Examination of Lower and Upper Extremity Isokinetic Strength Parameters and Speed Performance of Water Polo Athletes

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 159 - 164, 31.08.2021

Ebru Özer Recep Soslu

Öz

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the isokinetic lower and upper extremity parameters and speed performance of water polo athletes aged 15-17. Ten elite male water polo players, aged 15-17, voluntarily took part in the study. Right and left shoulder internal / external rotator, right and left knee flexion/extension isokinetic force measurements (60° sec-1 and 180° sec-1) and 25m swimming speed measurements were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data, p <0.05 was taken as a significance level. As a result of the analysis of the obtained data, between 25m and 60° right and 60° left knee extension and knee flexion values (F (4,9) = .51, p> .05, R2 = -. 28) and 180° right and left knee extension and knee flexion, there was no statistically significant difference (F (4,9) = 1.26, p> .05, R2 = .50). Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was found between the external and internal rotation values of 25m and 60 ° right and left shoulder and external and internal rotation of the right and left shoulders 180 ° (F (4.9) = 2.63, p> .05, R2 = .68). As a result, it is thought that the major force that draws the fluid during swimming is provided by the arm and shoulder muscles, while the leg muscles play a supporting role. In addition, it is thought that water polo players' body, arm and shoulder muscles need higher energy and force requirements during swimming than pelvic and leg muscles are an important factor for performance. Therefore, it is supported by the view that the upper extremity muscles of elite water polo players can be trained at a higher level than lower extremity muscles.
Keywords:Force, Isokinetic strength, Speed, Water polo.

Anahtar Kelimeler

force, isokinetic strenght, speed, water polo

Kaynakça

• [1] Aleksandrović, M., Radovanović, D., Okičić, T., Madić, D., & Georgiev, G. (2011). Functional abilities as a predictor of specific motor skills of young water polo players. Journal of human kinetics, 29, 123.
• [2] Alexander, M. J. (1990). Peak torque values for antagonist muscle groups and concentric and eccentric contraction types for elite sprinters. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 71(5), 334-339.
• [3] Alpaslan, G., Bekır, T., & Adela, B. (2017). The effects of three different type of exercises on aerobic and anaerobic power. Physical education of students, 21(4), 152-157.
• [4] Bayios, I. A., Anastasopoulou, E. M., Sioudris, D. S., & Boudolos, K. D. (2001). Relationship between isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators and ball velocity in team handball. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(2), 229-235.
• [5] Blazevich, A. J., Gill, N., & Newton, R. U. (2002). Reliability and validity of two isometric squat tests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(2), 298-304.
• [6] Bloomfield, J., Blanksby, B. A., Ackland, T. R., & Allison, G. T. (1990). The influence of strength training on overhead throwing velocity of elite water polo players. Aust J Sci Med Sport, 22(3), 63-67.
• [7] D’Auria, S., & Gabbett, T. (2008). A time-motion analysis of international women’s water polo match play. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 3(3), 305-319.
• [8] Dauty, M., & Rochcongar, P. (2001). Reproducibility of concentric and eccentric isokinetic strength of the knee flexors in elite volleyball players. Isokinetics and exercise science, 9(2-3), 129-132.
• [9] Dutta, P., & Subramanium, S. (2002). Effect of six weeks of isokinetic strength training combined with skill training on soccer kicking performance. Science and soccer IV, 334-340.
• [10] Escalante, Y., Saavedra, J. M., Mansilla, M., & Tella, V. (2011). Discriminatory power of water polo game-related statistics at the 2008 Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(3), 291-298.
• [11] Hirashima, M., Kudo, K., Watarai, K., & Ohtsuki, T. (2007). Control of 3D limb dynamics in unconstrained overarm throws of different speeds performed by skilled baseball players. Journal of neurophysiology, 97(1), 680-691.
• [12] İnal, H. S. (2013). Spor ve egzersizde vücut biyomekaniği. Baskı, syf, 43-45.
• [13] Jian-hua, Q. U. (2007). Research on the Features of Isokinetic Contract Strength of Elite Water Polo Athletes' Knee Muscles [J]. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 5.
• [14] Knuttgen, H. G., & Komi, P. V. (2003). Basic considerations for exercise. Strength and power in sport, 3, 3-10.
• [15] Kocahan, T., Kaya, E., Akınoğlu, B., Karaaslan, Y., Yıldırım, N. Ü., & Hasanoğlu, A. (2017). İzokinetik Kuvvet Antrenmanının Farklı Açısal Hızlardaki Kas Kuvveti Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi: Pilot Çalışma. Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3).
• [16] Kristensen, O. H., Stenager, E., & Dalgas, U. (2017). Muscle strength and poststroke hemiplegia: a systematic review of muscle strength assessment and muscle strength impairment. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 98(2), 368-380.
• [17] Lago-Rodríguez, Á., Domínguez, R., Ramos-Álvarez, J. J., Tobal, F. M., Jodra, P., Tan, R., & Bailey, S. J. (2020). The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on isokinetic torque in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12(10), 3022.
• [18] Mameletzi, D., & Siatras, T. (2003). Sex differences in isokinetic strength and power of knee muscles in 10–12 year old swimmers. Isokinetics and exercise science, 11(4), 231-237.
• [19] Markou, S., & Vagenas, G. (2006). Multivariate isokinetic asymmetry of the knee and shoulder in elite volleyball players. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(01), 71-80.
• [20] McLaine, S. J., Ginn, K. A., Fell, J. W., & Bird, M. L. (2018). Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(1), 35-39.
• [21] McMaster, W. C., Long, S. C., & Caiozzo, V. J. (1991). Isokinetic torque imbalances in the rotator cuff of the elite water polo player. The American journal of sports medicine, 19(1), 72-75.
• [22] Mueller, S., Stoll, J., Mueller, J., & Mayer, F. (2013). Validity of isokinetic trunk measurements with respect to healthy adults, athletes and low back pain patients. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 21(93), 93.
• [23] Muñoz-Bermejo, L., Pérez-Gómez, J., Manzano, F., Collado-Mateo, D., Villafaina, S., & Adsuar, J. C. (2019). Reliability of isokinetic knee strength measurements in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one, 14(12), e0226274.
• [24] Olyaei, G. R., Hadian, M. R., Talebian, S., Bagheri, H., Malmir, K., & Olyaei, M. (2006). The effect of muscle fatigue on knee flexor to extensor torque ratios and knee dynamic stability. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 31(2), 121.
• [25] Platanou, T. (2004). Time-motion analysis of international level water polo players. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 46(4), 319-332.
• [26] Platanou, T., & Varamenti, E. (2011). Relationships between anthropometric and physiological characteristics with throwing velocity and on water jump of female water polo players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 51(2), 185.
• [27] Rechichi, C., Dawson, B., & Lawrence, S. R. (2000). A multistage shuttle swim test to assess aerobic fitness in competitive water polo players. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 3(1), 55-64.
• [28] Smith, H. K. (1991, May). Physiological fitness and energy demands of water polo; time-motion analysis of field players and goaltenders. In Proceedings of the Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA) First World Water Polo Coaches seminar (pp. 183-207).
• [29] Soslu, R., Özkan, A., & Göktepe, M. (2016). The Relatıonshıp Between Anaerobıc Performances, Muscle Strength, Hamstrıng/Quadrıceps Ratıo, Agılıty, Sprınt Abılıty And Vertıcal Jump In Professıonal Basketball Players 1. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 164-173.
• [30] Tan, F. H., Polglaze, T., & Dawson, B. (2010). Reliability of an in-water repeated-sprint test for water polo. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 5(1), 117-120.
• [31] Tsekouras, Y. E., Kavouras, S. A., Campagna, A., Kotsis, Y. P., Syntosi, S. S., Papazoglou, K., & Sidossis, L. S. (2005). The anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of elite water polo players. European journal of applied physiology, 95(1), 35-41.
• [32] Van Cingel, E. H. R., Kleinrensink, G. J., Rooijens, P. P. G. M., Uitterlinden, E. J., Aufdemkampe, G., & Stoeckart, R. (2001). Learning effect in isokinetic testing of ankle invertors and evertors. Isokinetics and exercise science, 9(4), 171-177.
• [33] Van der Wende, K. (2005). The effects of game-specific task constraints on the outcome of the water polo shot. Faculty of Health and Environmental Science. Auckland University of Technology. New Zealand.
• [34] Varamenti, E., & Platanou, T. (2008). Comparison of anthropometrical, physiological and technical characteristics of elite senior and junior female water polo players: a pilot study. Open Sports Med J, 2, 50-55.
• [35] Xu, J. (2020). Effects of Flywheel Resistance Training on Muscle Function and Sport-Specific Performance in Collegiate Club Water Polo Players. Utah State University, Master’s of Science in Health and Human Movement. Utah
• [36] Yapıcı, A. (2012) Elit Su Topu Oyuncularında Şut Hızları İle İzokinetik Kas Kuvvetleri Arasındaki İlişki. Hareket ve Antrenman Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Spor Bilimleri Doktora Programı, Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Sağlık bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir,
• [37] Yapıcı, A., Ozkol, M. Z., Ozçaldıran, B., & Ergun, M. (2017). The relationship between throwing velocity with and without leg movements and isokinetic muscle strength in elite water polo players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science.
• [38] Soslu, R., Özer, Ö., & Çuvalcioglu, I. C. (2018). The Effects of Core Training on Basketball Athletes' Antioxidant Capacity. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(11), 128-134.
• [39] Soslu, R., Özer, Ö., Güler, M., & Doğan, A. A. (2019). Is there any Effect of Core Exercises on Anaerobic Capacity in Female Basketball Players. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(3), 99-105.
• [40] Özer, Ö. (2019). Investigation of the Effect of Acute Muscular Fatigue on Static and Dynamic Balance Performances in Elite Wrestlers. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(5), 179-184.
• [41] Meckel, Y., Bishop, D., Rabinovich, M., Kaufman, L., Nemet, D., & Eliakim, A. (2013). Repeated sprint ability in elite water polo players and swimmers and its relationship to aerobic and anaerobic performance. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(4), 738.
• [42] Makaraci, Y., & Agaoglu, S. A. (2021). Effect Of Isokinetic Shoulder Performance, Electromyographic Activation And Throwing Velocity On Shooting Accuracy In Elite Male Handball Players. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education & Recreation, 43(1).