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Assessment of irrigation water quality in Isparta Plain (SW- Turkey) using statistic and Geographic Information Systems

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 70, 109 - 122, 15.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.397876

Öz

In this study, the suitability of groundwater for agricultural irrigation in Isparta Plain was evaluated. For this purpose, samples were taken from 21 groundwater wells used for irrigation in agricultural areas in Isparta Plain. The EC, TDS values and chemical index calculations such as SAR, Na %, SSP, RSC, MR, KI, PI and PS were performed for the evaluation of irrigation water quality. According to the irrigation water criteria, the part of the water samples are in the “permissible” class for EC values and the high salinity/low sodium class, C3-S1 group, in the US Salinity diagram classification. The other part of the water samples are classified as the medium salinity C2-S1 group which can be used for all plants without the danger of salinity and sodium and as the “good” irrigation waters. All water samples have hardness values ranging from moderate water to very hard water according to TH values. The waters in the study region are determined as “good” to “excellent” in terms of Na % and SSP values, “excellent” in terms of SAR values, and “good” quality in terms of PI values for irrigation characteristics. All of the waters in the study area are suitable for irrigation purposes when considering the RSC, MR, KI, PS values. However, these chemical index parameters have been classified using scaled symbols according to the data sizes in the Geographic Information Systems program on the basis of irrigation water quality criteria. In these evaluations, it was determined that chemical index parameters have differed in some locations, but all of the waters are groundwater with suitable qualities for agricultural usage.

Kaynakça

  • Adhikary, P., Dash, C., Chandrasekharan, H., Rajput, T. ve Dubey, S. (2012). “Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking Using GIS and Geostatistics in a Peri-Urban Area of Delhi, India”, Arabian Journal of Geoscience 5: 1423-1434, doi:10.1007/s12517-011-0330-7.
  • Aghazadeh, N. ve Mogaddam, A.A. (2010). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Uses in the Oshnavieh Area Northwest of Iran”, Journal of Environmental Protection 1: 1, 30-40, doi: 10.4236/jep.2010.11005.
  • Aghazadeh, N. ve Mogaddam, A.A. (2011). “Investigation of Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the Harzandat Aquifer, Northwest of Iran”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176: 1-4, 183–195, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1575-4.
  • Ağca, N. (2014). “Spatial Variability of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation in the Amik Plain (South Turkey)”, Environmental Earth Science 72: 4115-4130, doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3305-7.
  • Al-Ahmadi, M. E. (2013). “Hydrochemical Characterization of Groundwater in Wadi Sayyah, Western Saudi Arabia”. Applied Water Science 3: 721-732, doi: 10.1007/s13201-013-0118-x.
  • Al-Omran, A.M., Aly, A. A., Al-Wabel, M.I., Al-Shayaa, M.S., Sallam, A.S. ve Nadeem, M. E. (2017). “Geostatistical Methods in Evaluating Spatial Variability of Groundwater Quality in Al-Kharj Region, Saudi Arabia”, Applied Water Science 7: 7, 4013-4023, doi: 10.1007/s13201-017-0552-2.
  • Arslan, H. (2017). “Determination of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Groundwater Irrigation Quality Using Geostatistical Techniques on the Coastal Aquifer of Çarşamba Plain, Turkey, from 1990 to 2012”, Environmental Earth Science 76: 38, doi: 10.1007/s12665-016-6375-x.
  • Arumugam, K. ve Elangovan, K. (2009). “Hydrochemical Characteristics and Groundwater Quality Assessment in Tirupur Region, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India”, Environmental Geology 58: 1509-1520, doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1652-y.
  • Ayers, R.S. ve Westcot, D.W. (1985). “Water Quality for Agriculture”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29: Rev. 1.
  • Berhe, B.A., Çelik, M. ve Dokuz, U.E. (2015). “Kütahya Ovası’ndaki Yüzey ve Yeraltısularının Sulama Suyu Kalitesi Açısından İncelenmesi, Türkiye”. MTA Dergisi 150: 147-163.
  • Catroll, D. (1962). “Rain Water as a Chemical Agent of Geological Process: a View USGS”, Water Supply 1533, 18-20.
  • Collins, R. ve Jenkins, A. (1996). “The Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Stream Chemistry in the Middle Hills of the Himalayas, Nepal”, Journal of Hydrology 185: 71-86, doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)03008-5.
  • Demer, S. (2008). “Isparta ve Yakın Çevresi Yeraltısularının Hidrojeolojik, Hidrojeokimyasal ve İzotop Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi ve İçme Suyu Kalitesinin İzlenmesi”. Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Doneen, L.D. (1962). “The Influence of Crop and Soil on Percolating Water”. Proceedings of the Biennial Conference on Groundwater Recharge: 156-163.
  • Doneen, L.D. (1964). “Notes on Water Quality in Agriculture”. Published as a water science and engineering, paper 4001 Department of Water Science and Engineering University of California, Davis.
  • Eaton, F.M. (1950). “Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters”. Soil Science 69: 123-133.
  • Freeze, R.A. ve Cherry, J.A. (1979). Groundwater. Prentice Hall, New Jersey: 604 p.
  • Görmüş, M. ve Özkul, M. (1995). “Gönen-Atabey (Isparta) ve Ağlasun (Burdur) Arasındaki Bölgenin Stratigrafisi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 1: 43-64, Isparta.
  • Gutnic, M., Monod, O., Poisson, A. ve Dumont, J.F. (1979). “Geologie Des Taurides Occidentales (Turquie)”. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France 137: 1-112.
  • Haloi, N. ve Sarma, H. P. (2012). “Heavy Metal Contaminations in the Groundwater of Brahmaputra Flood Plain: an Assessment of Water Quality in Barpeta District, Assam (India)”. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 184: 10, 6229-6237.
  • Irlayıcı, A. (1993). “Isparta Ovası Hidrojeolojisi ve Yeraltısuları ile İlgili Çevre Sorunları”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Ishaku, J.M., Ahmed, A.S ve Abubakar, M.A. (2011). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Chemical Indices and GIS Mapping in Jada Area, Northeastern Nigeria”. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering 1: 1, 35-60.
  • Ishaku, J.M., Ahmed, A.S. ve Abubakar, M.A. (2012). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Water Quality Index and GIS in Jada, Northeastern Nigeria”. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) 2: 3, 54-61.
  • Joshi, D.M., Kumar, A. ve Agrawal, N. (2009). “Assessment of the Irrigation Water Quality of River Ganga in Haridwar District India”. Journal of Chemistry 2: 2, 285-292.
  • Kamrani, S., Rezaei, M., Amiri, V. ve Saberinasr, A. (2016). “Investigating the Efficiency of Information Entropy and Fuzzy Theories to Classification of Groundwater Samples for Drinking Purposes: Lenjanat Plain, Central Iran”. Environmental Earth Science 75: 1370, doi/10.1007/s12665-016-6185-1.
  • Karagüzel, R. ve Irlayıcı, A. (1998). “Groundwater Pollution in the Isparta Plain, Turkey”. Environmental Geology 34: 4, 303-308.
  • Karaman, M.E. (1990). “Isparta Güneyinin Temel Jeolojik Özellikleri”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 33: 57-67, Ankara.
  • Karaman, M.E., Meriç, E. ve Tansel, İ. (1988). “Çünür (Isparta) Dolaylarında Kretase-Tersiyer Geçişi”. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Isparta Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 4: 80-100, Isparta.
  • Kelley, W.P. (1963). “Use of Saline Irrigation Water”. Soil Science 95: 6, 385-391.
  • Manish, K., Ramanathan, A., Rao, M.S. ve Kumar, B. (2006). “Identification and Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Groundwater Environment of Delhi, India”. Environmental Geology 50: 1025-1039.
  • MGM (Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü) (2017). <https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISPARTA>. Son erişim: 10 Temmuz 2017.
  • Nag, S.K. ve Ghosh, P. (2013). “Variation in Groundwater Levels and Water Quality in Chhatna Block, Bankura District, West Bengal-A GIS Approach”. Journal of Geological Society of India 81: 261-280.
  • Nagaraju, A., Suresh, S., Killham, K. ve Hudson-Edwards, K. (2006). “Hydrogeochemistry of Waters of Mangampeta Barite Mining Area, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 30: 203-219.
  • Narany, T.S., Ramli, M.F., Aris, A.Z., Sulaiman, W.N.A. ve Fakharian, K. (2015). “Groundwater Irrigation Quality Mapping Using Geostatistical Techniques in Amol–Babol Plain, Iran”. Arabian Journal of Geoscience 8: 2, 961-976.
  • Obiefuna, G .I. ve Sheriff, A. (2011). “Assessment of Shallow Ground Water Quality of Pindiga Area, Yola Area, NE, Nigeria for Irrigation and Domestic Purposes”. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3: 2, 131-141.
  • Piper, A.M. (1944). “Graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses”. Transactions American Geophysical Union 25: 6, 914-928.
  • Poisson, A., Yağmurlu, F., Bozcu, M. ve Şentürk, M. (2003). “New Insights on the Tectonic Setting and Evolution Around the Apex of the Isparta Angle (SW Turkey)”. Geological Journal 38: 257-282.
  • Raghunath, H.M. (1987). Groundwater (2nd ed.), Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 563p.
  • Rao, G.T., Rao, V.V.S.G., Sarma, V.S., Dhakate, R., Surinaidu, L., Mahesh, J. ve Ramesh, G. (2012). “Hydrogeochemical Parameters for Assessment of Groundwater Quality in a River Sub-basin”. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9: 2, 297-310, doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0024-z.
  • Richards, L.A. (1954). “Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils”. Soil Science 78: 2, 154.
  • Saleh, A., Al-Ruwaih, F. ve Shehata, M. (1999). “Hydrogeochemical Processes Operating Within the Main Aquifers of Kuwait”. Journal of Arid Environments 42: 3, 195-209.
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Isparta Ovasında (GB-Türkiye) sulama suyu kalitesinin istatistik ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 70, 109 - 122, 15.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.397876

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Isparta Ovası’nda yeraltısularının tarımsal sulama için uygunluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Isparta Ovası’nda sulama amacıyla kullanılan 21 adet yeraltısuyu kuyusundan örnek alınmıştır. Sulama suyu kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde EC, TDS değerleri ve SAR, % Na, SSP, RSC, MR, KI, PI, PS, TH gibi kimyasal indeks hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Sulama suyu kriterlerine göre suların bir kısmı EC değerleri bakımından “izin verilebilir” sınıfta, ABD Tuzluluk diyagramı sınıflandırmasında yüksek tuzluluk/düşük sodyum sınıfı olan C3-S1 grubundadır. Diğer bir kısmı ise tuzluluk ve sodyum tehlikesi oluşturmadan tüm bitkiler için kullanılabilen, orta tuzlu C2-S1 grubu ve “iyi” sulama suları olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Tüm su örnekleri, TH değerlerine göre orta sertlikte sulardan çok sert sulara kadar değişen sertlik değerlerine sahiptir. Çalışma bölgesindeki sular, % Na ve SSP değerleri açısından “iyi” ile “mükemmel”, SAR değeri açısından “mükemmel”, PI değerleri açısından “iyi” kalitede özelliğe sahip sulama suları olarak belirlenmiştir. RSC, MR, KI, PS değerleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ise çalışma alanındaki suların tümünün sulama amacıyla kullanımı uygundur. Bununla birlikte, bu kimyasal indeks parametreleri sulama suyu kalite kriterleri temelinde Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri programında veri büyüklüklerine göre derecelendirilmiş semboller kullanılarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmelerde, bazı lokasyonlarda kimyasal indeks parametrelerinin farklılık gösterdiği ancak suların tümünün tarımsal amaçla kullanıma uygun niteliğe sahip yeraltısuları olduğu belirlenmiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • Adhikary, P., Dash, C., Chandrasekharan, H., Rajput, T. ve Dubey, S. (2012). “Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking Using GIS and Geostatistics in a Peri-Urban Area of Delhi, India”, Arabian Journal of Geoscience 5: 1423-1434, doi:10.1007/s12517-011-0330-7.
  • Aghazadeh, N. ve Mogaddam, A.A. (2010). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Uses in the Oshnavieh Area Northwest of Iran”, Journal of Environmental Protection 1: 1, 30-40, doi: 10.4236/jep.2010.11005.
  • Aghazadeh, N. ve Mogaddam, A.A. (2011). “Investigation of Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the Harzandat Aquifer, Northwest of Iran”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176: 1-4, 183–195, doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1575-4.
  • Ağca, N. (2014). “Spatial Variability of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation in the Amik Plain (South Turkey)”, Environmental Earth Science 72: 4115-4130, doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3305-7.
  • Al-Ahmadi, M. E. (2013). “Hydrochemical Characterization of Groundwater in Wadi Sayyah, Western Saudi Arabia”. Applied Water Science 3: 721-732, doi: 10.1007/s13201-013-0118-x.
  • Al-Omran, A.M., Aly, A. A., Al-Wabel, M.I., Al-Shayaa, M.S., Sallam, A.S. ve Nadeem, M. E. (2017). “Geostatistical Methods in Evaluating Spatial Variability of Groundwater Quality in Al-Kharj Region, Saudi Arabia”, Applied Water Science 7: 7, 4013-4023, doi: 10.1007/s13201-017-0552-2.
  • Arslan, H. (2017). “Determination of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Groundwater Irrigation Quality Using Geostatistical Techniques on the Coastal Aquifer of Çarşamba Plain, Turkey, from 1990 to 2012”, Environmental Earth Science 76: 38, doi: 10.1007/s12665-016-6375-x.
  • Arumugam, K. ve Elangovan, K. (2009). “Hydrochemical Characteristics and Groundwater Quality Assessment in Tirupur Region, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India”, Environmental Geology 58: 1509-1520, doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1652-y.
  • Ayers, R.S. ve Westcot, D.W. (1985). “Water Quality for Agriculture”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29: Rev. 1.
  • Berhe, B.A., Çelik, M. ve Dokuz, U.E. (2015). “Kütahya Ovası’ndaki Yüzey ve Yeraltısularının Sulama Suyu Kalitesi Açısından İncelenmesi, Türkiye”. MTA Dergisi 150: 147-163.
  • Catroll, D. (1962). “Rain Water as a Chemical Agent of Geological Process: a View USGS”, Water Supply 1533, 18-20.
  • Collins, R. ve Jenkins, A. (1996). “The Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Stream Chemistry in the Middle Hills of the Himalayas, Nepal”, Journal of Hydrology 185: 71-86, doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)03008-5.
  • Demer, S. (2008). “Isparta ve Yakın Çevresi Yeraltısularının Hidrojeolojik, Hidrojeokimyasal ve İzotop Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi ve İçme Suyu Kalitesinin İzlenmesi”. Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Doneen, L.D. (1962). “The Influence of Crop and Soil on Percolating Water”. Proceedings of the Biennial Conference on Groundwater Recharge: 156-163.
  • Doneen, L.D. (1964). “Notes on Water Quality in Agriculture”. Published as a water science and engineering, paper 4001 Department of Water Science and Engineering University of California, Davis.
  • Eaton, F.M. (1950). “Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters”. Soil Science 69: 123-133.
  • Freeze, R.A. ve Cherry, J.A. (1979). Groundwater. Prentice Hall, New Jersey: 604 p.
  • Görmüş, M. ve Özkul, M. (1995). “Gönen-Atabey (Isparta) ve Ağlasun (Burdur) Arasındaki Bölgenin Stratigrafisi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 1: 43-64, Isparta.
  • Gutnic, M., Monod, O., Poisson, A. ve Dumont, J.F. (1979). “Geologie Des Taurides Occidentales (Turquie)”. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France 137: 1-112.
  • Haloi, N. ve Sarma, H. P. (2012). “Heavy Metal Contaminations in the Groundwater of Brahmaputra Flood Plain: an Assessment of Water Quality in Barpeta District, Assam (India)”. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 184: 10, 6229-6237.
  • Irlayıcı, A. (1993). “Isparta Ovası Hidrojeolojisi ve Yeraltısuları ile İlgili Çevre Sorunları”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Ishaku, J.M., Ahmed, A.S ve Abubakar, M.A. (2011). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Chemical Indices and GIS Mapping in Jada Area, Northeastern Nigeria”. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering 1: 1, 35-60.
  • Ishaku, J.M., Ahmed, A.S. ve Abubakar, M.A. (2012). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Water Quality Index and GIS in Jada, Northeastern Nigeria”. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) 2: 3, 54-61.
  • Joshi, D.M., Kumar, A. ve Agrawal, N. (2009). “Assessment of the Irrigation Water Quality of River Ganga in Haridwar District India”. Journal of Chemistry 2: 2, 285-292.
  • Kamrani, S., Rezaei, M., Amiri, V. ve Saberinasr, A. (2016). “Investigating the Efficiency of Information Entropy and Fuzzy Theories to Classification of Groundwater Samples for Drinking Purposes: Lenjanat Plain, Central Iran”. Environmental Earth Science 75: 1370, doi/10.1007/s12665-016-6185-1.
  • Karagüzel, R. ve Irlayıcı, A. (1998). “Groundwater Pollution in the Isparta Plain, Turkey”. Environmental Geology 34: 4, 303-308.
  • Karaman, M.E. (1990). “Isparta Güneyinin Temel Jeolojik Özellikleri”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 33: 57-67, Ankara.
  • Karaman, M.E., Meriç, E. ve Tansel, İ. (1988). “Çünür (Isparta) Dolaylarında Kretase-Tersiyer Geçişi”. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Isparta Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 4: 80-100, Isparta.
  • Kelley, W.P. (1963). “Use of Saline Irrigation Water”. Soil Science 95: 6, 385-391.
  • Manish, K., Ramanathan, A., Rao, M.S. ve Kumar, B. (2006). “Identification and Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Groundwater Environment of Delhi, India”. Environmental Geology 50: 1025-1039.
  • MGM (Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü) (2017). <https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISPARTA>. Son erişim: 10 Temmuz 2017.
  • Nag, S.K. ve Ghosh, P. (2013). “Variation in Groundwater Levels and Water Quality in Chhatna Block, Bankura District, West Bengal-A GIS Approach”. Journal of Geological Society of India 81: 261-280.
  • Nagaraju, A., Suresh, S., Killham, K. ve Hudson-Edwards, K. (2006). “Hydrogeochemistry of Waters of Mangampeta Barite Mining Area, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India”. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 30: 203-219.
  • Narany, T.S., Ramli, M.F., Aris, A.Z., Sulaiman, W.N.A. ve Fakharian, K. (2015). “Groundwater Irrigation Quality Mapping Using Geostatistical Techniques in Amol–Babol Plain, Iran”. Arabian Journal of Geoscience 8: 2, 961-976.
  • Obiefuna, G .I. ve Sheriff, A. (2011). “Assessment of Shallow Ground Water Quality of Pindiga Area, Yola Area, NE, Nigeria for Irrigation and Domestic Purposes”. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3: 2, 131-141.
  • Piper, A.M. (1944). “Graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses”. Transactions American Geophysical Union 25: 6, 914-928.
  • Poisson, A., Yağmurlu, F., Bozcu, M. ve Şentürk, M. (2003). “New Insights on the Tectonic Setting and Evolution Around the Apex of the Isparta Angle (SW Turkey)”. Geological Journal 38: 257-282.
  • Raghunath, H.M. (1987). Groundwater (2nd ed.), Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 563p.
  • Rao, G.T., Rao, V.V.S.G., Sarma, V.S., Dhakate, R., Surinaidu, L., Mahesh, J. ve Ramesh, G. (2012). “Hydrogeochemical Parameters for Assessment of Groundwater Quality in a River Sub-basin”. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9: 2, 297-310, doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0024-z.
  • Richards, L.A. (1954). “Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils”. Soil Science 78: 2, 154.
  • Saleh, A., Al-Ruwaih, F. ve Shehata, M. (1999). “Hydrogeochemical Processes Operating Within the Main Aquifers of Kuwait”. Journal of Arid Environments 42: 3, 195-209.
  • Satyanarayanan, M., Balaram, V., Al Hussin, M.S., Al Jemaili, M.A.R., Rao, T.G., Mathur, R., Dasaram, B. ve Ramesh, S.L. (2007). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality in a Structurally Deformed Granitic Terrain in Hyderabad, India”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 131: 117-127, doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9461-9.
  • Sawyer, G.N. ve McMcartly, D.L. (1967). Chemistry of Sanitary Engineers. (2nd ed.), McGraw Hill, New York, 518p.
  • Srinivasamoorthy, K., Gopinath, M., Chidambaram, S., Vasanthavigar, M. ve Sarma, V.S. (2014). “Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Appraisal of Groundwater from Pungar Sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India”. Journal of King Saud University-Science 26: 37-52, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.08.001.
  • Subrahmani, T., Elango, L. ve Damodarswamy, S.R. (2005). “Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Agricultural Use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India”. Environmental Geology 47: 1099-1110, doi:10.1007/s00254-005-1243-0.
  • Szabolcs, I. ve Darab, C. (1964). “The Influence of Irrigation Water of High Sodium Carbonate Content of Soils”. In: Szabolics I (ed) Proceedings of 8th International Congress Soil Science Sodics Soils ISSS, Trans, II, 802-812.
  • Şenel, M. (1997). 1:250 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Isparta paftası. MTA yayınları, No: 4, 47 s., Ankara.
  • Şimsek, C. ve Gündüz, O. (2007). “IWQ Index: A GIS-Integrated Technique to Assess Irrigation Water Quality”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 128: 277-300, doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-9312-8.
  • Thorne, D.W. ve Peterson, H.B. (1954). Irrigated soils. Constable and Company Limited, London.
  • Todd, D.K. (1960). “Salt Water Intrusion of Coastal Aquifers in the United States”. International Association Scientific Hydrology (Gentbrugge Belgium) 52: 452-461.
  • Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater Hydrology (2nd ed.). John Wiley ve Sons, 535p.
  • Todd, D.K. ve Mays, L.W. (2005). Groundwater Hydrology (3rd ed.), Wiley, Hoboken, 656p.
  • Venugopal, T., Giridharan, L., Jayaprakash, M. ve Periakali, P. (2009). “Environmental Impact Assessment and Seasonal Variation Study of the Groundwater in the Vicinity of River Adyar, Chennai, India”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 149: 81-97.
  • Vincy, M.V., Brilliant, R. ve Pradeepkumar, A.P. (2015). “Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: a Case Study of Meenachil River Basin, Western Ghats, Kerala, India”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187: 4217, doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-4217-4.
  • Wanda, E.M.M., Gulula, L.C. ve Phiri, A. (2013). “Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater used for irrigation in Rumphi and Karonga districts, Northern Malawi”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 66: 51-59, doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2013.09.001.
  • Wilcox, L.V. (1955). Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters, USDA Circular No. 969, 19 p.
  • Yalçınkaya, S. (1989). Isparta-Ağlasun (Burdur) Dolaylarının Jeolojisi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Yalçınkaya, S., Ergin, A., Afşar, Ö. P., Taner, K. ve Dalkılıç, H. (1986). Batı Torosların Jeolojisi-Isparta Projesi Raporu, MTA Genel Müdürlüğü raporları (yayınlanmamış), MTA Rapor no 7898, 131s., Ankara.
  • Zhou, Z., Zhang G., Yan, M. ve Wang, J. (2012). “Spatial Variability of the Shallow Groundwater Level and Its Chemistry Characteristics in the Low Plain Around the Bohai Sea, North China”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184: 3697-3710, doi: 10.1007/s10661-011-2217-1.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Selma Demer

Kerem Hepdeniz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2018
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 70

Kaynak Göster

APA Demer, S., & Hepdeniz, K. (2018). Isparta Ovasında (GB-Türkiye) sulama suyu kalitesinin istatistik ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi(70), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.397876

Yayıncı: Türk Coğrafya Kurumu