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Türkçe ve Japoncada Kanıtsallık

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 293 - 313, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.339449

Öz

Sözcede ifade edilen bilginin
kaynağının dilsel olarak işaretlenmesi olarak tanımlanan kanıtsallık kipliği,
hem tipolojik açıdan hem de anlamsal kapsamı bakımından dilden dile farklılık
göstermektedir. Bilginin kaynağının farklılık sunduğu çeşitli bağlamlarda
kullanılan biçimleri belirlemek amacıyla Japonca ve Türkçe konuşurlarıyla
gerçekleştirilen anketlerin çözümlemesi, bu iki dilde de kanıtsallığın
işaretlendiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, hem tipolojik olarak hem de
anlamsal kapsam bakımından kanıtsallığın bu iki dilde önemli farklılıklar
gösterdiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tipolojik olarak, Türkçede farklı
kategorilerinin sınırlı sayıdaki biçimbirimlerle (ø, –DI, -mIş, -mIştIr, -mIş
olmalı) işaretlendiği kanıtsallık, gramatikalleşmiş olup büyük ölçüde zorunlu
bir dilbilgisel kategori olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Japoncada ise, kanıtsallığın
gramatikalleşmediği, dolayısıyla çok daha fazla sayıdaki modal sözcük ve
parçacıklarla işaretlendiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca aynı bağlam için önerilen
biçimlerin çokluğu, bunların kullanımının seçimli olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Anlamsal bakımdan ise, geleneksel dilbilgisinin “görülen geçmiş”/ ”duyulan
geçmiş” ikilemesiyle sınırladığı kanıtsallığın, hem Türkçede hem de Japoncada
çok daha kapsamlı olduğu ve bilginin kaynağıyla ilgili küçük ayrıntıların bile
biçimsel değişikliğe yol açtığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Aksu-Koç ve D. Slobin (1986). “A psychological account of the development and use of evidentials in Turkish”. In: W. Chafe and J. Nichols, eds. Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology. Norwood, N J: Ablex, 159–167.
  • Aoki, Haruo, (1986). Evidentials in Japanese. Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 223–238.
  • Bacanlı, Eyüp (2006). “Türkçede Dolaylılık İşaretçilerinin Pragmatik Anlamları”. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, (3)1, 35-47.
  • Baştürk, Mehmet vd. (1996). « Valeur de –mIş en turc contemporain. Analyse sur corpus ». In : Z. Guentchéva, ed. 1996. L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters, 145-156.
  • Bosnalı, Sonel & Cahit Kahraman (2015). “Moods and Modality in the Turkish and Japanese dream narration”, LILA´15 / Linguistics and Language Conference Proceedings. İstanbul: DAKAM, 169-185.
  • Csató, Eva Á. (2000). “Turkish MIŞ and IMIŞ: Dimensions of a functional analysis”. In: L. Johanson and B. Utas, eds. Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 24). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 29-44.
  • Demir, Nurettin 2012. Türkçede Evidensiyel. Bilig Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Yaz 2012 (62), 97-118.
  • Givón, Talmy (1982). “Evidentiality and epistemic space”. Studies in Language 6, 23-49.
  • Guentchéva, Zlatka, ed. (1996). L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters.
  • Gül, Demet (2009). “Semantics of Turkish Evidential –(I)mIş”. In S. Ay, Sıla vd. eds, Essays on Turkish Linguistics, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 177-186.
  • Johanson, Lars ve B. Utas, eds. (2000). Evidentials. Turkic, Iranian and Neighboring Languages. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Johanson, Lars (2000). “Turkic indirectives”. In: Johanson Lars ve Utas B., eds. Evidentials. Turkic, Iranian and Neighboring Languages. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 61–87.
  • Johanson, Lars (2003). “Evidentiality in Turkic”. In A., Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds.), 273–290.
  • Johanson, Lars (2006). “Indirective sentence types”. Turkic Languages 10, 73-89.
  • Kronning, Hans. (2002). “Le conditionnel « journalistique » : médiation et modalisation épistémiques”. Romansk Forum XV Skandinaviske romanistkongress, Nr. 16 – 2002/2 Oslo 12.-17. august 2002, Uppsala universitet, 561-575.
  • Lazard, Gilbert (1996). “Le médiatif en persan”. In : Z. Guentchéva, ed. L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters, 21-30.
  • McCready, Eric ve Norry Ogata. (2007). “Evidentiality, modality, and probability”, Linguistics and Philosophy Vol. 30,
  • Mehmet, Gülsün (2012). “Delile Dayalılık ve Salar Türkçesinde Öge Cümlelerle Delillendirilmiş Dolaylılık”, Dil Araştırmaları, Sayı: 11, 67-80.
  • Meydan, Metiye (1996). « Les emplois médiatifs de –mIş en turc ». In : Z. Guentchéva, ed. L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters, 125-144.
  • Mushin, İlana (2001). “Evidentiality and Epistemological Sance”, Narrative retelling, Amsterdam, John Benjamins
  • Nakahata, Takayuki (1992). Futashika na Dentatsu-Soo da and Rashii. Mie, Mie University Scholarly E collections
  • Nakahata, Takayuki (1991). Futashika na Yoosoo-Yoo da and Sooda. Mie, Mie University Scholarly E collections
  • Nakahata, Takayuki (1990). Futashika na Handan-Rashii toYooda. Mie, Mie University Scholarly E collections
  • Sasaki, M., ed. (2002). Academic Japanese Japanese Expressions Handbook Series 10, Tokyo, Alc
  • Sawanishi, Toshiko (2002). Denbun ni okeru handansei, Oyobi sono Tokusei-sooda,rashii, tonokotoda, toiukotoda, to kiku, no danwahyougen o chuushin ni. Osaka, Nihongo Nihonbunka vol. 28 S lobin, Dan I. ve Ayhan A. Aksu (1982). “Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the use of the Turkish Evidential”. In P.J. Hopper (ed.) Tense-Aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 185- 200.
  • Stott, Aislin vd. (2010). “Which -miş is MIŞ?: Turkish indirectivity and negative scope”. In: T. Peterson and U. Sauerland, eds. 2010. Evidence from Evidentials. The University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics. Volume 28: 263-277.
  • Sugiura, Shigeko (2012). Mitaida-Bunpooka no Katei, Gengo to Bunka, Chiba, Reitaku University
  • Tanbo, Kenichi (1999). Yooda- no İmi o megutte, - Yootai, suiryoo, denbun, Enkyoku o chuushin ni-, Mie, Mie University Education Department Bulletin Vol. 50
  • Trent, Nobuko (1997). Linguistic Coding of Evidentiality in Japanese Spoken Discourse and Japanese Politenes, Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
  • Willet, Thomas (1988). “A Cross-Linguistic Survey of the Grammaticalization of Evidentiality”. Studies in Language 12(1): 57–91.

Evidentiality In Turkish And Japanese

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 293 - 313, 15.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.339449

Öz

The Evidentiality modal, which is described as
linguistically marking the source of the information expressed in the
utterance, differs from one language to another in terms of typology and
semantic content. The analysis of the questionnaires (implemented with Japanese
and Turkish speakers in order to determine the forms used in various contexts
in which the source of information differs) shows that the evidentiality has
been marked in both languages. In addition to this, in view of both typology
and semantic content, it has been found out that the evidentiality presents
remarkable differences in these two languages. In the sense of typology, the
evidentiality in Turkish which is marked with morphemes in limited numbers of
different categories
(ø, –DI, -mIş, -mIştIr, -mIş olmalı), has been grammaticalized and
appears as mostly obligatory grammatical category. In Japanese, it has been
seen that the evidentiality has not been grammaticalized. Hence, it has been
marked with lots of modal word and particles. In addition, the plenitude of the
forms, which have been recommended for the same context, refers to the fact
that the usage of them is optional. It has been understood that, in the sense
of semantic content, the evidentiality which the traditional grammar restricts
with the reduplication “görülen geçmiş/duyulan geçmiş (simple past/past
perfect)”, is much more extensive in both Turkish and Japanese, moreover, even
little details related to the source of information can cause morphological
changes.

Kaynakça

  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Aksu-Koç ve D. Slobin (1986). “A psychological account of the development and use of evidentials in Turkish”. In: W. Chafe and J. Nichols, eds. Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology. Norwood, N J: Ablex, 159–167.
  • Aoki, Haruo, (1986). Evidentials in Japanese. Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 223–238.
  • Bacanlı, Eyüp (2006). “Türkçede Dolaylılık İşaretçilerinin Pragmatik Anlamları”. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, (3)1, 35-47.
  • Baştürk, Mehmet vd. (1996). « Valeur de –mIş en turc contemporain. Analyse sur corpus ». In : Z. Guentchéva, ed. 1996. L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters, 145-156.
  • Bosnalı, Sonel & Cahit Kahraman (2015). “Moods and Modality in the Turkish and Japanese dream narration”, LILA´15 / Linguistics and Language Conference Proceedings. İstanbul: DAKAM, 169-185.
  • Csató, Eva Á. (2000). “Turkish MIŞ and IMIŞ: Dimensions of a functional analysis”. In: L. Johanson and B. Utas, eds. Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 24). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 29-44.
  • Demir, Nurettin 2012. Türkçede Evidensiyel. Bilig Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Yaz 2012 (62), 97-118.
  • Givón, Talmy (1982). “Evidentiality and epistemic space”. Studies in Language 6, 23-49.
  • Guentchéva, Zlatka, ed. (1996). L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters.
  • Gül, Demet (2009). “Semantics of Turkish Evidential –(I)mIş”. In S. Ay, Sıla vd. eds, Essays on Turkish Linguistics, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 177-186.
  • Johanson, Lars ve B. Utas, eds. (2000). Evidentials. Turkic, Iranian and Neighboring Languages. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Johanson, Lars (2000). “Turkic indirectives”. In: Johanson Lars ve Utas B., eds. Evidentials. Turkic, Iranian and Neighboring Languages. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 61–87.
  • Johanson, Lars (2003). “Evidentiality in Turkic”. In A., Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds.), 273–290.
  • Johanson, Lars (2006). “Indirective sentence types”. Turkic Languages 10, 73-89.
  • Kronning, Hans. (2002). “Le conditionnel « journalistique » : médiation et modalisation épistémiques”. Romansk Forum XV Skandinaviske romanistkongress, Nr. 16 – 2002/2 Oslo 12.-17. august 2002, Uppsala universitet, 561-575.
  • Lazard, Gilbert (1996). “Le médiatif en persan”. In : Z. Guentchéva, ed. L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters, 21-30.
  • McCready, Eric ve Norry Ogata. (2007). “Evidentiality, modality, and probability”, Linguistics and Philosophy Vol. 30,
  • Mehmet, Gülsün (2012). “Delile Dayalılık ve Salar Türkçesinde Öge Cümlelerle Delillendirilmiş Dolaylılık”, Dil Araştırmaları, Sayı: 11, 67-80.
  • Meydan, Metiye (1996). « Les emplois médiatifs de –mIş en turc ». In : Z. Guentchéva, ed. L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvin-Paris : Editions Peeters, 125-144.
  • Mushin, İlana (2001). “Evidentiality and Epistemological Sance”, Narrative retelling, Amsterdam, John Benjamins
  • Nakahata, Takayuki (1992). Futashika na Dentatsu-Soo da and Rashii. Mie, Mie University Scholarly E collections
  • Nakahata, Takayuki (1991). Futashika na Yoosoo-Yoo da and Sooda. Mie, Mie University Scholarly E collections
  • Nakahata, Takayuki (1990). Futashika na Handan-Rashii toYooda. Mie, Mie University Scholarly E collections
  • Sasaki, M., ed. (2002). Academic Japanese Japanese Expressions Handbook Series 10, Tokyo, Alc
  • Sawanishi, Toshiko (2002). Denbun ni okeru handansei, Oyobi sono Tokusei-sooda,rashii, tonokotoda, toiukotoda, to kiku, no danwahyougen o chuushin ni. Osaka, Nihongo Nihonbunka vol. 28 S lobin, Dan I. ve Ayhan A. Aksu (1982). “Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the use of the Turkish Evidential”. In P.J. Hopper (ed.) Tense-Aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 185- 200.
  • Stott, Aislin vd. (2010). “Which -miş is MIŞ?: Turkish indirectivity and negative scope”. In: T. Peterson and U. Sauerland, eds. 2010. Evidence from Evidentials. The University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics. Volume 28: 263-277.
  • Sugiura, Shigeko (2012). Mitaida-Bunpooka no Katei, Gengo to Bunka, Chiba, Reitaku University
  • Tanbo, Kenichi (1999). Yooda- no İmi o megutte, - Yootai, suiryoo, denbun, Enkyoku o chuushin ni-, Mie, Mie University Education Department Bulletin Vol. 50
  • Trent, Nobuko (1997). Linguistic Coding of Evidentiality in Japanese Spoken Discourse and Japanese Politenes, Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
  • Willet, Thomas (1988). “A Cross-Linguistic Survey of the Grammaticalization of Evidentiality”. Studies in Language 12(1): 57–91.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Dilbilim
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ (TÜRKÇE )
Yazarlar

Cahit Kahraman

Sonel Bosnalı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Eylül 2017
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kahraman, C., & Bosnalı, S. (2017). Türkçe ve Japoncada Kanıtsallık. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 293-313. https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.339449

Cited By

Reportative Evidentiality in the Turkish and Japanese Languages
Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki
Ilseyar Ilgamovna Khafizova
https://doi.org/10.30853/phil210234