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Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 133 - 145, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1271203

Öz

Kadın Sporcu Triadı, bozulmuş yeme davranışı ile birlikte veya tek başına Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji (DKE), menstrual fonksiyon bozukluğu ve düşük kemik mineral yoğunluğu gibi bileşenlerden oluşan klinik bir sendromdur. DKE durumu, triadın merkezi veya etiyolojik faktörüdür: Besinlerden alınan enerjinin hem egzersizin/antrenmanın enerji ihtiyacını hem de vücudun büyüme, bağışıklık ve üreme fonksiyonları ile termoregülasyon dahil olmak üzere temel fizyolojik fonksiyonlarını karşılamak için çok düşük (yetersiz) olması durumunda ortaya çıkan bir durumdur. Bu durumun, enerji alımındaki azalmadan veya enerji harcamasındaki artıştan kaynaklanabileceği belirtilmektedir. DKE’ye maruz kalan bir sporcu, normal vücut fonksiyonlarını sürdürecek enerjiden yoksundur ve vücudun bir enerji tasarrufuna gitmesi gerekmektedir. DKE’den kaynaklanan kadın sporcu triadı ile ilişkili menstrual bozukluklar, kas-iskelet sistemini ve kardiyovasküler sağlığı olumsuz etkileyebilmekte, tedavi edilmediği taktirde her yıl kemik kütlesinde yaklaşık %2-3 kayba neden olabilmektedir. Triadın tedavisi, multidisipliner bir yaklaşım gerektirir. Sağlık profesyonelleri, antrenörler ve aileler arasındaki iş birliği oldukça önemlidir. Triadın her bir bileşeninin tedavisi farklı sürelerde gerçekleşmekle birlikte temelinde kullanılabilir enerjinin iyileştirilmesi yatmaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Barrack, M. T., Fredericson, M., Tenforde, A. S., & Nattiv, A. (2017). Evidence of a cumulative effect for risk factors predicting low bone mass among male adolescent athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(3), 200-205. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096698
  • Berhardt, M. D., David, T., & Roberts, W.O. (2010). Preparticipation physical evaluation. https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/1940/physical_form.pdf
  • Coelho, A. R., Cardoso, G., Brito, M. E., Gomes, I. N., Cascais, M. J. (2021). The female athlete Triad/Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S). Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 43(5), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730289
  • Curry, E. J., Logan, C., Ackerman, K., McInnis, K. C., & Matzkin, E. G. (2015). Female athlete triad awareness among multispecialty physicians. Sports Medicine-Open, 1(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0037-5
  • De Souza, M. J., West, S. L., Jamal, S. A., Hawker, G. A., Gundberg, C. M., & Williams, N. I. (2008). The presence of both an energy deficiency and estrogen deficiency exacerbate alterations of bone metabolism in exercising women. Bone, 43(1), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.013
  • De Souza, M. J., Williams, N. I., Nattiv, A., Joy, E., Misra, M., Loucks, A. B., ... & McComb, J. (2014). Misunderstanding the female athlete triad: refuting the IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(20), 1461-1465. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093958
  • Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self‐report questionnaire?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4%3C363::AID-EAT2260160405%3E3.0.CO;2-%23
  • Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(2), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:2%3C15::AID-EAT2260020203%3E3.0.CO;2-6
  • Gibbs, J. C., Williams, N. I., & De Souza, M. J. (2013). Prevalence of individual and combined components of the female athlete triad. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), 985-996. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827e1bdc
  • Güney, M., & Ersoy, G. (2020). Sporcularda Yeme Bozuklukları Semptomları, Tedavisi ve Önlenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 44-56.
  • Javed, A., Tebben, P. J., Fischer, P. R., & Lteif, A. N. (2013). Female athlete triad and its components: toward improved screening and management. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(9), 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.07.001
  • Joy, E., De Souza, M. J., Nattiv, A., Misra, M., Williams, N. I., Mallinson, R. J., ... & Borgen, J. S. (2014). 2014 female athlete triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 13(4), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000077
  • Ljungqvist, A., Jenoure, P., Engebretsen, L., Alonso, J. M., Bahr, R., Clough, A., ... & Thill, C. (2009). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes March 2009. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(9), 631-643. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.064394
  • Loucks, A. B., & Nattiv, A. (2005). Essay: The female athlete triad. The Lancet, 366, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67848-8
  • Loucks, A. B., & Thuma, J. R. (2003). Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(1), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020369
  • Mallinson, R. J., Williams, N. I., Olmsted, M. P., Scheid, J. L., Riddle, E. S., & De Souza, M. J. (2013). A case report of recovery of menstrual function following a nutritional intervention in two exercising women with amenorrhea of varying duration. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-34
  • Martinsen, M., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(6), 1188-1197. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318281a939
  • Matkovic, V., Jelic, T., Wardlaw, G. M., Ilich, J. Z., Goel, P. K., Wright, J. K., ... & Heaney, R. P. (1994). Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model. The Journal of Clinical İnvestigation, 93(2), 799-808. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117034
  • McNulty, K. Y., Adams, C. H., Anderson, J. M., & Affenito, S. G. (2001). Development and validation of a screening tool to identify eating disorders in female athletes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(8), 886-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00218-8
  • Melin, A., Tornberg, Å. B., Skouby, S., Faber, J., Ritz, C., Sjödin, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2014). The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 540-545. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240
  • Miller, S. M., Kukuljan, S., Turner, A. I., van der Pligt, P., & Ducher, G. (2012). Energy deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and low bone mass: what do exercising Australian women know about the female athlete triad?. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(2), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.131
  • Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., ... & Budgett, R. (2018). International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136
  • Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., ... & Ackerman, K. (2015). The IOC relative energy deficiency in sport clinical assessment tool (RED-S CAT). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(21), 1354. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094873
  • Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., ... & Ljungqvist, A. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 491-497. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
  • Nattiv, A., Loucks, A.B., Manore, M.M., Sanborn, C.F., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Warren, M.P. (2007). The female athlete triad. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(10), 1867–1882. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111
  • Sim, A., & Burns, S. F. (2021). questionnaires as measures for low energy availability (LEA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in athletes. Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00396-7
  • Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1993). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite female athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 3(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.3.1.29
  • Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005
  • Sundgot‐Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high‐intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20 (Suppl. 2), 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x
  • Statuta, S. M. (2020). The female athlete triad, relative energy deficiency in sport, and the male athlete triad: the exploration of low-energy syndromes in athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 19(2), 43-44. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000679
  • Yeager, K. K., Agostini, R., Nattiv, A., & Drinkwater, B. (1993). The female athlete triad: Disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(7), 775–777. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199307000-00003
  • You, A. (2015). Dietary guidelines for Americans. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/174916/2248/Leaf2248.pdf?sequen
  • Williams, N. I., Koltun, K. J., Strock, N. C., De Souza, M. J. (2019). Female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport: A focus on scientific rigor. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 47(4), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000200
  • Williams, N. I., Leidy, H. J., Hill, B. R., Lieberman, J. L., Legro, R. S., & Souza, M. J. D. (2015). Magnitude of daily energy deficit predicts frequency but not severity of menstrual disturbances associated with exercise and caloric restriction. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 308(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2013
  • Witkoś, J., Błażejewski, G., & Gierach, M. (2023). The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) as a useful tool to ıdentify female triathletes at risk for menstrual disorders related to low Energy Availability. Nutrients, 15(3), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030650

Female Athlete Triad: Updated Overview of Low Energy Availability and Triad Components

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 133 - 145, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1271203

Öz

The Female Athlete Triad is a clinical syndrome consisting of components such as menstrual dysfunction, low bone mineral density, and with or without disordered eating Low Energy Availability (LEA). LEA is the central or etiological factor of the triad. LEA occurs when the energy taken from food is too low (insufficient) to meet both the energy needs of exercise/training and the body's basic physiological functions, including growth, immunity, reproductive functions, and thermoregulation. It is stated that this may be due to the decrease in energy intake or the increase in energy expenditure. An athlete exposed to LEA lacks the energy to maintain normal bodily functions and the body needs to use energy sparingly. Menstrual disorders associated with the female athlete triad resulting from LEA can adversely affect the musculoskeletal system and cardiovascular health and lead to a loss of approximately 2-3% in bone mass each year if left untreated. Treatment of the triad requires a multidisciplinary approach. Collaboration between health professionals, coaches, and families is very important. The treatment of each component of the triad takes place at different times, but the main purpose is to improve energy availability.

Kaynakça

  • Barrack, M. T., Fredericson, M., Tenforde, A. S., & Nattiv, A. (2017). Evidence of a cumulative effect for risk factors predicting low bone mass among male adolescent athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(3), 200-205. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096698
  • Berhardt, M. D., David, T., & Roberts, W.O. (2010). Preparticipation physical evaluation. https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/1940/physical_form.pdf
  • Coelho, A. R., Cardoso, G., Brito, M. E., Gomes, I. N., Cascais, M. J. (2021). The female athlete Triad/Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S). Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 43(5), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730289
  • Curry, E. J., Logan, C., Ackerman, K., McInnis, K. C., & Matzkin, E. G. (2015). Female athlete triad awareness among multispecialty physicians. Sports Medicine-Open, 1(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0037-5
  • De Souza, M. J., West, S. L., Jamal, S. A., Hawker, G. A., Gundberg, C. M., & Williams, N. I. (2008). The presence of both an energy deficiency and estrogen deficiency exacerbate alterations of bone metabolism in exercising women. Bone, 43(1), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.013
  • De Souza, M. J., Williams, N. I., Nattiv, A., Joy, E., Misra, M., Loucks, A. B., ... & McComb, J. (2014). Misunderstanding the female athlete triad: refuting the IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(20), 1461-1465. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093958
  • Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self‐report questionnaire?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4%3C363::AID-EAT2260160405%3E3.0.CO;2-%23
  • Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(2), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:2%3C15::AID-EAT2260020203%3E3.0.CO;2-6
  • Gibbs, J. C., Williams, N. I., & De Souza, M. J. (2013). Prevalence of individual and combined components of the female athlete triad. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), 985-996. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827e1bdc
  • Güney, M., & Ersoy, G. (2020). Sporcularda Yeme Bozuklukları Semptomları, Tedavisi ve Önlenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 44-56.
  • Javed, A., Tebben, P. J., Fischer, P. R., & Lteif, A. N. (2013). Female athlete triad and its components: toward improved screening and management. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(9), 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.07.001
  • Joy, E., De Souza, M. J., Nattiv, A., Misra, M., Williams, N. I., Mallinson, R. J., ... & Borgen, J. S. (2014). 2014 female athlete triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 13(4), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000077
  • Ljungqvist, A., Jenoure, P., Engebretsen, L., Alonso, J. M., Bahr, R., Clough, A., ... & Thill, C. (2009). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes March 2009. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(9), 631-643. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.064394
  • Loucks, A. B., & Nattiv, A. (2005). Essay: The female athlete triad. The Lancet, 366, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67848-8
  • Loucks, A. B., & Thuma, J. R. (2003). Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(1), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020369
  • Mallinson, R. J., Williams, N. I., Olmsted, M. P., Scheid, J. L., Riddle, E. S., & De Souza, M. J. (2013). A case report of recovery of menstrual function following a nutritional intervention in two exercising women with amenorrhea of varying duration. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-34
  • Martinsen, M., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2013). Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(6), 1188-1197. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318281a939
  • Matkovic, V., Jelic, T., Wardlaw, G. M., Ilich, J. Z., Goel, P. K., Wright, J. K., ... & Heaney, R. P. (1994). Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model. The Journal of Clinical İnvestigation, 93(2), 799-808. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117034
  • McNulty, K. Y., Adams, C. H., Anderson, J. M., & Affenito, S. G. (2001). Development and validation of a screening tool to identify eating disorders in female athletes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(8), 886-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00218-8
  • Melin, A., Tornberg, Å. B., Skouby, S., Faber, J., Ritz, C., Sjödin, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2014). The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 540-545. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240
  • Miller, S. M., Kukuljan, S., Turner, A. I., van der Pligt, P., & Ducher, G. (2012). Energy deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and low bone mass: what do exercising Australian women know about the female athlete triad?. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(2), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.131
  • Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., ... & Budgett, R. (2018). International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136
  • Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., ... & Ackerman, K. (2015). The IOC relative energy deficiency in sport clinical assessment tool (RED-S CAT). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(21), 1354. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094873
  • Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., ... & Ljungqvist, A. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 491-497. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
  • Nattiv, A., Loucks, A.B., Manore, M.M., Sanborn, C.F., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Warren, M.P. (2007). The female athlete triad. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(10), 1867–1882. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111
  • Sim, A., & Burns, S. F. (2021). questionnaires as measures for low energy availability (LEA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in athletes. Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00396-7
  • Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1993). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite female athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 3(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.3.1.29
  • Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005
  • Sundgot‐Borgen, J., & Torstveit, M. K. (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high‐intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20 (Suppl. 2), 112-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x
  • Statuta, S. M. (2020). The female athlete triad, relative energy deficiency in sport, and the male athlete triad: the exploration of low-energy syndromes in athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 19(2), 43-44. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000679
  • Yeager, K. K., Agostini, R., Nattiv, A., & Drinkwater, B. (1993). The female athlete triad: Disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(7), 775–777. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199307000-00003
  • You, A. (2015). Dietary guidelines for Americans. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/174916/2248/Leaf2248.pdf?sequen
  • Williams, N. I., Koltun, K. J., Strock, N. C., De Souza, M. J. (2019). Female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport: A focus on scientific rigor. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 47(4), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000200
  • Williams, N. I., Leidy, H. J., Hill, B. R., Lieberman, J. L., Legro, R. S., & Souza, M. J. D. (2015). Magnitude of daily energy deficit predicts frequency but not severity of menstrual disturbances associated with exercise and caloric restriction. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 308(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2013
  • Witkoś, J., Błażejewski, G., & Gierach, M. (2023). The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) as a useful tool to ıdentify female triathletes at risk for menstrual disorders related to low Energy Availability. Nutrients, 15(3), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030650
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Büke Çelenk Durgut 0000-0003-3842-3503

Günay Eskici 0000-0002-4349-4704

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 26 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelenk Durgut, B., & Eskici, G. (2023). Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Ve Eğitim Dergisi, 5(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1271203
AMA Çelenk Durgut B, Eskici G. Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış. EJSSE. Eylül 2023;5(2):133-145. doi:10.47778/ejsse.1271203
Chicago Çelenk Durgut, Büke, ve Günay Eskici. “Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji Ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış”. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Ve Eğitim Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Eylül 2023): 133-45. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1271203.
EndNote Çelenk Durgut B, Eskici G (01 Eylül 2023) Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi 5 2 133–145.
IEEE B. Çelenk Durgut ve G. Eskici, “Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış”, EJSSE, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 133–145, 2023, doi: 10.47778/ejsse.1271203.
ISNAD Çelenk Durgut, Büke - Eskici, Günay. “Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji Ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış”. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi 5/2 (Eylül 2023), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.47778/ejsse.1271203.
JAMA Çelenk Durgut B, Eskici G. Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış. EJSSE. 2023;5:133–145.
MLA Çelenk Durgut, Büke ve Günay Eskici. “Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji Ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış”. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri Ve Eğitim Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 133-45, doi:10.47778/ejsse.1271203.
Vancouver Çelenk Durgut B, Eskici G. Kadın Sporcu Triadı: Düşük Kullanılabilir Enerji ve Triad Bileşenlerine Güncel Bakış. EJSSE. 2023;5(2):133-45.

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