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Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 126 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344

Öz

Tocharian B etswe ‘mule’ is a newly attested word. It has been identified as a loan from Iranian *atswa (< Proto-Indo-European *h₁ék̂wos ‘horse’). The present study proposes a Turkic etymology for the Tocharian word in question. It has been suggested that the Proto- Turkic form *ät₂gä [ɛtsʰˈɣɛ] ‘donkey’, the origin of the Common Turkic äšgäk and Khalaj äšgä, is the source of the Tocharian B etswe. Tocharian /w/ is a substitution of the Proto-Turkic phoneme */g/. An etymology has also been proposed for Proto-Turkic *ät₂gä. According to this, the form *ät₂gä originally denotes ‘eared (animal)’ and derives from the root *ät₂i ‘ear’, which is also the root of the verb *ät₂id- ‘to hear’ (> Common Turkic äšid-, Chuvash ilt-). The Proto-Turkic root *ät₂i ‘ear’ is related to the Akkadian ḫasīsu(m) /hatsītsu(m)/ ‘ear; wisdom’ and further Akkadian loanwords in Turkic are discussed.

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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 126 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344

Öz

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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 126 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344

Öz

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 126 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344

Öz

Kaynakça

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Toharca Katır bir “İran Atı” mı yoksa bir “Türk Eşeği” mi? Proto-Türkçe */t₂/ [ts] için İlave Örnekler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 126 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344

Öz

Toharca B etswe ‘katır’ yeni tanıklanmış bir kelimedir. Bu kelime, İranca *atswa’dan (< Proto-Hint-Avrupa *h₁ék̂ wos ‘at’) bir alıntı olarak teşhis edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, söz konusu Toharca kelime için Türkçe bir etimoloji önermektedir. Genel Türkçe äšgäk ve Halaçça äšgä sözcüklerinin kökeni olan Proto-Türkçe *ät₂gä [ɛtsʰˈɣɛ] ‘eşek’ biçiminin Toharca B etswe’nin kaynağı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Toharca /w/, Proto-Türkçe */g/ sesbiriminin bir ikamesidir. Proto-Türkçe *ät₂gä için de bir etimoloji önerilmiştir. Buna göre, *ät₂gä biçimi aslen ‘kulaklı (hayvan)’ anlamına geliyor olup *ät₂i ‘kulak’ kökünden türemiştir ve bu kök *ät₂id- ‘duymak’ (> Genel Türkçe äšid-, Çuvaşça ilt-) fiilinin de köküdür. Proto-Türkçe *ät₂i ‘kulak’ kökü ise Akadca ḫasīsu(m) /hatsītsu(m)/ ‘kulak; bilgelik’ ile ilişkilendirilmiş ve Türkçedeki diğer Akadca alıntılar tartışılmıştır.

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  • MT = Doerfer, Gerhard (1985). Mongolo-Tungusica. (Tungusica 3). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
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  • Peyrot, Michaël (2013). The Tocharian Subjunctive. A Study in Syntax and Verbal Stem Formation. (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics 8). Leiden–Boston: Brill.
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  • Peyrot, Michaël (2018). Tocharian B etswe ‘mule’ and Eastern East Iranian. In: Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor–New York: Beech Stave Press, 270–283.
  • Peyrot, Michaël, Pinault, Georges-Jean and Wilkens, Jens (2019). Vernaculars of the Silk Road – A Tocharian B-Old Uyghur Bilingual. In: Journal Asiatique 307/1, 65–90.
  • Pinault, Georges-Jean (2003). Une Nouvelle Connexion entre le Substrat Indo-Iranien et le Tokharien Commun [A New Connection between the Indo-Iranian Substrate and the Common Tokharian]. In: Historische Sprachforschung 116/2, 175–189.
  • Poppe, N. (1927). Altaisch und Urtürkisch [Altaic and Proto-Turkic]. In: Ungarische Jahrbücher 6, 94–121.
  • Poppe, N. N. (1938). Mongol’skij Slovar’ Mukaddimat al-Adab [Mongolian Dictionary Muqaddimat al-Adab]. I–II. (Trudy Instituta Vostokovedenija 14). Moskva–Leningrad: Nauka.
  • Poppe, N. (1953). Ein altes Kulturwort in den altaischen Sprachen [An Old Culture Word in the Altaic Languages]. In: Studia Orientalia 19/5, 23–25.
  • Poppe, Nikolaus (1960). Vergleichende Grammatik der altaischen Sprachen. Teil 1: Vergleichende Lautlehre [Comparative Grammar of the Altaic Languages. Part 1: Comparative Phonology]. (Porta Linguarum Orientalium, Neue Serie 4). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Ramstedt, G. J. (1903). Über die Konjugation des Khalkha-Mongolischen [On the Conjugation of Khalkha Mongolian]. (Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 19). Helsingfors: Société Finno-Ougrienne. [Reprint: Osnabrück: Otto Zeller, 1968].
  • Ramstedt, G. J. (1957). Einführung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft I: Lautlehre [Introduction to Altaic Linguistics I: Phonology]. Ed. Pentti Aalto, (Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 104:1). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • Reinhart, Johannes (1994). Die tocharischen Entlehnungen im Altaischen und die Chronologie der tocharischen Lautgesetze [The Tocharian Borrowings in Altaic and the Chronology of the Tocharian Sound Laws]. In: Tocharisch. Akten der Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft Berlin, September 1990, Ed. Bernfried Schlerath, Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands, 73–92.
  • Róna-Tas, András (1974). Tocharische Elemente in den altaischen Sprachen? [Tocharian Elements in the Altaic languages?] In: Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der altaischen Völker. Protokollband der XII. Tagung der Permanent International Altaistic Conference 1961 in Berlin. (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 5). Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 499–504. [reprint: Róna-Tas, András (1986). Language and History: Contributions to Comparative Altaistics. Szeged.]
  • Róna-Tas, András (2022). The Reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the Genealogical Question. In: Turkic Languages. Second Edition, Eds. Lars Johanson and Éva Á. Csató, London–New York: Routledge. Schrader, O. (1901). Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
  • Schuessler, Axel (2009). Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Schuessler, Axel (2014). Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words. In: Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Eds. Richard VanNess Simmons and Newell Ann Van Auken. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 53). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 249–292.
  • Şehsuvaroğlu, Bedi N. (1961). Eşref Bin Muhammed. Hazâʾinüʾs-Saâʿdât (sic). 1460 (H. 864). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Shimunek, Andrew E. (2007). Towards a Reconstruction of the Kitan Language, with Notes on Northern Late Middle Chinese Phonology. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Indiana University.
  • Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China. (Tunguso-Sibirica 40). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Simon, Zsolt (2005). Die Etymologie von caballus [The Etymology of Caballus]. In: Papers on Grammar IX 1, Latina Lingua! Proceedings of the Twelfth International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics (Bologna, 9–14 June 2003). Ed. Gualtiero Calboli, Roma: Herder Editrice, 405–416.
  • Stachowski, Marek (1993). Dolganischer Wortschatz [Dolgan Vocabulary]. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.
  • Starostin, S. A. (1995). Sravnitel’nyj Slovar’ Enisejskix Jazykov [Comparative Dictionary of the Yeniseian Languages]. In: Ketskij Sbornik. Lingvistika. Moskva: Vostočnaja Literatura, 176–315.
  • Steingass, F. (⁵1963). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature, being Johnson and Richardson’s Persian, Arabic, and English Dictionary Revised, Enlarged, and Entirely Reconstructed. (Fifth impression). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • Sūn Bójūn 孙伯君 (2004). Jīndài nǚzhēnyǔ 金代女真语 [The Jurchen Language of Jin Dynasty]. Shěnyáng 沈阳: Liáoníng Mínzú Chūbǎnshè 辽宁民族出版社.
  • TDES = Eren, Hasan (1999). Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]. Ankara.
  • Tekin, Talât (1971–1972). Notes on an Introduction to Turkic Studies. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 39, 351–365.
  • Tekin, Talât (1986). Zetacism and Sigmatism: Main Pillars of the Altaic Theory. In: Central Asiatic Journal 30, 141–160.
  • Tezcan, Semih (1974). Das uigurische Insadi-Sūtra [The Uyghur Insadi-Sūtra]. (Berliner Turfantexte 3). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  • TMEN = Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975). Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian]. I–IV. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • To, Soo-hee (1987). Paekcheŏ yŏn’gu (I) [A Study of the Paekche Language (I)]. Seoul: Paekche Munhwa Kaebal Yŏn’guwŏn [Institute for the Development of Paekche Culture].
  • Tremblay, Xavier (2005). Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica. In: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68/3, 421–449.
  • Trubačev, Oleg N. (ed.) (1974−2013). Ėtimologičeskij Slovar’ Slavjanskix Jazykov. Praslavjanskij Leksičeskij Fond [Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Languages. The Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock]. 1−39. since 2002 eds. O. Trubačev and A. Žuravlev. Moskva: Nauka.
  • TS = XIII. Yüzyıldan Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplardan Toplanan Tanıklarıyla Tarama Sözlüğü [Survey Dictionary with Witnesses Collected from Books Written in Turkish Since the 13th Century] I–VIII. (²1996). 2. Baskı [2nd edition]. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • UW Nb I.2 = Özertural, Zekine (2020). Uigurisches Wörterbuch. Sprachmaterial der vorislamischen türkischen Texte aus Zentralasien. Neubearbeitung. I. Verben. Band 2: edäd- – iztä- [Uyghur Dictionary. Language Material of the Pre-Islamic Turkic Texts from Central Asia. New Edition. I. Verbs. Volume 2: edäd- - iztä-]. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • UW Nb II.2 = Röhrborn, Klaus (2017). Uigurisches Wörterbuch. Sprachmaterial der vorislamischen türkischen Texte aus Zentralasien. Neubearbeitung. II. Nomina–Pronomina–Partikeln. Band 2: aš – äžük [Uyghur Dictionary. Language Material of the Pre-Islamic Turkic Texts from Central Asia. New Edition. II. Nomina-Pronomina-Particles. Volume 2: aš – äžük]. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • UW Nb III.1 = Wilkens, Jens (2021). Uigurisches Wörterbuch. Sprachmaterial der vorislamischen türkischen Texte aus Zentralasien. III. Fremdelemente. Band 1: eč – bodis(a)v(a)tv [Uyghur Dictionary. Linguistic Material of the Pre-Islamic Turkic Texts from Central Asia. III. Foreign Elements. Volume 1: eč - bodis(a)v(a)tv]. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Ünal, Orçun (2019). Klasik ve Orta Moğolca Söz Varlığında Türkçe Kökenli Kelimeler I (A D) [Words of Turkish Origin in Written and Middle Mongol Vocabulary I (A-D)]. In: Journal of Old Turkic Studies 3/2, 502–615.
  • Ünal, Orçun (2022). On *p- and Other Proto-Turkic Consonants. (Sino-Platonic Papers 325).
  • Van Windekens, A. J. (1964). Sur quelques mots tokhariens provenant de langues asiatiques indo-européennes et non-indo-européennes [On Some Tocharian Words from Indo-European and Non-Indo-European Asian Languages]. In: Orbis 13/2, 589–597.
  • VEWT = Räsänen, Martti (1969). Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen [Attempt at an Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages]. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2003). Did the Xiongnu Speak a Yeniseian Language? Part 2: Vocabulary. In: Altaica Budapestinensia MMII (Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference [PIAC], Budapest, Hungary, June 23–28, 2002). Budapest: Research Group for Altaic Studies, Hungary Academy of Sciences & Department of Inner Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University, 389–394.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2005). Koguryŏ and Paekche: Different Languages or Dialects of Old Korean? The Evidence from Texts and Neighbors. In: Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2/2, 108–140.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2007). Once Again on the Tabgač Language. In: Mongolian Studies 29, 191–206.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2013). From Koguryŏ to T’amna. Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean. In: Korean Linguistics 15/2, 217–235.
  • WCh = Doerfer, Gerhard and Tezcan, Semih (1980). Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Xarrāb) [Dictionary of Khalaj (Dialect of Xarrāb)]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
  • Weiers, Michael (1971). Das Moghol-Vokabular von W.R.H. Merk [The Moghol Vocabulary of W.R.H. Merk]. In: Zentralasiatische Studien 5, 157–189.
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002). Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen [Comparative Dictionary of the Yeniseian Languages]. 1–3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Werner, Heinrich (2004). Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft [On the Yeniseian-Indian Ancestral Relationship]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Werner, Heinrich (2006). Die Welt der Jenissejer im Lichte des Wortschatzes. Zur Rekonstruktion der jenissejischen Protokultur [The World of the Yeniseian People in the Light of Vocabulary. On the Reconstruction of the Yeniseian Protoculture]. (Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo Altaica 69). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Winter, Werner (1997). A Lone Loanword and Its Implications. In: Language and Its Ecology. Essays in Memory of Einar Haugen. Eds. Stig Eliasson and Ernst Håkon Jahr, (Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 100). Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Yamamoto, Kengo (1969). A Classified Dictionary of Spoken Manchu. With Manchu, English and Japanese Indexes. Ed. by Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku.
  • Zhèng Zhāng Shàngfāng 郑张尚芳 (2003). Old Chinese Phonology 上古音系. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
  • Zieme, Peter (2015). Altuigurische Texte der Kirche des Ostens aus Zentralasien. Old Uigur Texts of the Church of the East from Central Asia. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
  • Zieme, Peter (2020). Uigurorum Veterum Fragmenta Minora [Minora fragmenta veterorvm vigvrorvm] [Minor Fragments of Ancient Uyghurs]. (Berliner Turfantexte 47). Turnhout: Brepols.
Toplam 125 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dil Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Orçun Ünal 0000-0002-2591-9035

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, O. (2022). Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]. International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies, 4(2), 126-154. https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344
AMA Ünal O. Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]. IJOUS. Aralık 2022;4(2):126-154. doi:10.46614/ijous.1206344
Chicago Ünal, Orçun. “Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a ‘Turkic Donkey’? Further Examples for Proto-Turkic */T₂/ [ts]”. International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies 4, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 126-54. https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344.
EndNote Ünal O (01 Aralık 2022) Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]. International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies 4 2 126–154.
IEEE O. Ünal, “Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a ‘Turkic Donkey’? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]”, IJOUS, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 126–154, 2022, doi: 10.46614/ijous.1206344.
ISNAD Ünal, Orçun. “Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a ‘Turkic Donkey’? Further Examples for Proto-Turkic */T₂/ [ts]”. International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies 4/2 (Aralık 2022), 126-154. https://doi.org/10.46614/ijous.1206344.
JAMA Ünal O. Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]. IJOUS. 2022;4:126–154.
MLA Ünal, Orçun. “Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a ‘Turkic Donkey’? Further Examples for Proto-Turkic */T₂/ [ts]”. International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies, c. 4, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 126-54, doi:10.46614/ijous.1206344.
Vancouver Ünal O. Is the Tocharian Mule an “Iranian Horse” or a “Turkic Donkey”? Further examples for Proto-Turkic */t₂/ [ts]. IJOUS. 2022;4(2):126-54.

Uluslararası Eski Uygurca Çalışmaları