HAC İBADETİNİN MALİ ZORLUKLARINI AŞMADA BİR MODEL ÖNERİSİ: TÜRKİYE HAC SANDIĞI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 32, 30.06.2021

İbrahim Güran Yumuşak Rümeysa Bilgin

Öz

Haccın mali ve bedeni bir ibadet olmasının getirdiği zorluklara, kontenjan sınırlaması nedeniyle ortaya çıkan tarih belirsizliği de eklenince Türkiye’deki Müslümanların bu süreci yönetmesi zorlaşmaktadır. Özellikle hac hizmetlerinin maliyetinin yüksek olması ve genellikle birden fazla aile üyesi ile gerçekleştirilmesi nedeniyle hac kurası çıkan hacı adayları ciddi bir finansman zorluğu yaşayabilmektedirler. Türkiye’de yaşanan bu problem, Malezya’da 1960’lı yıllarda kurulan Tabung Haji benzeri bir kurumun ihdas edilmesi ile aşılabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de haccın mali külfetinin azaltılması, birikimlerin verimli şekilde değerlendirilmesi ve faizsiz finans araçlarının çeşitlendirilmesine yönelik olarak hac sandığı ve/veya fonu için bir model önermektir. Modelin işlerlik kazanması için, katılım bankaları üzerinden açılacak hesaplarda bireysel emeklilik veya çeyiz hesabı uygulamalarında olduğu gibi belirli bir oranda devlet katkısının sağlanması önerilmektedir. Böylelikle Türkiye’deki faizsiz finans enstrümanları çeşitlendirilmiş, hac için biriktirilen kaynaklar ekonomiye kazandırılmış ve aynı zamanda hacı adaylarını zor durumda bırakan mali belirsizlik ortadan kaldırılmış olacaktır. Haccın yanı sıra umre için de benzer bir mekanizmanın kurulması durumunda Türkiye’de tasarruf yetersizliğinin aşılmasına yönelik güvenilir, verimli ve sürdürülebilir bir model oluşturulabilecek ve reel ekonomiye kaynak sağlanabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye Hac Fonu, Yeni Araçlarla İslami Finans, Sürsürülebilir Kalkınma

A MODEL PROPOSAL TO OVERCOME THE FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES OF HAJJ: TURKEY HAJJ FUND

Öz

In addition to its challenges as a financial and physical form of worship, the uncertainty arising from the quota limitation makes Hajj a challenging process to manage for Muslims in Turkey. Hajj pilgrim candidates may experience serious financial difficulties, especially since the cost of pilgrimage services is very high and the worship is usually carried out with more than one family member. A pilgrimage fund like Malaysia’s Tabung Haji can be launched in Turkey to solve these problems. The proposed model will reduce the financial burden of pilgrimage, provide an efficient investment opportunity and increase the diversification of interest-free financial products in Turkey. Besides, state support is suggested to the hajj accounts in participation banks, such as the support provided to private pension or dowry accounts. The model aims to diversify Islamic finance instruments, supply new funds to the economy, and decrease the financial uncertainty affecting pilgrim candidates. Moreover, if a similar mechanism is established for Umrah, a reliable, efficient, and sustainable model to overcome the deficiencies in Turkey’s saving will be created and new resources will be provided for the real economy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkey Hajj Fund, Islamic Finance with New Instruments, Sustainable Development

Kaynakça

• Al-Jazeera (2019) Hajj 2019: An In-Depth Look at The Sacred Journey. Erişim Adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/08/hajj-2017-depth-sacred-journey-170824132159144.html
• Anadolu Ajansı (2020) Hac Kurasına İlişkin Merak Edilenler. Erişim Adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/hac-kurasina-iliskin-merak-edilenler/1694685
• Arabiyat, W., Alarabeyyat, A., & Obidat, L. H. (2016). E-system of hajj fund for savings and investment. International Journal of Computer Applications, 152(10), 12-16.
• Aziz, A (2019) Ex-Tabung Haji chairman's corruption trial set for hearing on Sept 25. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/extabung-haji-chairmans-corruption-trial-set-hearing-sept-25
• Bangladesh Haj Management Portal. (2020) Erişim Adresi: https://www.hajj.gov.bd/
• Bani Mustafa, A. (2019) JSTA Calls for Improving Selection of Pilgrimage Candidates. Erişim Adresi: https://jordantimes.com/news/local/jsta-calls-improving-selection-pilgrimage-candidates
• Cahyono, E. F., Mardianto, M. F. F., & Widiastuti, T. (2017). Impact of Government Policy on Hajj Funds Transfer on Conventional Bank and Islamic Bank Third Party Funds in Indonesia: Difference in Difference Approach. Abdullah ve diğerleri (Ed.), 1th International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business, and Philanthropy (ICIEBP 2017) (s. 176-180) içinde. Bandung: Indonesia. ISBN: 978-989-758-315-5
• Corruption Case Indonesia: Minister of Religious Affairs Suryadharma Resigns. (2014, 26 Mayıs). Erişim Adresi: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/corruption-in-indonesia-minister-of-religious-affairs-suryadharma-ali-resigns/item2038
• Daim, N., & Rahdi, N.A.M. (2019) 116-Year Waiting Period For TH Depositors To Perform Haj Under Review. Erişim Adresi: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/504708/116-year-waiting-period-th-depositors-perform-haj-under-review
• T.C. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. (2020). Hac 2020. Erişim Adresi: https://hacumre.diyanet.gov.tr/Documents/2020_hac_brosur.pdf
• Emeklilik Gözetim Merkezi (t.y.) Emeklilik Yatırım Fonlarının Getirileri. Erişim Adresi: https://emeklilik.egm.org.tr/eyf-detay-6
• Haj fund launched in Kazakhstan. (2011, 7 Kasım). Erişim Adresi: http://islam.ru/en/content/news/haj-fund-launched-kazakhstan
• Hajj Sea Route Plan on Fast Track. (2018, 15 Aralık) Erişim Adresi: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/haj-sea-route-plan-on-fast-track/article25745906.ece
• Hassan, K. (2019) Global Hajj Management and Islamic Finance. Erişim Adresi: https://ubico.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/04-ISEF-Hajj-Global-Hajj-Management-and-Islamic-Finance.pdf
• Initial Hajj Registration Ends This Evening. (2020, 20 Ocak). Erişim Adresi: https://en.royanews.tv/news/19766/2020-01-20
• Jumali, E. (2018). Management of hajj funds in Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(3), 1-9.
• Karadsheh, J. & Qiblawi, T. (2020) 'Unprecedented' Hajj begins -- with 1,000 pilgrims, rather than the usual 2 million. Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/hajj-2020-coronavirus-intl/index.html
• Korkut, C. (2019) “İslâm Ekonomisinde Sermaye Oluşumu, Birikimi ve Yapısı: Fon Biriktirmede Türkiye İçin Model ve Politika Önerileri” İstanbul S. Zaim Üniversitesi, S.B.E. Doktora Tezi. Erişim Adresi: https://openaccess.izu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12436/556
• Mahmood, W. M. W., & Misban, L. (2007). Deposit mobilization, fund utilization and operating performance: the case of the Tabung Haji Malaysia. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 4(1), 45-58.
• Maldives Center for Islamic Finance. (2018). Maldives Islamic Finance report 2018. Erişim Adresi:https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwizmZbOg7ntAhUOkhQKHaU3ARcQFjABegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmcif.mv%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F08%2FMaldives_Islamic_Finance_Report_2018.pdf%3F52d984%2652d984&usg=AOvVaw1-IVwulVDc8QNdxu21lbad
• Ministry of Religious Affairs and Interfaith Harmony. (2020) Salient Features of Haj Policy and Plan. Erişim Adresi: http://www.hajjinfo.org/hajj/uploads/SalientFeatures2020_English.pdf
• Muneeza, A., Sudeen, A. S. T., Nasution, A., & Nurmalasari, R. (2018). A comparative study of hajj fund management institutions in Malaysia, Indonesia and Maldives. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 5(3), 120-134.
• Munira, M., & Astuti, S. B. (2019). Indonesian hajj fund management: An overview. Asian Journal of Accounting and Finance, 1(1), 1-9.
• Nasution, N., & Faruqi, F. (2019, February). The Rough Way to Management Hajj Fund (BPKH) Implementing Governance of Hajj Fund. In 5th Annual International Conference on Accounting Research (AICAR 2018). Atlantis Press.
• New Hajj scheme of Pakistan under Malaysian Hajj Program Model. (2020, 24 Eylül). Erişim Adresi: https://gharana.pk/new-hajj-scheme-of-pakistan-under-malaysian-hajj-program-model/
• Nigeria: Hajj Savings Scheme to Commence Soon - NAHCON Chair. (2020, 24 Temmuz). Erişim Adresi: https://allafrica.com/stories/202007240578.html
• Nufael, A, & Lee, N. (2019) Malaysia: Ex-Tabung Haji Chief Arrested for Suspected Money Laundering. Erişim Adresi: https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/official-detained-01152019152704.html
• Obaidullah, M & Islahi, A.A. (2003). Hajj related services a case study. The Muslim World League Journal, 31(1), 22-27.
• Obaidullah, M (2019, 16 Kasım) Dynamics of Hajj Fund Management: Some Observations. Erişim Adresi: https://sadaqa.in/2019/11/16/dynamics-of-hajj-fund-management-some-observations/
• PM Imran Khan Willing to Establish Malaysian-Led Model of Hajj Fund. (2020, 20 Şubat). Erişim Adresi: https://whenwherehow.pk/2020/02/20/pm-imran-khan-willing-to-establish-malaysian-led-model-of-hajj-fund/
• Smolo, E., & Hassan, M. K. (2011). Islamic microfinance development challenges and ınitiative. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 14(3), 237-258.
• Soloway, B. (2015) Who Decides Who Gets to Go on the Hajj? Erişim Adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/23/how-to-score-a-ticket-to-the-hottest-event-in-saudi-the-hajj/
• T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019) 2020 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı. Erişim Adresi: http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp content/uploads/2019/11/2020_Yili_Cumhurbaskanligi_Yillik_Programi.pdf
• Suudi Arabistan İstatistik Kurumu. (2019) Hajj Statistics 2019. Erişim Adresi: https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/haj_40_en.pdf
• Tisnadibrata, I. L. (2016) Indonesia seeks bigger quota in order to put an end to illegal pilgrimages. Erişim Adresi: https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1089469/haj-hassle
• Tabazah, S. (2017) Private Companies, Gov’t Continue Arguement Over National Hajj Company. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/private-companies-gov%E2%80%99t-continue-arguement-over-national-hajj-company
• Tabung Haji. (2019) Tabung Haji Report Chart 2019. Erişim Adresi: https://prod-th-assets.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/pdf/tab-content/0/2019-12-12/KAD%20LAPORAN%20TAHUNAN%202019%20LEMBAGA%20TABUNG%20HAJI.pdf?9Nvc_dqhSAmNr38EyBYVEdW2B9VRRNVg=
• Taneja, R. (2018) What Is Haj Subsidy? Why Is It Scrapped? All You Need To Know. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-is-haj-subsidy-for-haj-pilgrims-why-is-it-scrapped-all-you-need-to-know-1800838
• Ullah, A., & Ayesh, M. (2017) The politics of Hajj quotas: 'What would Allah say to this? Erişim Adresi: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/politics-hajj-quotas-what-would-allah-say