THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 469 - 484, 30.12.2017

Melda Kececi

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2017.755

Öz

Purpose
-   The purpose of this research
is to demonstrate the influence of leadership style on organizational
citizenship behavior, as employees show individualistic or collectivistic
characteristics.

Methodology -  174
white-collar employees (105 males and 69 females) located in Istanbul (N=89)
and Denizli (N=85) formed the sample of this study. A multidimensional
questionnaire with six-point interval scale was applied to measure all
substantive variables used in this study.

Findings- This research revealed that OCB
level in Denizli is significantly higher than the level of OCB level İn
İstanbul as expected. There is also relationship between some of the leadership
styles and OCB. Although both individualism and collectivism have a positive
and meaningful correlation with OCB, the correlation between collectivism and
OCB is stronger in relation to individualism and OCB. 

Conclusion-The relationship between leadership
style and OCB is moderated by individualism in different ways according to the
city. Culture is very important and influential in organizations. It can
completely affect the concepts and value perceptions of people, and as a result
the leadership styles expected by the employees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Organizational citizenship behaviour, individualism, collectivism, leadership styles, cultural differences

Kaynakça

• Aycan, Z. (2001). Human resource management in Turkey - Current issues and future challenges. International Journal of Manpower, 22 (3), 252-260
• Bambale, A. J., Shamsudin, F. M. and Subramaniam, C. A (2011). Stimulating organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) research for theory development: Exploration of leadership paradigms. International Journal of Academic Research in business and Social Sciences, 1, 48-69 Bass, B.M. (1998). Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Miliary and Educational Impact, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
• Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207–218. Bettencourt, L.A., Gwinner, K.P., and Meuter, M.L. (2001). A comparison of attitude, personality, and knowledge predictors of service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (1), 29-41.
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York, NY: Wiley.
• Brown, M. E., Trevin˜o, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117–134
• Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
• Çağlar, E.S. (2011). The impact of empowerment on work engagement, mediated through psychological empowerment: Moderating roles of leadership styles and work goals. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Organizational Behavior Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi
• Chen, M. (2001). Asian management systems. London: Thomson Publishing
• Cheng, B.S. (1995). The relationship between parent’s authority and leadership behaviors: A case study of president of a Taiwanese enterprise. Taipei: Collection of Articles, Institute of Ethnology, Sinica, 79, 119-173.
• Clugston, M., Howell, J.P. & Dorfman, P.W. (2000). Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26, 5-30
• Cohen, A. and E. Vıgoda. (2000), Do Good Citizen Make Good Organizational Citizens? An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between General Citizenship and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Israel. Administration and Society, 32 (5), 596-625.
• Daft, R.L. (2005). The Leadership Experience (3rd ed.), Vancouver: Thomson-Southwestwern
• Earley, P. C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China. Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 34, 565-581.
• Earley, P. C. (1993). East meets West meets Mideast: Furtherexplorations of Collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 319-348.
• Ehrhart, M.G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit-level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57, 61–94.
• El Kahal, S. (2002). Business in Asia Pasific. Oxford: Oxford University Pres
• Fields, D. L. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to validated scales for organizational research and diagnosis. Sage publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, California.
• George, J.M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299-307
• Göncü, A. (2006). Motivational Processes Involved in the Relationship Between Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Koç Üniversitesi Psikoloji Yüksek Lisans Tezi
• Graham, J. W. (1989). 'Organizational citizenship behavior. Construct redefinition, operationaiization, and validation'. Unpublished working paper, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
• Hale, J.R., & Fields, D.L. (2007). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: A study of followers in Ghana and the USA. Leadership, 3, 397– 417.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage House, R.J., Hanges, P.M., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
• Hui, C. H. and Triandis, H. C. (1986). Individualism-collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17, 225-248,
• Jenkins, D. (2005). ‘Examining The Relationships Between The Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs, Employee Well-Being & Commitment’, Unpublished Master Dissertation, Carleton University, Ottowa, Ontorio.
• Koh, W. L., Steers, R. M., & Terborg, J. R. (1995). The effects of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 16 (4), 319-333.
• Kuşdil, M.E. & Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Türk öğretmenlerin değerler yönelimi ve Schwartz değer kuramı. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15 (45), 59-76
• Li, Y.C. (2004). Examining the effect of organizational culture and leadership behaviors on organizational commitment, job satisfaction and job performance at small and medium-sized firms of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5 (1/2), 432-438
• Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: development of a multidimensional measure and multilevel assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 161–177.
• Masterson, S.S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B.M. and Taylor, M.S. (2000). Integrating Justice and Social Exchange: The Differing Effects of Fair Work Procedures and Treatment on Work Relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (4), 738-748.
• McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.T.Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90
• Moorman, R.H. (1991). The relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855.
• Moorman, R. H. & Blakely, G. L. (1995). Individualism-collectivism as an individual difference predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 127–142.
• Neubert, M.J., Kacmar, K.M., Carlson, D.S., Chonko, L.B., & Roberts, J.A. (2008). Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1220–1233.
• Northouse, P. G.. (1997). Leadership: Theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Organ, D.W. (1988), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington, M. A.: Lexington Books.
• Organ, D.W. ve Ryan, K.A. (1995). Meta-Analytic Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Personnel Psychology, 48, 775–782.
• Organ, D., (1997) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It's Construct Clean-Up Time, Human Performance, 10, 85-97.
• Organ, D.W. & Konovsky, M. (1989). Cognitive versus affective determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 157-164
• Parkes, L.P., Bochner, S. & Scheider, S.K. (2001). Person-organization fit across cultures: An empirical investigation of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 81-108
• Parsons, T. and Shills, E. N. (1951). Toward a General Theory of Social Action, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
• Penner, L. A.; Midili, A. R. ve Kegelmeyer, J. (1997). Beyond Job Attitudes: A Personality and Social Psychology Perspective on the Causes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Performance, 10 (2), 111-131.
• Piccolo, R. F., Greenbaum, R., Den Hartog, D. N., & Folger, R. (2010). The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 259-278. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Moorman, R.H. & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 1 (2), 107-142
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. & Bommer, W.H. (1996). Transformatioanl leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22 (2), 259-298
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Paine, J.B. & Bachrach, D.G. (2000). Organizatioanl citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and ampirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26 (3), 513-563
• Probst, T.M., Carnevale, P.J., Triandis, H.C. (1999). Cultural values in intergroup and single group social dilemmas. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 171–191.
• Ramamoorthy, N; Kulkarni, S.P.; Gupta, A. & Flood, P.C. (2007). Individualism–collectivism orientation and employee attitudes: A comparison of employees from the high-technology sector in India and Ireland. Journal of International Management, 13, 187-203
• Rich, B.L., Lepine, J.A. & Crawford, E.R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53 (3), 617-635
• Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 121–133
• Schappe, S.P., (1998) The Influence Of Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, And Fairness perceptions On Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Journal of Psychology, 132, 277-290.
• Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent selfconstruals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
• Smith, C.A., Organ, D.W. & Near, J.P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68 (4), 653-663.
• Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
• Vondey, M. (2010). The Relationships among Servant Leadership, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Person-Organization Fit, and Organizational Identification. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1), 3-27.
• Wagner, J. A., (1992). ‘Individualism-collectivism and free riding: A study of main and moderator effects'. Paper presented at the 1992 Academy of Management Meetings, Las Vegas, NV.
• Wagner, J. A., and Moch, M. K. (1986). Individualism-collectivism: Concept and measure. Group and Organization Studies, I I , 280-304.
• Walumbwa, F.O., Hartnell, C.A ve Oke, A. (2010). Servant Leadership, Procedural Justice Climate, Service Climate, Employee Attitudes, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Cross-Level Investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (3), 517-529
• Wasti, A. ve Erdil, S.E. (2007). Bireycilik ve toplulukçuluk değerlerinin ölçülmesi: Benlik Kurgusu ve INDCOL ölçeklerinin Türkçe geçerlemesi. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1-2), 39-66
• Wayne, S.J & Green, S.A (1993). The Effects of Leader-Member Exchange on Employee Citizenship and Impression Management Behavior. Human Relations 46, 1431-1440,
• Williams, L.J. & Anderson, S.E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship behavior and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601-617
• Yiing, L.H. & Ahmad, K.Z.B. (2009). The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behavior and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30 (1), 55-86