BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Use of Insects As Alternative Protein Sources In Animal Nutrtion

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 4, 531 - 538, 09.11.2014

Öz

Due to human nutritional needs for animal protein, poultry production is anticipated to increase in the next 20 years worldwide. Poultry industry relies on cereals as the principal sources of energy in poultry diets. However, animals compete with humans for existing cereals. This leads to increased cost of cereals and feed ingredients and in turn, deficits in feed ingredients. On the other hand, increased demand for fish meal has rapidly increased fish meal prices. This increase is currently ongoing which makes fish meal less accesible for small farmers. As a result, increased pressure on animal production and rapidly increased fish meal prices urged researchers to seek alternative protein sources for production of fisheries and farm animals. Protein-rich insects are considered as economically viable alternative sources of protein. Insects also have a high content of essential amino acids, fats, vitamins and minerals. The quality of insect protein is similar to that of soybean meal or fish meal. Digestibility levels of amino acids are also high (87-99%). Insects are also a good source of minerals including phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium. Despite their potential use for their high protein and mineral content, it should be considered that insects may produce toxins and their mineral contents can reach toxic levels in some cases. Hence, a careful assessment for potential mineral toxicity is required before using them as supplements in poultry rations. About 1.900 insect species are consumed by humans every year worldwide, predominantly being in developing countries.

Kaynakça

  • Ajai, A.I., Bankole, M., Jacob, J.O. and Audu, U.A., 2013. Determination of some essential minerals in selected edible insects. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistr, 7(5): 194-197.
  • Amao, O.A., Oladunjoye, I.O., Togun, V.A., Olubajo, K. and Oyaniyi, O., 2010. Effects of westwood (Cirina forda) larva meal on the laying performance and egg characterisitics of laying hen in a tropical environment. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(5): 450-454.
  • Anand, H., Ganguly, A. and Haldar, P., 2008. Potential value of acridids as high protein supplement for poultry feed. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(7): 722-725.
  • Andrew, N., 2010. Australian poultry CRC. Final Report. Program (Subprogram No. 1). Australian Poultry CRC Pty Ltd. 1-14.
  • Anonymous, 2014. List of animal feeds. Feedipedia-animal feed resources information system. http://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?category=17919 (21.04.2014).
  • Awoniyi, T.A.M., Aletor, V.A. and Aina, J.M., 2003. Performance of broiler- chickens fed on maggot meal in place of fishmeal. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2(4): 271-274.
  • Awoniyi, T.A.M., 2007. Health, nutritional and consumers’ acceptability assurance of maggot meal inclusion in livestock diet: A review. International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2(2): 52-56.
  • Bambara, S and Watson, W., 2011. Insects found in forage and pasture. NC State University. Department of Entomology.
  • http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/forage/past&for/past&for.html (09.05.2014).
  • Bernard, J.B., Allen, M.E. and Ullrey, D.E., 1997. Feeding captive insectivorous animals: Nutritional aspects of insects as food. Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook. Fact Sheet 003, August: 1-7.
  • Ekpo, K.E., 2011. Nutritional and biochemical evaluation of the protein quality of four popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria. Scholars Research Library, 3(6): 24-40.
  • Fanatico, A., 1998. Feeding chickens. ATTRA-national sustainable agriculture information service.
  • http://ucanr.org/sites/placernevadasmallfarms/files/102989.pdf (28.08.2014)
  • Finke, M.D., 2008. Nutrient content of insects. In J.L. Capineira (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition. Springer Netherlands. 2687-2710.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E.C., Jang, A., Kang, H.K., Oh, J.S., Kim, B.W. and Park, B.S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, A feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30 (4): 609-614.
  • Jacob, J., 2013. Including insects in organic poultry diets.
  • http://www.extension.org/pages/69999/including-insects-in-organic-poultry-diets#.U2uEPTPehdg (08.04.2014).
  • Khusro, M., Andrew, N.R. and Nicholas, A., 2012. Insects as poultry feed: A scoping study for poultry production systems in Australia. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 68 (3): 435-446.
  • Moreki, J.C., Tiroesele, B. and Chiripasi, S.C., 2012. Prospects of utilizing insects as alternative sources of protein in poultry diets in Botswana: A Review. Journal of Animal Science Advance, 2(8): 649-658.
  • Oyegoke, O.O., Akintola, A.J. and Fasoranti, J.O., 2006. Dietary potentials of the edible larvae of Cirina forda (Westwood) as a poultry feed. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(19): 1799-1802.
  • Pretorius, Q., 2011. The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler production, Stellenbosch University, MSc Thesis, Stellenboch.
  • http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/6667 (29.08.2014)
  • Prins, J.D., 2014. Book review on edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Advances in Entomology, 2 (1): 47-48.
  • Smith, R. and Pryor, R., 2014. Enabling the exploitation of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed and human nutrition. PROteINSECT grant agreement number: 312084. Work Package 5: Pro-Insect Platform in Europe-Deliverable 5.1.
  • http://www.ffpidi.org/documents/legislation/D5.1t-FINAL.pdf (04.09.2014)
  • Sun, T., Long, R.J., Liu, Z.Y., Ding, W.R. and Zhang, Y., 2012. Aspects of lipid oxidation of meat from free-range broilers consuming a diet containing grasshoppers on Alpine steppe of the Tibetan Plateau. Poultry Science, 91(1): 224-231.
  • http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/1/224 (09.04.2014)
  • Van Huis, A.V., 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology,58: 563-583.
  • Van Huis, A.V., Itterbeeck, J.V., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G and Vantomme, P., 2013. Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper, Wageningen, 171.
  • Veldkamp, T., Duinkerken, G.V., Huis, A.V., Lakemond, C.M.M., Ottevanger, E., Bosh, G. and van Boekel, M.A.J.S., 2012. Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets- a feasibility study. Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Report 638.
  • Wang, D., Zhai, S.W., Zhang, C.X., Bai, Y.Y., An, S.H. and Xu, Y.N., 2005. Evaluation on nutritional value of field crickets as a poultry feedstuff. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 18(5): 667-670.

Hayvan Beslemede Alternatif Protein Kaynağı Olarak Böceklerin Kullanımı

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 4, 531 - 538, 09.11.2014

Öz

Gelecek 20 yıl içerisinde insanların hayvansal proteine olan ihtiyaçları nedeniyle, tüm dünyada kanatlı üretiminin artacağı ümit edilmektedir. Kanatlı endüstrisi hayvanların beslenmesinde kullanılan tahıllara güvenmektedir. Ancak, mevcut tahıllar için hayvanlar ile insanlar bir rekabet içindedir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak da tahılların ve diğer yem bileşenlerinin maliyeti artmakta ve yem bileşenlerinde de bir eksiklik ortaya çıkmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, balık ununa olan taleplerdeki artış, balık unu fiyatının hızlı bir şekilde yükselmesine neden olmuştur. Bu artış günümüzde de hızla devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle, küçük çiftçilerin balık ununa ulaşmaları mümkün olmamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, hayvansal üretimdeki artan üretim baskısı ile birlikte balık unu fiyatlarının da hızla yükselmesi araştırıcıları, su ürünleri ve çiftlik hayvanlarının yetiştiriciliği için alternatif protein kaynaklarını aramaya sevk etmiştir. Proteince zengin böcekler, protein katkılarının maliyetini azaltmak için bir seçenek olarak düşünülmektedir. Böcekler aynı zamanda esansiyel aminoasit, yağ, vitamin ve mineral içeriği bakımından da çok zengindir. Protein kalitesi bakımından soya küspesi ve balık ununa benzemektedir. Aminoasitlerinin sindirilebilirlik düzeyleri de çok yüksektir (%87-99). Mineral içeriği olarak da fosfor, demir, çinko, bakır, manganez ve selenyum bakımından zengindir. Böcekler yüksek protein ve mineral içeriğinden dolayı kullanılabilir olmasına rağmen unutulmamalıdır ki, böcekler toksin üretebilir ve bazı durumlarda da mineral düzeyleri toksik seviyede olabilir. Bu nedenle, kanatlı yemlerine dahil edilmeden önce özel olarak dikkat edilmesi gerekmektedir. Çoğunluğu gelişmekte olan ülkeler olmak üzere Dünya’da yaklaşık 1.900 böcek türü tüketilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ajai, A.I., Bankole, M., Jacob, J.O. and Audu, U.A., 2013. Determination of some essential minerals in selected edible insects. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistr, 7(5): 194-197.
  • Amao, O.A., Oladunjoye, I.O., Togun, V.A., Olubajo, K. and Oyaniyi, O., 2010. Effects of westwood (Cirina forda) larva meal on the laying performance and egg characterisitics of laying hen in a tropical environment. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(5): 450-454.
  • Anand, H., Ganguly, A. and Haldar, P., 2008. Potential value of acridids as high protein supplement for poultry feed. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(7): 722-725.
  • Andrew, N., 2010. Australian poultry CRC. Final Report. Program (Subprogram No. 1). Australian Poultry CRC Pty Ltd. 1-14.
  • Anonymous, 2014. List of animal feeds. Feedipedia-animal feed resources information system. http://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?category=17919 (21.04.2014).
  • Awoniyi, T.A.M., Aletor, V.A. and Aina, J.M., 2003. Performance of broiler- chickens fed on maggot meal in place of fishmeal. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2(4): 271-274.
  • Awoniyi, T.A.M., 2007. Health, nutritional and consumers’ acceptability assurance of maggot meal inclusion in livestock diet: A review. International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2(2): 52-56.
  • Bambara, S and Watson, W., 2011. Insects found in forage and pasture. NC State University. Department of Entomology.
  • http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/forage/past&for/past&for.html (09.05.2014).
  • Bernard, J.B., Allen, M.E. and Ullrey, D.E., 1997. Feeding captive insectivorous animals: Nutritional aspects of insects as food. Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook. Fact Sheet 003, August: 1-7.
  • Ekpo, K.E., 2011. Nutritional and biochemical evaluation of the protein quality of four popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria. Scholars Research Library, 3(6): 24-40.
  • Fanatico, A., 1998. Feeding chickens. ATTRA-national sustainable agriculture information service.
  • http://ucanr.org/sites/placernevadasmallfarms/files/102989.pdf (28.08.2014)
  • Finke, M.D., 2008. Nutrient content of insects. In J.L. Capineira (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition. Springer Netherlands. 2687-2710.
  • Hwangbo, J., Hong, E.C., Jang, A., Kang, H.K., Oh, J.S., Kim, B.W. and Park, B.S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, A feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30 (4): 609-614.
  • Jacob, J., 2013. Including insects in organic poultry diets.
  • http://www.extension.org/pages/69999/including-insects-in-organic-poultry-diets#.U2uEPTPehdg (08.04.2014).
  • Khusro, M., Andrew, N.R. and Nicholas, A., 2012. Insects as poultry feed: A scoping study for poultry production systems in Australia. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 68 (3): 435-446.
  • Moreki, J.C., Tiroesele, B. and Chiripasi, S.C., 2012. Prospects of utilizing insects as alternative sources of protein in poultry diets in Botswana: A Review. Journal of Animal Science Advance, 2(8): 649-658.
  • Oyegoke, O.O., Akintola, A.J. and Fasoranti, J.O., 2006. Dietary potentials of the edible larvae of Cirina forda (Westwood) as a poultry feed. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(19): 1799-1802.
  • Pretorius, Q., 2011. The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler production, Stellenbosch University, MSc Thesis, Stellenboch.
  • http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/6667 (29.08.2014)
  • Prins, J.D., 2014. Book review on edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Advances in Entomology, 2 (1): 47-48.
  • Smith, R. and Pryor, R., 2014. Enabling the exploitation of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed and human nutrition. PROteINSECT grant agreement number: 312084. Work Package 5: Pro-Insect Platform in Europe-Deliverable 5.1.
  • http://www.ffpidi.org/documents/legislation/D5.1t-FINAL.pdf (04.09.2014)
  • Sun, T., Long, R.J., Liu, Z.Y., Ding, W.R. and Zhang, Y., 2012. Aspects of lipid oxidation of meat from free-range broilers consuming a diet containing grasshoppers on Alpine steppe of the Tibetan Plateau. Poultry Science, 91(1): 224-231.
  • http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/1/224 (09.04.2014)
  • Van Huis, A.V., 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology,58: 563-583.
  • Van Huis, A.V., Itterbeeck, J.V., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G and Vantomme, P., 2013. Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper, Wageningen, 171.
  • Veldkamp, T., Duinkerken, G.V., Huis, A.V., Lakemond, C.M.M., Ottevanger, E., Bosh, G. and van Boekel, M.A.J.S., 2012. Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets- a feasibility study. Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Report 638.
  • Wang, D., Zhai, S.W., Zhang, C.X., Bai, Y.Y., An, S.H. and Xu, Y.N., 2005. Evaluation on nutritional value of field crickets as a poultry feedstuff. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 18(5): 667-670.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Tekeli Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Kasım 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekeli, A. (2014). Hayvan Beslemede Alternatif Protein Kaynağı Olarak Böceklerin Kullanımı. Türk Tarım Ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4), 531-538.