Araştırma Makalesi
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The Problem Of The Diffusion Of Climate Norms In The European Union

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 76 - 95, 15.04.2024

Öz

Norms, which play a role in ensuring international cooperation, sustainability of peace and construction of the regimes appear as understandings that shape actors and emphasise the what right behaviour should be. Many different concepts such as “norm institutionalization”, “norm internalization” and “norm localization” have been emphasized in order to reveal the role of norms, which are the object of research of many disciplines. In the context of International Relations, actors’ efforts to create obligations, their desire to increase their prestige, and phenomena such as security or war are effective facts in examining norms. In this framework, climate change, which is one of the phenomena in which actors feel insecure and seek solutions, has played an important role in the research of climate norms. And also taking responsibility or ensuring cooperation by actors for this global climate crisis has been among the prominent discussion topics. In ensuring international cooperation, such actors as the United Nations and the European Union have played an important role in the diffusion of climate norms, which undertake the task of building the international climate regime. In this context, the main research question of our study is whether the diffusion of climate norms in the European Union can be explained by the concept of localization. The lack of a comprehensive study on diffusion of climate norms in Turkish literature reveals the importance of the study. The study, which based on content analysis as a research method, aimes to contribute to the Turkish literature on climate norms.

Kaynakça

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Avrupa Birliği’nde İklim Normlarının Yayılması Sorunsalı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 76 - 95, 15.04.2024

Öz

Uluslararası işbirliğinin sağlanmasında, barışın sürdürülebilirliğinde ve rejimlerin inşasında rol alan normlar, aktörleri şekillendiren ve doğru davranışın ne olması gerektiğini vurgulayan anlayışlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Zira birçok disiplinin araştırma nesnesi olan normların rolünün ortaya çıkarılmasında “norm kurumsallaştırılması”, “norm içselleştirilmesi”, “norm yerelleşmesi” gibi pek çok farklı kavram üzerinde durulmuştur. Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde ise normların irdelenmesinde aktörlerin yükümlülük oluşturma çabaları, saygınlıklarını arttırma arzuları, güvenlik ya da savaş gibi olgular etkili olmuştur. Bu bağlamda aktörlerin kendilerini güvensiz hissettiği ve çözüm arayışında olduğu olgulardan biri olan iklim değişikliği, iklim normlarının araştırılmasında rol oynamış, aktörlerin küresel iklim krize yönelik sorumluluk alması ve işbirliğinin sağlanması ön plana çıkan konular arasında yer almıştır. Uluslararası işbirliğinin sağlanmasında Birleşmiş Milletler ve Avrupa Birliği gibi aktörler, uluslararası iklim rejiminin inşası görevini üstlenen iklim normlarının yayılmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızın temel araştırma sorusunu, Avrupa Birliği’nde iklim normlarının yayılımasının yerelleşme kavramı ile açıklanıp açıklanamayacağı oluşturmaktadır. Türkçe literatürde iklim normlarına ve bu normların nasıl yayıldığına yönelik kapsamlı bir çalışmanın olmaması çalışmanın önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırma yöntemi olarak içerik analizini temel alan çalışma iklim normlarını ele almasıyla Türkçe literatüre katkı sağlamayı amaçlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, A. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? Norm localization and institutional change in Asian regionalism. International organization, 58(2), 239-275.
  • Adler, E. (1997). Seizing the middle ground: Constructivism in world politics. European journal of inter- national relations, 3(319), 319-363.
  • Andresen S. & Boasson E. L. (2012). International climate cooperation clear recommendation. S. And- resen, E. L. Boasson and G. Hønneland (Eds.), International environmental agreements. Routledge., 49-66.
  • Axelrod, R. (1986). An evolutionary approach to norms. The American political science review, 80(4), 1095-1111.
  • Bal, S. (2021). Ulusötesi savunuculuk ağları aracılığıyla insan hakları normlarının yerelde yayılması: LGBT+ hakları örneği. Uluslararası ilişkiler, 18(71), 109-127.
  • Björkdahl, A. (2002). Norms in international relations: Some conceptual and methodological reflecti- ons. Cambridge review of international affairs, 15(1), 9-23.
  • Braun, M. (2014). EU climate norms in East-Central Europe. Journal of common market studies, 52(3), 445-460.
  • Bodansky, D. (1993). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A commentary, Yale journal of international law, 18(451), 451-558.
  • Bodur Ün, M. (2023): Contestation of the global norm against violence against women in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 24, 1-22.
  • Bodur Ün, M. & Tabak, H. (2023). Yayılımsız norm oluşumu-Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet karşıtlığı- nın yerel icadı. II. Ulusal Siyaset Bilimi Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Cass, R. L. (2006). The Failures Of American And European Climate Policy: International Norms, Domestic Politics, and Unachievable Commitments, Albany: State University of NewYork Press.
  • Checkel, J. T. (1998). The constructivist turn in international relations theory. World politics, 50, 324-348. Climate Action Network Europe. (2012). Loss and Damage should not be forgotten at Doha, https://ca- neurope.org/loss-and-damage-doha-2012/
  • Dupont, C., Oberthür, S. & Biedenkopf, K. (2018). Climate Change: Adapting to Evolving Internal and External Dynamics. C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf & D. Torney (Ed.), In European Union External Environ- mental Policy, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, pp. 105-124.
  • European Council. (2023). Paris Agreement on Climate Change, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/ policies/climate-change/paris-agreement/
  • European Parliament. (2015). EU position for COP 21 climate change conference, https://www.europarl. europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/572787/EPRS_BRI(2015)572787_EN.pdf
  • European Parliament. (2019). 21st Conference of Parties - Paris Agreement, https://www.europarl.euro- pa.eu/legislative-train/theme-resilient-energy-union-with-a-climate-change-policy/file-cop-21-pa- ris-agreement
  • European Parliament. (2022a). Environment Policy: General principles and basic framework. Fact she- ets on the European Union [Fact sheet]. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/71/en- vironment-policy-general-principles-and-basic-framework
  • European Parliament. (2022b). Combating climate change. Fact sheets on the European Union [Fact she- et]. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/72/combating-climate-change
  • EUR-Lex. (2005). Communication from the Commission - Report on demonstrable progress under the Kyoto Protocol, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52005DC0615 Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International organization, 52(4), 887-917.
  • Heras, P. B. (2018). Krom Kyoto to Paris: Ehe European Union’s contribution to a new world climate order. Revista Catalana de dret ambiental, IX(1), 1-26.
  • Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change. (1988). 43/53 Protection of global climate for present and future generations of mankind, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/02/UNGA43-53.pdf
  • Kaya, Y. (2012). Uluslararası Çevre Antlaşmalarına Uyum Sorunu (1. b.). Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Kaya, Y. (2017). Paris Anlaşmasını iklim adaleti perspektifinden değerlendirmek. Uluslararası ilişkiler, 14(54), 87-106.
  • Karzaoğlu, P. & Çatı, M. O. (2021). İnşacılık yaklaşımı ve kavramsal tartışmalar çerçevesinde Ulusla- rarası Ceza Mahkemesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü dergisi, 23(1), 391-417.
  • Keck, M. & Sikkink, K. (2014). Activists Beyond Borders (1st ed.). London: Corner University Press. Keohane, R. O. (1983). The Demand for International Regimes. S. D. Krasner (Ed.), In International Regimes (1st ed). New York: Cornell University Press, pp.141- 172.
  • Klotz, A. (1995). Norms reconstituting interests: Global racial equality and U.S. sanctions against South Africa”, International organization, 49(3), 451-478.
  • Köni, H. & Özdal, B. (2016 October, 26-27). İklim değişikliği, göç ve politika. TESAM Uluslararası Sos- yal Bilimler Sempozyumu, Y. Deniz F. & Bilgin (Ed.) Bursa: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1983). Overviews. S. D. Krasner (Ed.), In International Regimes (1st ed.). New York: Cor- nell University Press, 1983, pp. 1-22.
  • Kratochwil, F. V. (1989). Rules, Norms and Decisions on Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in In- ternational Relations and Domestic Affairs, (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kratochwil, F. V. & John Gerard Ruggie, J. G. (1986). A state of the art on an art of the state. Internati- onal organization, 40(4), 753-775.
  • Küçük, M. (2017). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Sosyal İnşacılık. R. Gözen (Ed.), Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içinde (4. b.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 325-376.
  • Lee, J. (2020). The Paris Agreement and the prospects for socialization into the climate norm: Lessons from the U.S. and China. Asian international studies review, 21(1), 73-97.
  • Legro, J. W. (1997). Which norms Matter? Revisiting the “failure” of internationalism. International organization, 51(1), 31-63.
  • Mabey, N., Gallagher, L. & Born, C. (2013). Landscape of cliamte diplomacy. In Understanding Climate Diplomacy: Building diplomatic capacity and systems to avoid dangerous climate change, E3G. http://www. jstor.org/stable/resrep17706.7, 15-21.
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms?. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235-258.
  • Moellendorf, D. (2009). Treaty norms and climate change mitigation. Ethics & international affairs, 23(3), 247-265.
  • Moellendorf, D. (2016). Taking UNFCCC norms seriously. C. Heyward & D. Roser (Ed.). Climate chan- ge and Non-ideal Theory (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 104-124.
  • Okereke, C. (2008). Equity norms in global environmental governance, Global environmental politics 8(3), 25-50.
  • Oberthür, S. & Dupont, C. (2021). The European Union’s international climate leadership: Towards a grand climate strategy?, Journal of European public policy, 28(7), 1095-1114.
  • Özdal, B. (2020). Diplomasi. B. Özdal & R. K. Karaca (Ed.), Diplomasi tarihi I içinde (4. b.). Bursa: Dora Yayınevi, 2020, ss. 25-49.
  • Özdal, B. & Vardar Tutan E. (2021). Temel kavramlar, olgular ve kuramlar. B. Özdal (Ed.). Uluslararası Göç ve Nüfus Hareketleri Bağlamında TÜRKİYE içinde, (2.b.). Bursa: Dora Yayınevi, 5-71.
  • Pace, M. (2007). The construction of EU normative power. Journal of common market studies, 45(5), 1041- 1065. Palinkas, P. (1998). The climate change policy: The posıtıon of the European Union. Energy & environ- ment, 9(4), 449-461.
  • Price, R. & Reus Smit, C. (1998). Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and Constructivism. European journal of international relations, 4(3), 259-294.
  • Risse T. & Sikkink, K. (1999). The socialization of international human rights norms into domestic pra- ctices: Introduction. T. Risse, S. C. Ropp & K. Sikkink (Ed.), In The power of human rights: International norms and domestic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-38.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1998). Constructing the world polity: Essays on international institutionalization (1st ed.). Lon- don: Routledge.
  • Rumelili, B. (2014). İnşacılık / Konstrüktivizm. E. Balta (Der.), Küresel siyasete giriş içinde (1. b.). İs- tanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 151-172.
  • Silander, D. (2022). The European Commission on sustainable development. A new normative power in its making?. Forum for Social Economics, https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2022.2032255
  • Stevenson, H. (2009) Cheating on climate change? Australia’s challenge to global warming norms, Australian journal of international affairs, 63(2), 165-186.
  • Tabak, H. (2014). Normlar ve Uluslararası İlişkiler: Türkçe yazın için geç kalınmış bir araştırma gün- demi. İ. Demir (Ed.), Türkiye›nin dış politikası içinde. İstanbul: Dora Yayıncılık, 2014, ss. 19-46.
  • Tabak, H. (2017a). Normlar, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve dış politika. E. Efegil (Ed.), Sosyolojik unsurların dış politikaya etkisi içinde (1. b.). İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları, ss.139-173.
  • Tabak, H. (2017b). Sosyalleşme, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve dış politika. E. Efegil (Ed.), Sosyolojik unsurla- rın dış politikaya etkisi içinde (1. b.). İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları, ss. 175-206.
  • Tabak, H. (2021). Diffusionism and beyond in IR norm research. Global society, 35(3), 327-350.
  • Talu, N. (2019). Avrupa Birliği iklim politikaları, İklim değişikliği eğitim modülleri serisi 3, https://www. iklimin.org/wp-content/uploads/egitimler/seri_03.pdf
  • Taşdemir, İ. & Özdal, B. (2022). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanları’nın söylemlerinde öne çıkan kavramlar bağlamında çevre sorunları: Rol algıları ve çatışan rollerin analizi. Journal of diplomatic re- search, 4(1), 36-56.
  • Torney, D. & Cross, M. K. D. (2018). Environmental and Climate Diplomacy: Building Coalition Th- rough Persuation.
  • C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf & D.Torney (Ed.), In European Union External Environmen- tal Policy. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 39-58.
  • Türkeş, M. (2023). Küresel İklim Değişikliği: Nedenleri, Sonuçları ve İklim Diplomasisi. A. Bilgin, B. Gökkır & G. Erpul (Ed.). Çevre Diplomasisi ve Türkiye içinde (1. b.). İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, ss. 281-337.
  • United Nations. (1992). Report of The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, ht- tps://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/global- compact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf
  • United Nations. (2007). From Stockholm to Kyoto: A brief history of climate change, https://www.un.org/ en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-brief-history-climate-change
  • United Nations. (t.y.). The 17 goals. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Susta- inable Development, https://sdgs.un.org/goals
  • United Nations Digital Library. (1988). The changing atmosphere: Implications for global security, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/106359
  • United Nations Environmental Programme. (2022). What you need to know about the COP27 Loss and Damage Fund, https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-cop27- loss-and-damage-fund
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (1992). United Nations Framework Conven- tion on Climate Change, https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2021). The Explainer: The Paris Agreement, https://unfccc.int/news/the-explainer-the-paris-agreement
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (t.y.a). Introduction, https://unfccc.int/ topics/adaptation-and-resilience/the-big-picture/introduction#loss-and-damage
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (t.y.b). Approaches to address loss and da- mage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries, https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptati- on-and-resilience/workstreams/approaches-to-address-loss-and-damage-associated-with-climate-c- hange-impacts-in-developing-countries
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (t.y.c). The Rio Conventions, https://un- fccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-rio-conventions#What-is-a-UN-Convention
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (t.y.d). What is the United Nations Fra- mework Convention on Climate Change?, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-is-the-uni- ted-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (t.y.e). What are United Nations Climate Change Conferences?, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-are-united-nations-climate-c- hange-conferences
  • Vanhala, L. & Hestbaek, C. (2016, November). Framing climate change loss and damage in UNFCCC negotiations. Global environmental politics, 16(4), 111-129.
  • Wendt, A. (2021). Uluslararası siyasetin sosyal teorisi. H. Sarı Ertem & S. G. I. Öner (Çev.), (3. b.). İstan- bul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Yalvaç, F. (2017). Uluslararası İlişkilerde teori kavramı ve temel teorik tartışmalar. R. Gözen (Ed.), Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri içinde (4. b.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 31-63.
  • Yazar, M. (2022). Norm domestication challenges for local climate actions:A lesson from Arizona, USA. Environmental policy and governance, doi: 10.1002/eet.2038.
  • Yesevi, Ç. G. & Tiftikcigil, B. Y. (2017). Sosyal inşacılık açısından IRENA’nın değerlendirilmesi ve Türkiye’nin yenilenebilir enerji politikası. KOSBED, 33, 113-136.
  • Zehfuss, M. (2004). Constructivism in international Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İlke Taşdemir 0000-0002-7742-1001

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 12 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Taşdemir, İ. (2024). Avrupa Birliği’nde İklim Normlarının Yayılması Sorunsalı. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 76-95.