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A Current Threat to European Democracy: The Rise of Populist Right

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 289 - 324, 17.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.676473

Öz

In the recent years, populist radical right parties have shown an incredible rise in Europe. These parties that combine populism, nativism and authoritarianism in their programs by following anti-globalization, anti-EU, anti-immigrant, anti-refugee and anti-Islamist discourses and policies receive the support of the electorate who are worried about losing their economic independence and cultural identity. Due to their exclusionary discourse and policies these parties have been threatening the established democracies of Europe in the tenets of civil liberties, political rights and political plurality, and therefore they erode the basic principles and institutions of liberal democracy. This study analyzes these threats through the case studies of Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and France.

Kaynakça

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AVRUPA DEMOKRASİSİNE YÖNELİK GÜNCEL BİR TEHDİT: POPÜLİST RADİKAL SAĞIN YÜKSELİŞİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 289 - 324, 17.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.676473

Öz

Son yıllarda popülist radikal sağ partiler Avrupa’da hızlı bir yükseliş içerisindedir. Popülizm, yerlicilik ve otoriterliği birleştiren bu partiler küreselleşme, Avrupa Birliği (AB), göçmen, mülteci ve İslam karşıtı söylem ve politikaları ile özellikle ekonomik bağımsızlıklarını ve kültürel kimliklerini kaybetme endişesi taşıyan seçmenlerin desteğini almaktadırlar. Dışlayıcı söylem ve politikaları ile söz konusu partiler Batı Avrupa’nın yerleşik demokrasilerini özellikle kişisel özgürlükler, siyasi haklar ve siyasal çoğulculuk temelinde tehdit ederek, liberal demokrasinin temel ilke ve kurumlarında aşındırıcı etkilere sebep olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma söz konusu tehditleri Avusturya, Almanya, Hollanda, İtalya ve Fransa örnekleri çerçevesinde incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • “AB’nin Yeni Dönem Başkanı Avusturya.” Bia Haber Merkezi, Temmuz 1, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://bianet.org/bianet/dunya/198783-ab-nin-yeni-donem-baskani-avusturya
  • Albertazzi, Daniele et al. “No regionalism please, we are Leghisti! The Transformation of the Italian Lega Nord under the leadership of Matteo Salvini.” Regional and Federal Studies 28, no 5, (2018): 645-671.
  • Alduy, Cecile. “France’s National Front is Dead, but its Politics is Alive and Well.”The Nation, Temmuz 20, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 14, 2019. https://www.thenation.com/article/frances-national-front-dead-politics-alive-well/
  • “Almanya’da Merkel 4. Kez genel seçimi kazandı, AfD yüzde 13 oyla Meclis’e girdi.” BBC News, Eylül 24, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41380859
  • “Austrian far-right hails benefits cut for immigrants.” France 24, Aralık 17, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2019. https://www.france24.com/en/20171217-austrian-far-right-hails-benefits-cut-immigrants.
  • “Avusturya’da Aşırı Sağın geri dönüşü: ‘Korkulacak bir şey yok’.” BBC, Aralık 17, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-42377656
  • Betz, Hans-Georg ve Carol Johnson. “Against the Current- Stemming the Tide: The Nostalgic Ideology of the Contemporary Radical Populist Right.” Journal of Political Ideologies 9, no 3, (2004): 311-327.
  • Brubaker, Rogers. “Between Nationalism and Civilizationism: The European Populist Movement in Comparative Perspective.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, no 8, (2017): 1191-1226.
  • Boyle, Darren and Alan Hall. “Controversial election-favourite Geert Wilders calls for all mosques to be shut and the Koran banned in Holland - as German right wingers want undocumented migrants sent to camps in chilling echo of the Nazis.” Daily Mail, Ağustos 26, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 12, 2018.
  • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3759949/Controversial-election-favourite-Geert-Wilders-calls-mosques-shut-Koran-banned-Holland-German-right-wingers-want-undocumented-migrants-sent-camps-chilling-echo-Nazis.html
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  • Clarke, Hilary, Stephanie Halasz ve Judith Vonberg. “Coalition Government with far-right party takes power in Austria.” CNN, Aralık 18, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/18/europe/austria-government-intl/index.html
  • Connolly, Kate. “Extreme-right wing of Germany's AfD placed under surveillance.” The Guardian, Ocak 15, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 21, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/15/extreme-right-wing-germany-afd-under-surveillance
  • Çaha, Ömer. “Demokrasi.” İçinde Siyaset Bilimi editör Halis Çetin, 297-355. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi, 2014.
  • Dahl, Robert. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven ve Londra: Yale University Press, 1971.
  • Dursun, Davut. Siyaset Bilimi. 7. Baskı. İstanbul, Beta, 2017. Duyvendak, Jan Willem ve Josip Kesic. “Rise of Nativism in Europe.” Europe Now, Şubat 01, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 05, 2019. https://www.europenojournal.org/ 2018/01/31/the-rise-of-nativism-in-europe/#_ftnref3
  • “Europe in France: Top 5 French Political Party Programmes.” European Movement International, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 14, 2019. https://europeanmovement.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Europe-Paragraphs-in-French-Election-Programmes.pdf
  • “France’s National Front renamed ‘National Rally’”Reuters, Haziran 01, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 17, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-politics-nationalfront/frances-national-front-renamed-national-rally-idUSKCN1IX5LU
  • “Freedom in the World 2018.” Freedom House. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 09, 2018. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2018_Final_SinglePage.pdf
  • “Freedom in the World 2018: Austria Profile.” Freedom House, Erişim Tarihi 21.03.2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/austria
  • “Freedom in the World 2018: France Profile.”Freedom House, Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/france
  • “Freedom in the World 2018: Germany Profile.” Freedom House, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 21, 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/germany
  • “Freedom in the World 2018: Italy Profile.”Freedom House, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 05, 2019.
  • “Freedom in the World 2018: Netherlands Profile.” Freedom House. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 21, 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/netherlands
  • “Freedom in the World 2019 Report.” Freedom House. Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 4, 2019. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019
  • “Freedom in the World: Methodology.” Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2018. https://freedomhouse.org/report/methodology-freedom-world-2018
  • “French Election: Le Pen Pledges to suspend Immigration.” BBC News, Nisan 18, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 14, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39625509
  • “French Population 2019.” World Population Review, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 12, 2019. http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/france-population/
  • Gedmin, Jeffrey. “Populist Right’s Rise in Germany not (yet) a reason for panic.” The Hill, Nisan 16, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. http://thehill.com/ opinion/international/383353-populist-rights-rise-in-germany-not-yet-a-reason-for-panic
  • Gidron, Noam ve Bart Bonikowski. “Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda.” Wheatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Working Paper Series, no 13, (2014).
  • Goodwin, Matthew. “National Populism is Unstoppable- and the left still doesn’t understand it.” The Guardian, Kasım 8, 2018. Erişim Tarihi Mart 05, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/08/national-populism-immigration-financial-crisis-globalisation
  • Griffin, Roger. “Interregnum or Endgame? The Radical Right in the ‘Post-Fascist’ Era.” Journal of Political Ideologies 5, no 2, (2000): 163-178. Grimm, Robert. “The Rise of the German Eurosceptic Party Alternative für Deutschland, between Ordoliberal Critique and Popular Anxiety.” International Political Science Review 36, no 3 (2015): 264-278
  • Guibernau, Montserrat. “Migration and the Rise of the Radical Right – Social Malaise vs the Failure of Mainstream Politics.” Policy Network Paper, Londra, 2010. Halasz, Stephanie ve Sheena McKenzie. “The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces.” CNN, Temmuz 27, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 05, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html
  • Henley, Jon. “Netherland’s PM says those who don’t respect customs should leave.” The Guardian, Ocak 23, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 19, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/netherlands-pm-mark-rutte-dutch-citizens-open-letter-pvv
  • Hoare, Liam. “Praise for Hitler and calling refugees 'untermenschen' — the members of Austria's governing Freedom Party.” The JC Network, Mart 20, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 05, 2019. https://www.thejc.com/news/world/praise-for-hitler-and-calling-refugees-untermenschen-the-members-of-austria-s-governing-freedom-1.466578
  • “Hollanda’dan Hz. Muhamed konulu karıkatür yarışmasına yönelik açıklama: Wilders provokatör ama düşünce özgürlüğüne saygılıyız.” Sputnik News, Ağustos 25, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 19, 2019. https://tr.sputniknews.com/ avrupa/20180825103489 1849-hollanda-rutter-wilders-blok-karikatur/
  • “Italy’s government wants to deport 500,000 people.” The Economist, Haziran 07, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 19, 2019. https://www.economist.com/europe/ 2018/06/07/italys-new-government-wants-to-deport-500000-people
  • Imbert, Fred. “The Dutch Election is a dead heat, and the stakes for the EU could be huge.” CNBC, Mart 07, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/07/dutch-election-and-geert-wilder-future-of-european-union.html
  • Jamieson, Alastairç “Conservative Kurz clearly win Austrian election—Austrian Interior Ministryç” Euronews, Eylül 30, 2019, Erisşim Tarihi: Ekim 1, 2019, https://www.euronews.com/2019/09/29/polls-open-as-austria-votes-in-snap-election
  • Keller, Carol. “Almanya'da aşırı sağın yükselişi: Yüzleşmek zorundayız.” Euronews, Eylül 12, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 21, 2019. https://tr.euronews.com/ 2018/09/12/almanya-da-asiri-sagin-yukselisi-yuzlesmek-zorundayiz
  • Knolle, Kirsti. “ Austrian government collapses as far right leader caught in video sting,” Reuters, Mayıs 18, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 18, 2019,
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-politics-freedom-party/austrian-government-collapses-as-far-right-leader-caught-in-video-sting-idUSKCN1SN2RA
  • Krastev, Ivan. “The Populist Moment.” Eurozine, Eylül 18, 2007. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 15, 2017.
  • Le Blond, Jossie.“Merkel suffers another election setback in key German state of Hesse,” The Guardian, Ekim 29, 2018, Erişim Tarihi Haziran 17, 2019,
  • https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/28/merkel-suffers-another-election- setback-key-german-state-of-hesse
  • Liang, C. Shori. “Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right.” İçinde Europe for the Europeans: the Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, editör C. Shori Liang. 1-33. Oxon ve NY: Routledge, 2016.
  • Linz, Juan ve Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore ve Londra: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
  • “Manifesto for Germany.” Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2019. https://www.afd.de/ grundsatzprogramm-englisch/
  • Meny, Yves ve Yves Surel. Democracies and Populist Challenge. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • Merkel, Wolfgang. “Embedded and Defective Democracies.” Democratization, 11 no 5, (December 2004): 33-58.
  • Minkenberg, Michael. “The Radical Right in Public Office: Agenda Setting and Policy Effects.” West European Politics 24, no 4, (2001): 1-21.
  • Mudde, Cas. “The Study of Populist Radical Right Parties: Towards a Fourth Wave.” C-Rex Working Paper Series. 1, 2016: 1-25.
  • Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007.
  • Müller, Jan-Werner. What is Populism?. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
  • “Party Programme of the Freedom Party of Austria.” Haziran18, 2011. https://www.fpoe.at/fileadmin/user_upload/www.fpoe.at/dokumente/2015/2011_graz_parteiprogramm_englisch_web.pdf
  • Phelan, Jessica. “Is Italy’s League a far-right party?” The Local, Şubat 28, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 13, 2018. https://www.thelocal.it/20180228/is-italy-northern-league-a- far-right-party
  • Pınar, Övgü. “İtalya’da faşism karşıtı büyük gösteri.”Gazete Duvar, Şubat 11, 2018. Erişim Tarihi, Mart 08, 2019. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya/ 2018/02/11/italyada-fasizm-karsiti-buyuk-gosteri/
  • Reynolds, James. “Italy Migrant Attacks: Macerata shooting reveals a bitter national debate.” BBC News. Şubat 12, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 14, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43030951
  • Robins-Early, Nick. “Far-Right Italian Cabinet Minister Calls for Repealing Anti-Fascist Law.” HuffPost. Mart 08, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 08, 2019. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/italy-fascist-lega-far-right-mancino_us_ 5b6488dae4b0de86f4a0f5ce
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs, Sarah L de Lange ve Wouter van der Brug. “A Populist Zeitgeist? Programmatic Contagion by Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Party Politics 20, no 4, (2014): 563-575.
  • Sandford, Alasdair. “What are Marine Le Pen’s Policies?” Euronews. Şubat 09, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 12, 2019. https://www.euronews.com/2017/02/09/what-do-we-know-about-marine-le-pen-s-policies,
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy. New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Shuster, Simon. “Austria’s young Chancellor Sebastian Kurz is bringing the Far-Right into Mainstream.” Time Kasım 29, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 05, 2019. http://time.com/5466497/sebastian-kurz/
  • Sözen, Yunus. “Siyasi Rejimler: Demokrasiler ve Diğer Sistemler.” İçinde Karşılaştırmalı Siyaset: Temel Konular ve Yaklaşımlar, editörler Sabri Sayarı ve Hasret Dikici. 45-74. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2014.
  • Spanje, Joost van. “Contagious Parties - Anti-Immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe.” Party Politics 16, no 5, (2010): 563-586.
  • Sterling, Toby. “In rightward shift, Dutch PM seals new government pact.” Reuters, Ekim 10, 2017. Erişim Tarihi Ağustos 12, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-netherlands-government-deal/in-rightward-shift-dutch-pm-seals-new-government-pact-idUSKBN1CF12C
  • Sterling, Toby. “In rightward shift, Dutch PM seals new government pact.” Reuters, Ekim 10, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 12, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-netherlands-government-deal/in-rightward-shift-dutch-pm-seals-new-government-pact-idUSKBN1CF12C
  • Stille, Alexander. “How Matteo Salvini pulled Italy to the Far Right.” The Guardian, Ağustos 09, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 05, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/ news/2018/aug/09/how-matteo-salvini-pulled-italy-to-the-far-right
  • Taguieff, Pierre-Andre. “Political Science Confronts Populism: From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem.” Telos 103, (1995): 9-43.
  • Taub, Amanda. “What the Far-Right’s Rise may mean for Germany’s Future.” New York Times, Eylül 26, 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/world/europe/germany-far-right-election.html
  • “Tighter Laws continue to hit migrants across the EU.”FRA, Şubat 19, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2019. https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2019/tighter-laws-continue-hit-migrants-across-eu
  • Vasilopoulou, Sofia. “European Integration and the Radical Right: Three Patterns of Opposition.” Government and Opposition 46, no 2 (2011): 223-244.
  • Zahra-Malik, Mehreen. “Cartoon Row sought to rile Dutch Muslims, but found only dignity.” The Guardian, September 01, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 19, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/01/dutch-cartoon-row-geert-wilders-muslims-pakistan-dignity
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Müge Aknur 0000-0002-1407-7047

İbrahim Saylan 0000-0002-7395-9963

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Aknur, Müge, ve İbrahim Saylan. “AVRUPA DEMOKRASİSİNE YÖNELİK GÜNCEL BİR TEHDİT: POPÜLİST RADİKAL SAĞIN YÜKSELİŞİ”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 18, sy. 2 (Ocak 2020): 289-324. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.676473.