Araştırma Makalesi
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NEGATIVE THEOLOGY, RANDOM PROFANITY, AND SUBVERSIVE SEMIOTICS IN WILLIAM BLAKE’S THE MARRIAGE OF HEAVEN AND HELL

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 131 - 149, 26.12.2023

Öz

Bu çalışmanın odak noktası, İngiliz şair ve gravür sanatçısı William Blake’e ait (1757-1827) Cennet ile Cehennemin Evliliği (1790) adlı eserde dil ve semiyotik paradigmaların provokatif bir şekilde ele alınması üzerine bir inceleme sunmaktır. Bu makale kapsamında Blake’in devrimci ve semiyotik yaklaşımlarının derinliklerinde gezinmekteki amaç, şairin Romantik dönemde politik açıdan yüklü, geleneksel dil ve dini normları kasıtlı olarak nasıl altüst ettiğini ortaya koymaktır. Ayrıca çalışma, Blake’in anlatısında kullanılan “negatif teoloji” ve “rastgele profanlık” gibi yöntemlerin hayati rolünü vurgular. Şairin kutsal ve dünyevi arasındaki farklarını silikleştirilmek suretiyle esasında onları yekpare hale getirmesinin, geleneksel semiyotik çerçeveleri nasıl altüst ettiğini inceler. Bu kapsamda burada öne sürülmektedir ki özellikle Cennet ile Cehennemin Evliliği adlı eserde altüst edilmek istenen, yalnızca işaret (sign) ile onun tekabül ettiği varsayılan anlam (meaning) arasındaki sözde uyum değil, aynı zamanda kültürel olarak zıt ve uyumsuz kabul edilen sözde ihtilaflı ikili yapılardır (binaries). Yukarıda sıralanan amaçlar doğrultusunda bu makale, Blake’in Cennet ile Cehennemin Evliliği adlı eserindeki tahripkâr dil teknikleri ile St. Augustine (354-430) ve C. S. Peirce (1839-1914) tarafından ortaya konmuş göstergebilim teorileri arasında bir gerek çatışma gerekse uzlaşıdan kaynaklı birtakım süreklilikler ortaya koyar. Blake’in St. Augustine tarafından savunulan “sabit işaretler” (fixed signs) metotlarından niçin sapmayı tercih ettiğini irdeler ve Blake’in yaklaşımının Peirce’in dinamik bir anlayışla oluşturduğu “işaretlemenin üçlü modeli” (triadic model of signification) ile uyumlu olan taraflarını gösterir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, Blake’in Cennet ile Cehennemin Evliliği adlı eserindeki ezber bozucu dil kullanımının sadece geleneksel işaret sistemlerine meydan okumakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda derin ve tahripkâr yorumları da aktif olarak teşvik ettiğini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Blake’in okuyucuya yeni ufuklar açan eseri, yerleşik semiyotik kuralları C. S. Peirce’in dinamik semiyotik vizyonu ile birleştiren önemli bir köprü vazifesi görerek, şairin edebi ve felsefi mirasına daha incelikli ancak kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sunar.

Kaynakça

  • Ackroyd, Peter. (1995). Blake: A Biography. London: Sinclair-Stevenson.
  • Altizer, Thomas J. J. (2009). The Revolutionary Vision of William Blake. The Journal of Religious Ethics, 37(1), 33–38.
  • Augustine, Saint. (1958). On Christian Doctrine. D. W. Robertson, Jr. (Trans.) Liberal Arts Press.
  • --- (2001). “The Trinity”. Vincent B. Leitch (Ed.) Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton. 192-196.
  • Beer, John. (2005). William Blake: A Literary Life. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Blake, William. (2007). Blake: The Complete Poems. W.H. Stevenson (Ed.). Routledge.
  • Bloom, Harold. (1958). Dialectic in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 73(5), 501–504.
  • Eco, Umberto. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Indiana University Press.
  • Erdman, David. (1954). Blake: Prophet Against Empire. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Essick, Robert N. (1989). William Blake and the Language of Adam. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Ferguson, Margaret W. (1975). Saint Augustine’s Region of Unlikeness: The Crossing of Exile and Language. The Georgia Review. 29(4). 842-864.
  • Gottdiener, M. (2015). Semiotics and Postmodernism in Postmodernism and Social Inquiry, David R. Dickens and Andrea Fontana (Eds). London: Routledge.
  • Hoopes, James. (1991). Introduction in Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic. James Hoopes (Ed.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1-13.
  • Leitch, Vincent B., et al. (Eds.) (2001). Introduction to Theory and Criticism in The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mee, Jon. (2003). Blake’s Politics in History in Morris Eaves (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to William Blake. Cambridge University Press. 133-149.
  • Peirce, Charles Sanders. (1932). The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, V. 2, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (Eds.), 6 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Richey, William. (1992). The French Revolution: Blake’s Epic Dialogue with Edmund Burke. ELH. 59(4). 817–37.
  • Rosenfeld, Sophia. (2001). A Revolution in Language: The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-Century France. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Tatham, Frederick. (1906). The Life of William Blake in The Letters of William Blake: Together with a Life. Eds. Frederick Tatham, Archibald G. B. Russell. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

NEGATIVE THEOLOGY, RANDOM PROFANITY, AND SUBVERSIVE SEMIOTICS IN WILLIAM BLAKE’S THE MARRIAGE OF HEAVEN AND HELL

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 131 - 149, 26.12.2023

Öz

The focus of this study is an examination of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) by William Blake (1757-1827), the English poet and engraver, aiming to demonstrate its provocative exploration of language and semiotic paradigms. By navigating through the expanse of Blake’s revolutionary and semiotic approaches, it seeks to shed light on his deliberate subversion of politically charged, traditional linguistic and religious norms during the Romantic period. Additionally, the study underscores the pivotal role of “negative theology” and “random profanity” – essentially, an unorthodox treatment of religious experience and an outright departure from expected communication norms in a religious context, respectively – within Blake’s narrative, examining Blake’s adept fusion of the sacred and the profane to disrupt conventional semiotic frameworks. The study specifically notes that The Marriage of Heaven and Hell itself is an attempt to invert not only the so-called one-to-one correspondence between the sign and the meaning it refers to, but also the binaries that are culturally conceived as contrasting and incongruous. In pursuit of these objectives, this paper aims to draw thought-provoking parallels between Blake’s subversive linguistic techniques and the semiotic theories advanced by St. Augustine (354-430) and C. S. Peirce (1839-1914). It accentuates Blake’s deliberate deviation from such fixed signs methodologies as put forth by St. Augustine, pointing out the consonance between Blake’s approach and Peirce’s dynamic triadic model of signification. Ultimately, the study endeavours to elucidate how Blake’s disruptive linguistic position in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell not only contests customary sign systems but also actively fosters interpretations that are not only profound but subversive as well. Serving as a crucial conduit, Blake’s seminal work serves as a significant bridge connecting established semiotic conventions with the dynamic semiotic vision posited by C. S. Peirce, ultimately fostering a more nuanced and expansive apprehension of Blake’s literary and philosophical legacies.

Kaynakça

  • Ackroyd, Peter. (1995). Blake: A Biography. London: Sinclair-Stevenson.
  • Altizer, Thomas J. J. (2009). The Revolutionary Vision of William Blake. The Journal of Religious Ethics, 37(1), 33–38.
  • Augustine, Saint. (1958). On Christian Doctrine. D. W. Robertson, Jr. (Trans.) Liberal Arts Press.
  • --- (2001). “The Trinity”. Vincent B. Leitch (Ed.) Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton. 192-196.
  • Beer, John. (2005). William Blake: A Literary Life. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Blake, William. (2007). Blake: The Complete Poems. W.H. Stevenson (Ed.). Routledge.
  • Bloom, Harold. (1958). Dialectic in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 73(5), 501–504.
  • Eco, Umberto. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Indiana University Press.
  • Erdman, David. (1954). Blake: Prophet Against Empire. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
  • Essick, Robert N. (1989). William Blake and the Language of Adam. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Ferguson, Margaret W. (1975). Saint Augustine’s Region of Unlikeness: The Crossing of Exile and Language. The Georgia Review. 29(4). 842-864.
  • Gottdiener, M. (2015). Semiotics and Postmodernism in Postmodernism and Social Inquiry, David R. Dickens and Andrea Fontana (Eds). London: Routledge.
  • Hoopes, James. (1991). Introduction in Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic. James Hoopes (Ed.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1-13.
  • Leitch, Vincent B., et al. (Eds.) (2001). Introduction to Theory and Criticism in The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mee, Jon. (2003). Blake’s Politics in History in Morris Eaves (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to William Blake. Cambridge University Press. 133-149.
  • Peirce, Charles Sanders. (1932). The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, V. 2, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (Eds.), 6 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Richey, William. (1992). The French Revolution: Blake’s Epic Dialogue with Edmund Burke. ELH. 59(4). 817–37.
  • Rosenfeld, Sophia. (2001). A Revolution in Language: The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-Century France. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Tatham, Frederick. (1906). The Life of William Blake in The Letters of William Blake: Together with a Life. Eds. Frederick Tatham, Archibald G. B. Russell. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İngiliz ve İrlanda Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Neslihan Şentürk Uzun 0000-0001-9963-6495

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şentürk Uzun, N. (2023). NEGATIVE THEOLOGY, RANDOM PROFANITY, AND SUBVERSIVE SEMIOTICS IN WILLIAM BLAKE’S THE MARRIAGE OF HEAVEN AND HELL. World Language Studies, 3(2), 131-149.