A Macro Level Approach To The Impact of Glabalization and Regime Types On Ethnic Violence

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 449 - 463, 01.03.2013

  Dr.niyazi Ekici Dr.serdar Yıldız

Öz

This study examines the causes and trends of ethnic conflicts after the second World War. Globalization and the states’ regime types are the two main factors that are believed to have affected the trend and number of ethnic conflicts. It is argued that democratization for communal and ethnic conflicts mostly contribute more conflicts due to the opportunity provided by democratic openings. Such democratization movements justify protest and rebellions for individuals and ethnic groups. In the meantime, ethnic or nationalist conflicts in the post-Cold War era has been not only provoked many speculations, but also extrapolated by some scholars as the political fragmentation for the global system

Anahtar Kelimeler

Globalization, Ethnic conflicts, Regime types, Ethnic identity

KÜRESELLEŞME VE REJİM TİPLERİNİN ETNİK ŞİDDET ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNE MAKRO DÜZEYDE BİR YAKLAŞIM

Öz

Bu çalışma İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonraki etnik çatışmaların nedenlerini ve seyrini incelemektedir. Küreselleşme ve devletlerin rejim tiplerinin, etnik çatışmaların sayılarına ve seyrine etki eden iki önemli faktör olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Etnik çatışmaları önlemek için yapılan demokratik açılımların, yeni fırsatlar doğurduğu için çoğunlukla daha fazla çatışmaya neden olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Demokratik açılımlar, bireyler ve etnik gruplar tarafından etnik protesto ve isyanları meşrulaştırmak amacılya kullanılmaktadır. Etnik olarak homojen yapıdaki devlet sayısısının artacağı, buna karşılık hetorojen yapıdaki devletlerin de bölgesel özerklik isteyen etnik gruplara karşı daha çok mücadele edeceği tahmin edilmiştir. Devletlerin uygulayabilecekleri bazı çatışma hafifletme politikaları tavsiye edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, Etnik çatışmalar, Rejim tipleri, Etnik kimlik

Kaynakça

• ANGSTROM, Jan. (2001). The Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 24:59-69.
• APPADURAI, Arjun. (1998). Dead Certainty: Ethnic Violence in the Era of Globalization. Public culture. 10:2-905-925.
• BAL, Idris. (2002). Terrorism, Liberal State and International Co- operation. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Police Studies). 4:1- 47-64.
• BECK, Ulrich. (1992). Risk Society, London: Sage.
• BECK, Ulrich (1999). What is Globalization?, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• BEVERLY, Crawford and RONNIE D. Lipschutz. (1998). The Myth of ‘Ethnic Conflict’: Politics, Economics, and Cultural Violence. Berkeley: UC Berkeley International and Area Studies Press.
• BRASS, Paul (edt.) (1985). Ethnic Groups and the State. Barnes and Noble Books: New Jersey.
• BYMAN, Daniel. (1998). The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 21:2-149-167.
• CASTELLS, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Networked Society, Oxford: Blackwell.
• CHALK, Peter. (1998). The Response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy. Australian Journal of Politics and History 44:3- 373-88.
• COTTER, M. John. (2002). Societal Insecurity and the Reaction of Extremist Groups in Northern Ireland, Great Britain and the USA. Doctoral dissertation submitted at the University of Kentucky.
• FOX, Jonathan. (2003). Trends in Low Intensity Ethnic Conflict in Democratic States in the Post-Cold War Era: A Large N Study. Review of International Affairs 2:3-54-70.
• FOX, Jonathan (2002). In the Name of God and Nation: The Overlapping Influence of Separatism and Religion on Ethnic Conflict. Social Identities 8:3- 439-454.
• FOX, Jonathan (1999). The Influence of Religious Legitimacy on Grievance Formation by Ehtnoreligious Minorities. Journal of Peace Research 36:3- 289-307.
• FOX, Jonathan and QUIRES, Josephine. (2001). Threats to Primal Identities: A Comparison of Nationalism and Religion as Impacts on Ethnic Protest and Rebellion. Terrorism and political violence 13:1-87- 102.
• FOWKES, Ben. (2002). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post- communist World. Palgrave: New York.
• GIDDENS, Anthony. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Polity Press. Cambridge. 70-78.
• GIDDENS, Anthony. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
• GULALP, Haldun (edt.) (2006. Citizenship and Ethnic Conflict: Challenging the Nation-State. Book review by Julie Thorpe. Routledge.
• GURR, R. Ted. (1994). Peoples against states: ethnopolitical conflict and changing world system. International studies quarterly 38: 347-377.
• HOROWITZ, L. Daniel. (2000). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. University of California Press.
• ISHIYAMA, John. (2004). Does globalization breed ethnic conflict?. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9:1-23.
• KOTKIN, Joel. (1993). Tribes: How Race, Religion and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy.. Random House. New York p. 3.
• KARPAT, H. Kemal. (1985). The Ethnicity Problem in A Multi-Ethnic National Islamic State; Continuity and Recasting of Ethnic Identity in The Ottoman State. In Ethnic Groups and the State edited by Paul Brass. Barnes and Noble books. New Jersey.
• KINNVALL, Caterina. (2004). Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and The Search for Ontological Security. Political Psychology. 25:5. pp.741-767.
• LEFEBVRE, Stephane. (2003). Perspectives on Ethno- nationalist/separatist Terrorism. Conflict Studies Research Centre. UK Ministry of Defense.
• MALESEVIC, Sinsa. (2004). ‘Divine Ethnies” and “Sacred Nations”: Anthony D. Smith and the Neo-Durkhemian Theory of Nationalism. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 10: 561-593.
• MIKESELL, W. Marvin and Murphy B. Alexander. (1991). A framework for comparative suty of mintority group aspirations. Annals of the association of American geographers 81:581-604. In Gurr Robert Ted 1994. Peoples against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and Changing World System
• OHANYAN, Anna. (2003). Nationalism in a Globalizing Context: Governance Focused Intervention in the Developing World. International Journal on World Peace. 20:1- 29-53.
• POSEN, R. Barry. (1993). The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. In Michael E. Brown (ed.). 1993. Ethnic Conflict and International Security. Princeton University Press.
• SADOWSKI, Yahya. (1998). Ethnic Conflict. Foreign Policy. 111:12- 24.
• SMITH, D. Anthony. (1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.
• SNYDER, Jack. (2000). From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. Norton and Company: New York.
• VOLKAN, D. Vamik. (1997). Bloodlines: from Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York.
• WILKINSON, Paul. (1986). Terrorism and Liberal State. Macmillan: Hampshire.