Araştırma Makalesi
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Factors Affecting Professional Athletes During Retirement: Retirement or Emptiness?

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 20 - 32, 31.12.2017

Öz








Professional athletes usually do not have the opportunity to take up new hobbies or activities or may not feel the need for
such activities. Therefore people who have had to quit sports in the early stages of their lives generally have some struggle
adapting within society thus experiencing disadvantages during the middle-age period of the life cycle. Individuals, as a
whole, generally enter retirement unprepared. As a result retirement, and especially the rst year of retirement, constitutes
a dif cult period. For athletes, this period is even more dif cult. International research in the form of published articles and
news coverage concur that for professional athletes the process of retirement, whether by choice or by necessity, represents
a dif cult and traumatic period. According to research, professional athletes encounter heavy psychological, biological,
economic, and social struggles during this period. According to the Turkish Statistical Institute’s data, professional athletes
in Turkey are few in number and their sportive competence is at a discussable level. Only in more recent years have athletes
gained acceptance within society and commensurate nancial support from the government. It is not uncommon during the
present generation for parents to encourage their children to pursue sports professionally. So, as children are encouraged
to pursue athletics as a profession, what work is being done to prepare the way for elite athletes to transition into the period
known as retirement? 
The aim of this study is to put forward a framework assisting professional athletes in making a post-career plan and structuring
their transition into life during retirement. Results of this study have shown that athletes face very dif cult struggles during the
period prior to, during and after leaving professional sports and require help in reorganizing their lives. During this period,
the kinds and extent of help required are discussed.





  




Kaynakça

  • Ajeyi M.A.(2007). Perceived Retirement Phobia as a Function of Age Educational And Marital Status of Professional Soccer Player”. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics , 10, 57-64 Akkaya C., Kaplan Y.(2014) “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Spor Medyasında Kadın”, International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, vol.SI, pp.177-182 Arun Ö., (2014) İnce Zevkler – Olağan Beğeniler: Çağdaş Türkiye’de Kültürel Eşitsizliğin Yansımaları. Cogito, 76, 167-191. Atchley, R.C. (1988). Social forces and aging. Belmont C.A., Wadswort, pp: 54 Barnes, C. J. (2002). The retirement experiences of female collegiate team sport athletes (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego). Bayrak, M, Çon. M. &Taşmektepligil, M. (2012) Üst Düzey Sporlardan Emekliliğin Psikolojik Etkileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Akademik Bakış Dergisi. 29, 1-7. Bayrak, M., & Tunçkol, H. M. (2012) Sporda Emeklilik Olgusu ve Emeklilik Uyum Modelleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi,14(2), 150-156. Bourdieu, P. & Wacquant, J.D. (2003). Düşünümsel Bir Antropoloji İçin Cevaplar.Çev. N. Ökten. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Bourdieu, P. (1978). Sport and Social Class. Social Science Information. 17(6), 819–840. Bourdieu, P. (1988). Program for a Sociology of Sport. Sociology of Sport Journal.5(2),153-161. Bourdieu, P. (1997). Toplumbilim Sorunları. (Çeviren: Ergüden I), Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul. Bourdieu, P. (2010), “Sermaye Biçimleri”, Derleyenler: M. M. Şahin ve A. Z.Ünal, Sosyal Sermaye, Değişim, İstanbul, s. 45-75. Ceyhan, M., Alhan, E., Salman, N., Kurugol, Z., Yildirim, I., Celik, U.& Pawinski, R. (2009). Multicenter Prospective Study On The Burden Of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis İn Turkey, 2005–2006: A Hospital-Based Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200(Supplement 1), 234-238. Chen, H., Müller, M. B., Gilmore, K. J., Wallace, G. G., & Li, D. (2008). Mechanically Strong, Electrically Conductive, and Biocompatible Graphene Paper. Didehbani, N., Cullum, C. M., Mansinghani, S., Conover, H., & Hart, J. (2013). Depressive Symptoms And Concussions in Aging Retired NFL Players. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 418-424. Elite Athlete. (n.d.) Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine by Churchill Livingstone. (2008). Retrieved August 9 2017 from http:// medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ elite+athlete Erpič, S. C., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). The Effect Of Athletic and Non-Athletic Factors on the Sports Career Termination Process. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 45-59. Fisher AG; Conlee R K. (1979). The Complete Book of Psycial Fitness. Prova, Brigham Young University Pres, 119-121 Gall, T.G. and R. Evans, (2000). Pro-Retirement Expectations and the Quality of Life Male Retires in Later Retirement. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 32, 187-197. Gergen, K. (1991). The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Llife. Basic books. Kalkan, M. (2008). Yaşlılık: Tanımı, Sını andırılması ve Genel Bilgiler. İçinde (s.1-17).Melek Kalkan ve Kurtman Ersanlı (Ed.), Psikolojik, Sosyal ve Bedensel Açıdan Yaşlılık. Ankara: PEGEM. Kasapoğlu,M., Çon,M. & Taşmektepligil,Y. (2012). Üst Düzey Sporlardan Emekliliğin Psikolojik Etkileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 29, 1-17. Kerr, G., & Dacyshyn, A. (2000). The Retirement Experiences of Elite, Female Gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 115-133. Krylowicz, J.B. (1999). Student-Athlete or Athlete- Student?. An Investigation of Division Male And Female Collgiate Basketball Players . phD. Thesis. Texas Tech University. Lavallee, D., (2006) “Career Awareness, Career Planning, and Career Transition Needs Among Sports Coaches.” Journal of Career Development. 33.1, 66-79. Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). An Array of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools: A Call for Data Analysis Triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 557. Linton, R. (1936). The Study of Man: An Introduction. McKnight, K., Bernes, K., Gunn, T., Chorney, D., Orr, 31 senex • Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergİsİ | Journal of Aging Studies D., & Bardick, A. (2009). Life After Sport: Athletic Career Transition and Transferable Skills. Journal of Excellence, 13, 63-77. McPearson, B. P. (1980). Retirement from Professional Sport: The Process and Problems of Occupational and Psychological Adjustment. Sociological Symposium, 30, 126-143 Mehus, I. (2005). Distinction through sport consumption: Spectators of soccer, basketball, and ski-jumping. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(3), 321-333. Meir, R. A., McDonald, K. N., & Russell, R. (1997). Injury Consequences From Participation in Professional Rugby League: a Preliminary Investigation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(2), 132-134. Naulin, S. & Jourdain, A. (2016). Pierre Bourdieu’nün Kuramı ve Sosyolojik Kullanımları (Ö. Elitez, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim. Nekuda, J. D. (2009). The Effect of Retirement on Vigorous Physical Activity Controlling For The Socio-demographic Variables of Age, Gender, Education, Income, Race and Perceived Health Status Affect. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Nicolaus, M., Katlein, C., Maslanik, J., & Hendricks, S. (2012). Changes in Arctic Sea Ice Result in Increasing Light Transmittance And Absorption. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(24). Ogilvie, B. C., & Taylor, J. (1993). Career Termination Issues Among Elite Athletes. Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, 761-775. Pearson R. & Petitpas A. (1990) Transition of Athlets: Pitfalls and Prevention. Journal of Counseling & Development,69, 7-10 Rosenberg, N. (1982). Inside The Black Box: Technology And Economics. Cambridge University Press. Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). Major Contributions. Counseling Psychologist, 9(2), 2-15. Sharf, B. F. (1997). Communicating Breast Cancer On- Line: Support And Empowerment on The Internet. Women & Health, 26(1), 65-84. Sinclair, D. A., & Orlick, T. (1994). The Effects Of Transition On High Performance Sport. Psycho- social İssues And Interventions In Elite sports, 29- 55. Sinnott, R., Maddela, R. L., Bae, S., & Best, T. (2012). The Effect of Dietary Supplements on the Quality of Life of Retired Professional Football Players. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(2), p13. Stempel, C. (2005). Adult participation sports as cultural capital: A test of Bourdieu’s theory of the eld of sports. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(4), 411-432. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research (Vol. 15). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Stronach, M. M., & Adair, D. (2010). Lords of The Square Ring: Future Capital and Career Transition Issues for Elite Indigenous Australian Boxers. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisiplinary Journal, 2(2), 46-70. Şimşek, A., Özdamar, N., Becit, G., Kılıçer, K., Akbulut, Y., & Yıldırım, Y. (2008). Türkiye’deki Eğitim Teknolojisi Araştırmalarında Güncel Eğilimler. Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 19, 439. Taylor, J., & Lavallee, D. (2010). Career transition among athletes: is there life after sports?. Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6(1), 1-20. Thorat, S., & Neuman, K. S. (2012). Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination In Modern India. Oxford University Press. TUİK. (2014). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2014. www.tuik. gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=265 Tunçkol, H. M., & Güven, Ö. (2014). Profesyonel Futbolu Bırakma Yaşantısını Algılama Ölçeği Geçerlilik VE Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 49-55 Venter, M. R. (2008). Die Materiële Produksie Van Afrikaanse Fiksie (1990-2005):‘n Empiriese Ondersoek Na Die Produksiepro el En Uitgewerypro el Binne Die Uitgeesisteem (Afrikaans) (Doctoral dissertation). Warde, A. (2006). Cultural capital and the place of sport. Cultural Trends, 15(2-3), 107-122. Werthner, P., & Orlick, T. (1986). Retirement Experiences Of Successful Olympic Athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology. Widdop, P., Cutts, D., & Jarvie, G. (2016). Omnivorousness in sport: The importance of social capital and networks. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(5), 596-616. Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career Transitions In Sport: European Perspectives. Psychology of Sport And Exercise, 5(1), 7-20.

Sporcularda Emeklilik Dönemini Etkileyen Faktörler: Emeklilik Mi? Boşluk Mu?

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 20 - 32, 31.12.2017

Öz








Profesyonel olarak spor yapan bireyler genelde yeni hobiler ve aktiviteler öğrenme imkânına ya da bu tarz aktivitelere ihtiyaç
duymamaktadırlar. Bu nedenle branşlarına göre değişse de yaşamlarının erken evresinde profesyonel sporu bırakmak zorunda
kalan bireyler, genellikle orta yaş dönemlerine denk gelen evrede topluma adapte olamamakta ve dezavantajlı konuma
düşmektedirler. Çoğunlukla bireyler emeklilik dönemine hazırlıksız girmektedirler. Bu nedenle emeklilik süreci ve özellikle de
ilk emeklilik yılı zor bir dönemdir. Sporcularda ise bu süreç daha zorlu bir dönemi işaret etmektedir. Dünya genelinde yapılan
araştırmalar, yayınlanan makaleler ve haberlerde profesyonel sporcuların, gönüllü ya da gönülsüz olarak emekliliğe geçiş
sürecinin zor ve travmatik bir durum halini aldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmalara göre profesyonel sporcular, bu süreçte
ağır psikolojik, biyolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal zorluklarla baş başa kalmaktadırlar. TUİK verilerine göre ülkemizde profesyonel
spor yapan bireylerin, çok düşük sayıda olmakla birlikte sportif anlamda yeterlilikleri tartışılabilir düzeydedir. Çünkü sporun
hem toplum tarafından kabul görmesinin hem de devlet tarafından büyük bütçeler ile desteklenen bir alan haline gelmesinin
tarihi çok eski değildir. Ebeveynlerin çocuklarını spora yönlendirmeleri çağa uygun olarak yeni yeni şekillenmektedir. Peki,
spora teşvik çalışmaları devam ederken sporu elit düzeyde yapan insanlar kariyer sonrası dönemde yani emeklilik süreçlerini
nasıl planlamaktadırlar? Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcuların profesyonel olarak sürdürdükleri spor hayatlarına son verme
planlarını, söz konusu süreçte ve emeklilik döneminde yaşamlarını şekillendirdiklerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın sonucu
olarak, sporcuların sporu bırakma öncesi, sporu bırakma süreci ve sonrasında oldukça zor bir süreç geçirdikleri ve emeklilik
sonrası hayatlarını düzenlemekte yardıma ihtiyaç duydukları görülmektedir. Bu dönemde sporcuların ne türde ve ne düzeyde
yardıma ihtiyaçları vardır ve neler yapılmalıdır? 




Kaynakça

  • Ajeyi M.A.(2007). Perceived Retirement Phobia as a Function of Age Educational And Marital Status of Professional Soccer Player”. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics , 10, 57-64 Akkaya C., Kaplan Y.(2014) “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Spor Medyasında Kadın”, International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, vol.SI, pp.177-182 Arun Ö., (2014) İnce Zevkler – Olağan Beğeniler: Çağdaş Türkiye’de Kültürel Eşitsizliğin Yansımaları. Cogito, 76, 167-191. Atchley, R.C. (1988). Social forces and aging. Belmont C.A., Wadswort, pp: 54 Barnes, C. J. (2002). The retirement experiences of female collegiate team sport athletes (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego). Bayrak, M, Çon. M. &Taşmektepligil, M. (2012) Üst Düzey Sporlardan Emekliliğin Psikolojik Etkileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Akademik Bakış Dergisi. 29, 1-7. Bayrak, M., & Tunçkol, H. M. (2012) Sporda Emeklilik Olgusu ve Emeklilik Uyum Modelleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi,14(2), 150-156. Bourdieu, P. & Wacquant, J.D. (2003). Düşünümsel Bir Antropoloji İçin Cevaplar.Çev. N. Ökten. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Bourdieu, P. (1978). Sport and Social Class. Social Science Information. 17(6), 819–840. Bourdieu, P. (1988). Program for a Sociology of Sport. Sociology of Sport Journal.5(2),153-161. Bourdieu, P. (1997). Toplumbilim Sorunları. (Çeviren: Ergüden I), Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul. Bourdieu, P. (2010), “Sermaye Biçimleri”, Derleyenler: M. M. Şahin ve A. Z.Ünal, Sosyal Sermaye, Değişim, İstanbul, s. 45-75. Ceyhan, M., Alhan, E., Salman, N., Kurugol, Z., Yildirim, I., Celik, U.& Pawinski, R. (2009). Multicenter Prospective Study On The Burden Of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis İn Turkey, 2005–2006: A Hospital-Based Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200(Supplement 1), 234-238. Chen, H., Müller, M. B., Gilmore, K. J., Wallace, G. G., & Li, D. (2008). Mechanically Strong, Electrically Conductive, and Biocompatible Graphene Paper. Didehbani, N., Cullum, C. M., Mansinghani, S., Conover, H., & Hart, J. (2013). Depressive Symptoms And Concussions in Aging Retired NFL Players. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 418-424. Elite Athlete. (n.d.) Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine by Churchill Livingstone. (2008). Retrieved August 9 2017 from http:// medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ elite+athlete Erpič, S. C., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). The Effect Of Athletic and Non-Athletic Factors on the Sports Career Termination Process. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 45-59. Fisher AG; Conlee R K. (1979). The Complete Book of Psycial Fitness. Prova, Brigham Young University Pres, 119-121 Gall, T.G. and R. Evans, (2000). Pro-Retirement Expectations and the Quality of Life Male Retires in Later Retirement. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 32, 187-197. Gergen, K. (1991). The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Llife. Basic books. Kalkan, M. (2008). Yaşlılık: Tanımı, Sını andırılması ve Genel Bilgiler. İçinde (s.1-17).Melek Kalkan ve Kurtman Ersanlı (Ed.), Psikolojik, Sosyal ve Bedensel Açıdan Yaşlılık. Ankara: PEGEM. Kasapoğlu,M., Çon,M. & Taşmektepligil,Y. (2012). Üst Düzey Sporlardan Emekliliğin Psikolojik Etkileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 29, 1-17. Kerr, G., & Dacyshyn, A. (2000). The Retirement Experiences of Elite, Female Gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 115-133. Krylowicz, J.B. (1999). Student-Athlete or Athlete- Student?. An Investigation of Division Male And Female Collgiate Basketball Players . phD. Thesis. Texas Tech University. Lavallee, D., (2006) “Career Awareness, Career Planning, and Career Transition Needs Among Sports Coaches.” Journal of Career Development. 33.1, 66-79. Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). An Array of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools: A Call for Data Analysis Triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 557. Linton, R. (1936). The Study of Man: An Introduction. McKnight, K., Bernes, K., Gunn, T., Chorney, D., Orr, 31 senex • Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergİsİ | Journal of Aging Studies D., & Bardick, A. (2009). Life After Sport: Athletic Career Transition and Transferable Skills. Journal of Excellence, 13, 63-77. McPearson, B. P. (1980). Retirement from Professional Sport: The Process and Problems of Occupational and Psychological Adjustment. Sociological Symposium, 30, 126-143 Mehus, I. (2005). Distinction through sport consumption: Spectators of soccer, basketball, and ski-jumping. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(3), 321-333. Meir, R. A., McDonald, K. N., & Russell, R. (1997). Injury Consequences From Participation in Professional Rugby League: a Preliminary Investigation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(2), 132-134. Naulin, S. & Jourdain, A. (2016). Pierre Bourdieu’nün Kuramı ve Sosyolojik Kullanımları (Ö. Elitez, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim. Nekuda, J. D. (2009). The Effect of Retirement on Vigorous Physical Activity Controlling For The Socio-demographic Variables of Age, Gender, Education, Income, Race and Perceived Health Status Affect. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Nicolaus, M., Katlein, C., Maslanik, J., & Hendricks, S. (2012). Changes in Arctic Sea Ice Result in Increasing Light Transmittance And Absorption. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(24). Ogilvie, B. C., & Taylor, J. (1993). Career Termination Issues Among Elite Athletes. Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, 761-775. Pearson R. & Petitpas A. (1990) Transition of Athlets: Pitfalls and Prevention. Journal of Counseling & Development,69, 7-10 Rosenberg, N. (1982). Inside The Black Box: Technology And Economics. Cambridge University Press. Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). Major Contributions. Counseling Psychologist, 9(2), 2-15. Sharf, B. F. (1997). Communicating Breast Cancer On- Line: Support And Empowerment on The Internet. Women & Health, 26(1), 65-84. Sinclair, D. A., & Orlick, T. (1994). The Effects Of Transition On High Performance Sport. Psycho- social İssues And Interventions In Elite sports, 29- 55. Sinnott, R., Maddela, R. L., Bae, S., & Best, T. (2012). The Effect of Dietary Supplements on the Quality of Life of Retired Professional Football Players. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(2), p13. Stempel, C. (2005). Adult participation sports as cultural capital: A test of Bourdieu’s theory of the eld of sports. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(4), 411-432. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research (Vol. 15). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Stronach, M. M., & Adair, D. (2010). Lords of The Square Ring: Future Capital and Career Transition Issues for Elite Indigenous Australian Boxers. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisiplinary Journal, 2(2), 46-70. Şimşek, A., Özdamar, N., Becit, G., Kılıçer, K., Akbulut, Y., & Yıldırım, Y. (2008). Türkiye’deki Eğitim Teknolojisi Araştırmalarında Güncel Eğilimler. Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 19, 439. Taylor, J., & Lavallee, D. (2010). Career transition among athletes: is there life after sports?. Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6(1), 1-20. Thorat, S., & Neuman, K. S. (2012). Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination In Modern India. Oxford University Press. TUİK. (2014). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2014. www.tuik. gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=265 Tunçkol, H. M., & Güven, Ö. (2014). Profesyonel Futbolu Bırakma Yaşantısını Algılama Ölçeği Geçerlilik VE Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 49-55 Venter, M. R. (2008). Die Materiële Produksie Van Afrikaanse Fiksie (1990-2005):‘n Empiriese Ondersoek Na Die Produksiepro el En Uitgewerypro el Binne Die Uitgeesisteem (Afrikaans) (Doctoral dissertation). Warde, A. (2006). Cultural capital and the place of sport. Cultural Trends, 15(2-3), 107-122. Werthner, P., & Orlick, T. (1986). Retirement Experiences Of Successful Olympic Athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology. Widdop, P., Cutts, D., & Jarvie, G. (2016). Omnivorousness in sport: The importance of social capital and networks. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(5), 596-616. Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career Transitions In Sport: European Perspectives. Psychology of Sport And Exercise, 5(1), 7-20.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ezgi Uyral Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uyral, E. (2017). Sporcularda Emeklilik Dönemini Etkileyen Faktörler: Emeklilik Mi? Boşluk Mu?. Senex: Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 20-32.