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“BEYLER, GERÇEK AMERİKA BU MU?”: YUNG WING, SUI SIN FAR VE YONE NOGUCHI’DE ÖTEKİLEŞTİRME VE IRKÇILIK

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 111 - 126, 21.10.2023

Öz

Birçok Asyalı göçmen Kaliforniya Altın Hücumu nedeniyle on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarından sonlarına doğru Amerika’ya varmış ve doğrudan beyaz Amerikalıların tepkisi ile karşılaşmıştır. Asyalı göçmenlerin dışlanma ve ırkçılık deneyimleri dönemin kurgusal ve kurgusal olmayan edebiyatında karşımıza çıkar. Bu makalede Yung Wing’in My Life in China and America (1909), Sui Sin Far’ın (Edith Maud Eaton) “Leaves from the Mental Portfolio of an Euroasian” ve bazı yayımlanmış köşe yazıları (1910) ile Yone Noguchi’nin The American Diary of a Japanese Girl (1901) eserlerine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu üç eser Amerika’da Asyalılara karşı önyargının hâkim olduğu bir dönemde Asyalıların Amerikanlaşmasını temsil etmeleri açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu makalede, Çinli Amerikalı ve Japon Amerikalı karakterlerin deneyimlerinin, beyazlığın bu eserlerdeki karakterler tarafından elde edilemez olduğunu öne sürdüğü tartışılmaktadır. Dahası, bu makale bu deneyimlerin topluma dahil etme ve ötekileştirme ikileminde işlediğini öne sürmektedir. Burada incelenen eserlerin bazılarında kurgusal olan ve olmayan karakterlerin kapsayıcı/dışlayıcı dili nasıl benimsedikleri incelenerek, makalede ırkçılık, vatandaşlık ve beyazlığın bu karakterlerin Amerikanlaşma süreçlerinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Ayrıca, Amerika’daki Çinli ve Japon göçmenlerin beyaz topluma asimile olamayan ötekileştirilmiş kişiler olarak muamele gördükleri bir dönemde, bu üç anlatının göçmenlerin yaşamlarına küçük bir pencere sunduğu da tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Brodkin, K. (1998). How Jews became white and what that says about race in America. Rutgers University Press.Constitution Annotated: Analysis ad Interpretation of the U. S. Constitution. (n.d.). ArtI.S8.C18.8.4 Early Federal Laws on Immigration. https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-8-4/ALDE_00001258/
  • Daniels, R. (1990). Coming to America: A history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. HarperCollins.
  • Davis, S. F. (1914). Mississippi negro lore. McCowat-Mercer.
  • Diana, V. H. (2001). Biracial/bicultural identity in the writings of Sui Sin Far. MELUS, 26(2), 159-186.
  • Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth (C. Farrington, Trans.). Grove Press. (Original work published in 1961).
  • Far, S. S. (1995). Mrs. spring fragrance and other writings. (Eds. A. Ling & A. White-Parks). University of Illinois Press. (Original work published in 1910).
  • Franey, L. E., & Noguchi, Y. (2007). Introduction. In L. E. Franey & E. Marx (Eds.), The American diary of a Japanese girl: An annotated edition (pp. vii–xx). Temple University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt0gx.3
  • Halverson, C. (2007). “Typical Tokio smile”: Bad American books and bewitching Japanese girls. Arizona Quarterly Volume, 63(1). 49-80.
  • Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791.
  • Jacobson, M. F. (1999). Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race (1st ed.). Harvard UP.
  • Jirousek, L. (2002). Spectacle ethnography and immigrant resistance: Sui Sin Far and Anzia Yezierska. MELUS, 27(1), 25-52.
  • LaCapra, D. (2013). History, literature, critical theory. Cornell UP.
  • Lowe, L. (1998). Immigrant acts: On Asian American cultural politics. Duke UP. (Original work published in 1996).
  • Museum of Chinese in America. (n.d.). Yung Wing. https://www.mocanyc.org/collections/stories/yung-wing/ Noguchi, Y. (1902). American diary of a Japanese girl. Frederick A. Stokes (Original work published in 1901).
  • Painter, N. I. (2011). The history of white people. W.W. Norton. (Original work published in 2010).
  • Riis, J. A. (1997). How the other half lives. Penguin Books (Original work published in 1890).
  • Roediger, D. R. (2006). Working toward whiteness: How America's immigrants became white: The strange journey from Ellis island to the suburbs. Basic Books (Original work published in 1985).
  • Seethaler, I. C. (2011). Dressed to cross: Narratives of resistance and integration in Sei Shonagon's the pillow book and Yone Noguchi's the American diary of a Japanese girl. Ethnic studies review, 34(1), 185-198.
  • Solberg, S. E. (1981). Sui Sin Far/Edith Eaton: First Chinese-American Fictionist. MELUS, 8(1), 27-39.
  • The Extinction of Blue Eyes. (1870). The Emerald: An Illustrated Literary Journal, p. 152.
  • Immigration History. (2019). The page act of 1875 (immigration act) forty-third congress. sess. ii. ch. 141. 1875. https://immigrationhistory.org/item/page-act/
  • White-Parks, A. (1995). A reversal of American concepts of "other-ness" in the fiction of Sui Sin Far. MELUS, 20(1), 17-34.
  • Wing, Y. (1909). My Life in China and America. Henry Holt Company.
  • Worthy, Jr., E. H. (1965). Yung Wing in America. Pacific Historical Review, 34(3), 265-287.

“GENTLEMEN, IS THIS REAL AMERIKEY?”: MARGINALIZATION AND RACISM IN YUNG WING, SUI SIN FAR AND YONE NOGUCHI

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 111 - 126, 21.10.2023

Öz

Yogé Noguchi’s disillusioned character Morning Glory barely sets her foot on American soil as she exclaims “Gentlemen, is this real Amerikey?” (35). When she looks around her in great confusion to devour in the country she has dreamed of for so long, she cannot hide the first frustration of the immigrant upon arrival. Her “Meriken dream” becomes a “complete failure” (Noguchi, 35). Indeed, even though the heaven of opportunities promised the American Dream to immigrants, it did not protect them from the engrained racism in American society and the marginalization that accompanied it. Asian immigrants came in great numbers from mid- to late-nineteenth century due to the California Gold Rush, and they faced an immediate backlash by white Americans. The experiences of exclusion and racism also appear in fictional and non-fictional works of the period. This paper focuses on Yung Wing’s My Life in China and America (1909), Sui Sin Far’s (Edith Maud Eaton) Leaves from the Mental Portfolio of an Euroasian (1910), and Yogé Noguchi’s The American Diary of a Japanese Girl (1901). In the three works that are analyzed in this paper, the Chinese American and Japanese American characters suggest that acceptance by Americans into the society work on a conundrum of inclusion vs. marginalization.

Kaynakça

  • Brodkin, K. (1998). How Jews became white and what that says about race in America. Rutgers University Press.Constitution Annotated: Analysis ad Interpretation of the U. S. Constitution. (n.d.). ArtI.S8.C18.8.4 Early Federal Laws on Immigration. https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-8-4/ALDE_00001258/
  • Daniels, R. (1990). Coming to America: A history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. HarperCollins.
  • Davis, S. F. (1914). Mississippi negro lore. McCowat-Mercer.
  • Diana, V. H. (2001). Biracial/bicultural identity in the writings of Sui Sin Far. MELUS, 26(2), 159-186.
  • Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth (C. Farrington, Trans.). Grove Press. (Original work published in 1961).
  • Far, S. S. (1995). Mrs. spring fragrance and other writings. (Eds. A. Ling & A. White-Parks). University of Illinois Press. (Original work published in 1910).
  • Franey, L. E., & Noguchi, Y. (2007). Introduction. In L. E. Franey & E. Marx (Eds.), The American diary of a Japanese girl: An annotated edition (pp. vii–xx). Temple University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt0gx.3
  • Halverson, C. (2007). “Typical Tokio smile”: Bad American books and bewitching Japanese girls. Arizona Quarterly Volume, 63(1). 49-80.
  • Harris, C. I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1707-1791.
  • Jacobson, M. F. (1999). Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race (1st ed.). Harvard UP.
  • Jirousek, L. (2002). Spectacle ethnography and immigrant resistance: Sui Sin Far and Anzia Yezierska. MELUS, 27(1), 25-52.
  • LaCapra, D. (2013). History, literature, critical theory. Cornell UP.
  • Lowe, L. (1998). Immigrant acts: On Asian American cultural politics. Duke UP. (Original work published in 1996).
  • Museum of Chinese in America. (n.d.). Yung Wing. https://www.mocanyc.org/collections/stories/yung-wing/ Noguchi, Y. (1902). American diary of a Japanese girl. Frederick A. Stokes (Original work published in 1901).
  • Painter, N. I. (2011). The history of white people. W.W. Norton. (Original work published in 2010).
  • Riis, J. A. (1997). How the other half lives. Penguin Books (Original work published in 1890).
  • Roediger, D. R. (2006). Working toward whiteness: How America's immigrants became white: The strange journey from Ellis island to the suburbs. Basic Books (Original work published in 1985).
  • Seethaler, I. C. (2011). Dressed to cross: Narratives of resistance and integration in Sei Shonagon's the pillow book and Yone Noguchi's the American diary of a Japanese girl. Ethnic studies review, 34(1), 185-198.
  • Solberg, S. E. (1981). Sui Sin Far/Edith Eaton: First Chinese-American Fictionist. MELUS, 8(1), 27-39.
  • The Extinction of Blue Eyes. (1870). The Emerald: An Illustrated Literary Journal, p. 152.
  • Immigration History. (2019). The page act of 1875 (immigration act) forty-third congress. sess. ii. ch. 141. 1875. https://immigrationhistory.org/item/page-act/
  • White-Parks, A. (1995). A reversal of American concepts of "other-ness" in the fiction of Sui Sin Far. MELUS, 20(1), 17-34.
  • Wing, Y. (1909). My Life in China and America. Henry Holt Company.
  • Worthy, Jr., E. H. (1965). Yung Wing in America. Pacific Historical Review, 34(3), 265-287.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kuzey Amerika Dilleri, Edebiyatları ve Kültürleri
Bölüm Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi Cilt 7 Sayı 3
Yazarlar

Gamze Katı Gümüş 0000-0002-6416-3218

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Katı Gümüş, G. (2023). “GENTLEMEN, IS THIS REAL AMERIKEY?”: MARGINALIZATION AND RACISM IN YUNG WING, SUI SIN FAR AND YONE NOGUCHI. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 111-126.