Er Güneri S, Kavlak O, Tavmergen Göker EN. İnfertil Kadınlarda Umut ve Umutsuzluk: Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2019;11:24-36. doi:10.18863/pgy.530714

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