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Erken Dönem Hıristiyanlarında Okullaşma Çabası: İskenderiye Hıristiyan Okulunun Kuruluş Süreci

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 82 - 104, 30.04.2024

Öz

Hıristiyanlığın, sancılı bir süreç geçirdikten sonra doktriner olarak teşekkül ettiği bilinmektedir. Benzer bir süreç ilk Hıristiyanların akademik bir kurum oluşturmasında da yaşanmıştır. İlk Hıristiyanların, kendi inançlarına göre bir eğitim öğretim faaliyeti geliştirmek üzere ortaya koydukları çabalar, bir inanç topluluğunun erken dönemdeki eğitim faaliyetleri hakkında fikir edinmemizi sağladığı kadar özü itibariyle bir dinin beşerî bir faaliyete nasıl giriştiğini göstermesi bakımından da ilgiye değerdir. Hıristiyanların Mısır’ın İskenderiye şehrindeki okullaşma çabaları, bunun tipik bir göstergesidir. Okullaşma süreci, farklı kültürlere ve inançlara ev sahipliği yapan İskenderiye şehrinin zengin mirasıyla karşılaşan Hıristiyanlar açısından riskler ve imkânlar barındırmıştır. Okullaşma sürecinin ne tür riskler ve imkânlar barındırdığını tespit etmek, tarihte İskenderiye Hıristiyan Okulu olarak şöhret bulan bu okulun kuruluş sürecini ve bu süreçte rol oynayan faktörleri tespit etmeyi gerektirir. Bu da Hıristiyanların felsefi, sosyal, akademik, dini ve kültürel unsurlarla nasıl bir etkileşime girdiğine açıklık kazandırmayı zorunlu kılar. Bu çalışmada İskenderiye Hıristiyanlarına ve onları müstakil bir okul kurmaya sevk eden sebeplere değinilecektir. Çalışmanın temel öngörüsü, etkisi yüzlerce yıl devam eden İskenderiye Hıristiyan Okulu’nun İskenderiye şehrinden ve bu şehirde faaliyet gösteren inanç ve kültür ortamından önemli oranda etkilendiği yönündedir. Çalışmamız, konuyu çok yönlü bir bakış açısıyla ele almayı ve onun tarihsel önemini kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için hem betimsel hem de analitik yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Her bir yöntem, işlevsel olduğu yerlerde kullanılmaya özen gösterilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Atiya, Aziz Suryal. Doğu Hıristiyanlığı Tarihi. çev. Nurettin Hiçyılmaz. İstanbul: Doz, 2005.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “Bir Yahudi Mistik Grubu: Therapeutae”. Kutadgubilig: Felsefe - Bilim Araştırmaları 23 (2013), 49-67.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Etiyopya Kilisesi. İstanbul: Ayışığı, 2013.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Hıristiyanlığın Öncüsü Olarak İskenderiyeli Philo. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 1. baskı., 2011.
  • Ayres, Lewis - H. Clifton Ward (ed.). The Rise of the Early Christian Intellectuel. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020.
  • Bampton, John. The Christina Platonists of Alexandria. New York: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1886.
  • Barrett, Natalie Conger. The Alexandrian Catechetical School of Clement and Origen as a Postmodern Model for the Contemporary Church and Theological Academy. Teksas: Hardin-Simmons University, 2011.
  • Bauer, Walter. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. ed. Robert A. Kraft - Gerhard Krodel. Mifflintown, PA: Sigler Press, Sigler Press ed., 1996.
  • Bihlmeyer, K - Tuchle, H. I ve IV. Yüzyıllarda Hıristiyanlık (Roma İmparatorluğu’nunda Tek Tanrıcılığın Zaferi. çev. Antun Göral. İstanbul: Güler Matbaası, 1971.
  • Chadwick, Henry. The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Chadwick, Henry - John Ernest Leonard Oulton (ed.). Alexandrian Christianity: Selected Translations of Clement and Origen. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
  • Chisholm, Hugh. “Alexandrian School”. The Encyclopædia Britannica. 573-575. Cambridge University Press, 1911. Droysen, Johann Gustav. Büyük İskender Tarihi. çev. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal. İstanbul: Dharma Yayınları, 2007.
  • Drummond, James. Philo Judaeus the Jewish-Alexandrian Philosophy in Its Development and Completion. 2 Cilt. United Kingdom: Williams And Norgate Company, 1888.
  • Duchesne, L., Louis. Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution, A Study of the Latin Liturgy up to the Time of Charlemagne. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge, 1904.
  • El-Abbadi, Mostafa vd. (ed.). “The Arab Destruction of the Library of Alexandria: Anatomy of a Myth”. What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria? 213-217. BRILL, 2008. https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047433026/Bej.9789004165458.i-259_015.xml
  • Engberg, Jakob (ed.). In Defence of Christianity: Early Christian Apologists. New York: Peter Lang, First edition., 2014.
  • Eusebius. Kilise Tarihi. çev. Furkan Akderin. İstanbul: Chiviyazıları Yayınevi, 2011.
  • Fairweather, William. Origen and Greek Patristic Theology. Schleswig-Holstein: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901. Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. Michigan: United States of America, 1993.
  • Fogarty, Margaret Elizabeth. Egyptian Christianity: An Historical Examination of the Belief Systems Prevalent in Alexandria C.100 B.c.e. - 400 C.e. and Their Role in the Shaping of Early Christianity. University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
  • Forster, Edward Morgan. Alexandria: A History and a Guide. North Carolina: University of North Carolina, 2018.
  • Ǧabraẗ, Ǧawdat - Takla, Hany N. Christianity and Monasticism in Alexandria and the Egyptian Deserts. Cairo New York (N.Y.): American University in Cairo Press, 2020.
  • Gökberk, Macit. Felsefe Tarihi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1985.
  • Guest, Rhuvon. “İskenderiye”. İslam Ansiklopedisi. C. 2. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basım evi, 1964.
  • Hägg, Henny Fiskå. Clement of Alexandria and the Beginnings of Christian Apophaticism. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hanrahan, Matthew. “Paganism and Christianity at Alexandria”. Edinburgh University Press 2 (1962), 62-66.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “İncil”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 22/270-276. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2000.
  • Malaty, Fr.Tadros Y. The School of Alexandria Book One Before Origen. Jersey City: St. Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Church, 1994.
  • Malaty, Tadrous Y. The School of Alexandria Book Two Origen. Jersey City, N.J.: Coptic Orthodox Church, Preparatory ed., 1995.
  • Masri, Iris Habib. The Story of the Copts: The True Story of Christianity in Egypt. California: St. Anthony Coptic Orthodox Monastery, 1978.
  • Matter, M. Hıstoıre De L’école D’alexandrıe Comparée AuxPrıncıpales Écoles Contemporaınes. Paris: Libraire De L’universite De France, 2. Edition., 1840.
  • OíLeary, De Lacy. How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs. London: Assyrian International News Agency, 1949. Oliver, Willem H. “The Catechetical School in Alexandria”. Verbum et Ecclesia 36/1 (25 Mart 2015), 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1385
  • Oliver, Willem H. “The Heads of the Catechetical School in Alexandria”. Verbum et Ecclesia 36/1 (25 Mart 2015), 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1386
  • Oliver, Willem Hendrik. Influence of the Catechetical School of Alexandria on the Growth and Development of Christianity in Africa. Pretorya, University of South Africa: University of South Africa, Thesis, 2018.
  • Olson, Roger E. - English, Adam C. Pocket History of Theology. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2005.
  • Origen. Origen Against Celsus (The Ante-Nicene Fathers içinde). çev. Crombie Frederick. Edinburgh, 1996.
  • Pearson, Birger A. (ed.). The Roots of Egyptian Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1. paperback ed., 1992.
  • Riad, Henri. “Egyptian İnfluence on Daily Life in Ancient Alexandria”. Alexandria and Alexandrianism, Alexandria and Alexandrianism, at a Symposium Organize. 29-41. California: Getty Publications, 1996.
  • Roberts, Colin H. Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt. London; New York: published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1979.
  • Schaff, Philip vd. (ed.). Ante-Nicene Fathers Volume II. Place of publication not identified: Eternal Sun Books, 3rd edition., 2017.
  • Schmidt, Alvin J. “Catechetical Schools”. The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. ed. George Thomas Kurian. Wiley, 1. Basım, 2011.
  • Sidetes, Philip. The Fragments of Philip of Side. çev. Roger Pearse. Berlin: Roger Pearse, 2006. https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philip_of_side_fragments.htm
  • Stead, Christopher. Philosophy in Christian Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Şahin, Nadide. Origen (Hayatı, Eserleri ve Hıristiyan İlahiyatının Şekillenmesindeki Rolü). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Doktora, 2018.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammed. “Hıristiyan Düşüncesinde Apoloji ve St. Thomas Aquinas”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 14/2 (2005), 135-146.
  • Van Den Broek, Roelof. “The Christian ‘School’ of Alexandria in the Second and Third Centuries”. Centres of Learning. ed. Jan Willem Drijvers - Alasdair A. MacDonald. 39-47. Brill, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004247154_005
  • Van Den Hoek, Annewies. “The ‘Catechetical’ School of Early Christian Alexandria and Its Philonic Heritage”. The Harvard Theological Review 90/1 (1997), 59-87.
  • Watts, Edward J. City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2008.
  • “Athenagoras | Biography, Apologist, Works, & Facts | Britannica”. Erişim 28 Kasım 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athenagoras
  • “Athenagoras: Plea for the Christians - Christian Classics Ethereal Library”. Erişim 01 Aralık 2023. https://ccel.org/ccel/athenagoras/plea_for_christians/anf02.v.i.html
  • “Baramouda 30 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium - CopticChurch.net”. Erişim 28 Kasım 2023. https://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/8_30.html?lang=en#1
  • “The Coptic Church as an Apostolic Church - CopticChurch.net”. Erişim 28 Kasım 2023. https://www.copticchurch.net/introduction-to-the-coptic-church/book/church1

Early Christian Efforts Towards Schooling: The Founding Process of the Alexandrian Christian School

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 82 - 104, 30.04.2024

Öz

It is known that Christianity was formed doctrinally after a painful process. A similar process took place in the formation of an academic institution by the early Christians. The efforts of the early Christians to develop an educational activity following their beliefs are of interest not only because they provide us with an insight into the early educational activities of a community of faith, but also because they show how a religion, in essence, engages in a human activity. The schooling efforts of Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, are a typical indication of this. The process of schooling posed risks and opportunities for the Christians as they encountered the rich heritage of Alexandria, a city that was home to different cultures and faiths. Identifying the risks and opportunities of the schooling process requires identifying the founding process of what became known in history as the Alexandrian Christian School and the factors that played a role in this process. This necessitates clarifying how Christians interacted with philosophical, social, academic, religious, and cultural elements. This study will focus on the Christians of Alexandria and the reasons that led them to establish an independent school. The basic premise of the study is that the Alexandrian Christian School, whose influence lasted for hundreds of years, was significantly influenced by the city of Alexandria and the religious and cultural milieu operating in this city. Our study aims to address the issue from a multifaceted perspective and to comprehensively analyze its historical significance. To achieve this aim, both descriptive and analytical methods are used. Care has been taken to utilize each method where it is functional.

Kaynakça

  • Atiya, Aziz Suryal. Doğu Hıristiyanlığı Tarihi. çev. Nurettin Hiçyılmaz. İstanbul: Doz, 2005.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “Bir Yahudi Mistik Grubu: Therapeutae”. Kutadgubilig: Felsefe - Bilim Araştırmaları 23 (2013), 49-67.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Etiyopya Kilisesi. İstanbul: Ayışığı, 2013.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Hıristiyanlığın Öncüsü Olarak İskenderiyeli Philo. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 1. baskı., 2011.
  • Ayres, Lewis - H. Clifton Ward (ed.). The Rise of the Early Christian Intellectuel. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020.
  • Bampton, John. The Christina Platonists of Alexandria. New York: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1886.
  • Barrett, Natalie Conger. The Alexandrian Catechetical School of Clement and Origen as a Postmodern Model for the Contemporary Church and Theological Academy. Teksas: Hardin-Simmons University, 2011.
  • Bauer, Walter. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. ed. Robert A. Kraft - Gerhard Krodel. Mifflintown, PA: Sigler Press, Sigler Press ed., 1996.
  • Bihlmeyer, K - Tuchle, H. I ve IV. Yüzyıllarda Hıristiyanlık (Roma İmparatorluğu’nunda Tek Tanrıcılığın Zaferi. çev. Antun Göral. İstanbul: Güler Matbaası, 1971.
  • Chadwick, Henry. The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Chadwick, Henry - John Ernest Leonard Oulton (ed.). Alexandrian Christianity: Selected Translations of Clement and Origen. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
  • Chisholm, Hugh. “Alexandrian School”. The Encyclopædia Britannica. 573-575. Cambridge University Press, 1911. Droysen, Johann Gustav. Büyük İskender Tarihi. çev. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal. İstanbul: Dharma Yayınları, 2007.
  • Drummond, James. Philo Judaeus the Jewish-Alexandrian Philosophy in Its Development and Completion. 2 Cilt. United Kingdom: Williams And Norgate Company, 1888.
  • Duchesne, L., Louis. Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution, A Study of the Latin Liturgy up to the Time of Charlemagne. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge, 1904.
  • El-Abbadi, Mostafa vd. (ed.). “The Arab Destruction of the Library of Alexandria: Anatomy of a Myth”. What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria? 213-217. BRILL, 2008. https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047433026/Bej.9789004165458.i-259_015.xml
  • Engberg, Jakob (ed.). In Defence of Christianity: Early Christian Apologists. New York: Peter Lang, First edition., 2014.
  • Eusebius. Kilise Tarihi. çev. Furkan Akderin. İstanbul: Chiviyazıları Yayınevi, 2011.
  • Fairweather, William. Origen and Greek Patristic Theology. Schleswig-Holstein: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901. Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. Michigan: United States of America, 1993.
  • Fogarty, Margaret Elizabeth. Egyptian Christianity: An Historical Examination of the Belief Systems Prevalent in Alexandria C.100 B.c.e. - 400 C.e. and Their Role in the Shaping of Early Christianity. University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
  • Forster, Edward Morgan. Alexandria: A History and a Guide. North Carolina: University of North Carolina, 2018.
  • Ǧabraẗ, Ǧawdat - Takla, Hany N. Christianity and Monasticism in Alexandria and the Egyptian Deserts. Cairo New York (N.Y.): American University in Cairo Press, 2020.
  • Gökberk, Macit. Felsefe Tarihi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1985.
  • Guest, Rhuvon. “İskenderiye”. İslam Ansiklopedisi. C. 2. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basım evi, 1964.
  • Hägg, Henny Fiskå. Clement of Alexandria and the Beginnings of Christian Apophaticism. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hanrahan, Matthew. “Paganism and Christianity at Alexandria”. Edinburgh University Press 2 (1962), 62-66.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. “İncil”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 22/270-276. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2000.
  • Malaty, Fr.Tadros Y. The School of Alexandria Book One Before Origen. Jersey City: St. Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Church, 1994.
  • Malaty, Tadrous Y. The School of Alexandria Book Two Origen. Jersey City, N.J.: Coptic Orthodox Church, Preparatory ed., 1995.
  • Masri, Iris Habib. The Story of the Copts: The True Story of Christianity in Egypt. California: St. Anthony Coptic Orthodox Monastery, 1978.
  • Matter, M. Hıstoıre De L’école D’alexandrıe Comparée AuxPrıncıpales Écoles Contemporaınes. Paris: Libraire De L’universite De France, 2. Edition., 1840.
  • OíLeary, De Lacy. How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs. London: Assyrian International News Agency, 1949. Oliver, Willem H. “The Catechetical School in Alexandria”. Verbum et Ecclesia 36/1 (25 Mart 2015), 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1385
  • Oliver, Willem H. “The Heads of the Catechetical School in Alexandria”. Verbum et Ecclesia 36/1 (25 Mart 2015), 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1386
  • Oliver, Willem Hendrik. Influence of the Catechetical School of Alexandria on the Growth and Development of Christianity in Africa. Pretorya, University of South Africa: University of South Africa, Thesis, 2018.
  • Olson, Roger E. - English, Adam C. Pocket History of Theology. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2005.
  • Origen. Origen Against Celsus (The Ante-Nicene Fathers içinde). çev. Crombie Frederick. Edinburgh, 1996.
  • Pearson, Birger A. (ed.). The Roots of Egyptian Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1. paperback ed., 1992.
  • Riad, Henri. “Egyptian İnfluence on Daily Life in Ancient Alexandria”. Alexandria and Alexandrianism, Alexandria and Alexandrianism, at a Symposium Organize. 29-41. California: Getty Publications, 1996.
  • Roberts, Colin H. Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt. London; New York: published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1979.
  • Schaff, Philip vd. (ed.). Ante-Nicene Fathers Volume II. Place of publication not identified: Eternal Sun Books, 3rd edition., 2017.
  • Schmidt, Alvin J. “Catechetical Schools”. The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. ed. George Thomas Kurian. Wiley, 1. Basım, 2011.
  • Sidetes, Philip. The Fragments of Philip of Side. çev. Roger Pearse. Berlin: Roger Pearse, 2006. https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philip_of_side_fragments.htm
  • Stead, Christopher. Philosophy in Christian Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Şahin, Nadide. Origen (Hayatı, Eserleri ve Hıristiyan İlahiyatının Şekillenmesindeki Rolü). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Doktora, 2018.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammed. “Hıristiyan Düşüncesinde Apoloji ve St. Thomas Aquinas”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 14/2 (2005), 135-146.
  • Van Den Broek, Roelof. “The Christian ‘School’ of Alexandria in the Second and Third Centuries”. Centres of Learning. ed. Jan Willem Drijvers - Alasdair A. MacDonald. 39-47. Brill, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004247154_005
  • Van Den Hoek, Annewies. “The ‘Catechetical’ School of Early Christian Alexandria and Its Philonic Heritage”. The Harvard Theological Review 90/1 (1997), 59-87.
  • Watts, Edward J. City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2008.
  • “Athenagoras | Biography, Apologist, Works, & Facts | Britannica”. Erişim 28 Kasım 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athenagoras
  • “Athenagoras: Plea for the Christians - Christian Classics Ethereal Library”. Erişim 01 Aralık 2023. https://ccel.org/ccel/athenagoras/plea_for_christians/anf02.v.i.html
  • “Baramouda 30 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium - CopticChurch.net”. Erişim 28 Kasım 2023. https://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/8_30.html?lang=en#1
  • “The Coptic Church as an Apostolic Church - CopticChurch.net”. Erişim 28 Kasım 2023. https://www.copticchurch.net/introduction-to-the-coptic-church/book/church1
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hrıstiyanlık Araştırmaları, Karşılaştırmalı Dini Araştırmalar, Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nesim Aytepe 0000-0001-9373-6495

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Aytepe, Nesim. “Erken Dönem Hıristiyanlarında Okullaşma Çabası: İskenderiye Hıristiyan Okulunun Kuruluş Süreci”. Dinler Tarihi 1/1 (Nisan 2024), 82-104.