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TİCARİ VE SİYASAL LİBERALİZASYON VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİLERİ: GEÇİŞ EKONOMİLERİ DENEYİMİ

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 161 - 195, 27.11.2010

Öz

Kalkınma iktisadında popüler konulardan birisi de ekonomilerin
dışa açılması ve buna bağlı olarak büyümenin sağlanacağına dair argümandır.
Bu çerçevede, ekonomilerin liberalize edilmesi ve ihracata yönelik politikaların
uygulanmasının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde anlamlı etkilerinin olduğunu ortaya
koyan çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda, ihracatın büyüme
üzerinde anlamlı etkisinin olabilirliğinin ön koşulunun asgari kalkınmışlık
düzeyinde olması gerekliliği ile ifade edilir. Diğer taraftan kurumsal yönetim ve
iyi idare kavramları ile giderek daha popüler hale gelen literatür ise, istikrarlı
büyümenin belirleyicilerinin sadece ekonomik liberalizasyonla değil, bunun aynı
zamanda siyasal liberalizasyonla desteklenmesi gerekliliğine işaret eder. Bu
çalışmada, geçiş ekonomilerinde siyasal ve ekonomik liberalizasyon ile
ekonomik büyüme ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Tahmin sonuçlarına göre, geçiş
ekonomilerinin tamamı ile düşük gelirli geçiş ekonomilerinde yakalanamayan
siyasal liberalizasyon ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi, üst ve orta-üst gelir
grubunda bulunan ülkeler için belirgin bir şekilde ortaya çıktığı gözlenmiştir.
Diğer bir ifadeyle elde edilen sonuçlar, ticari liberalizasyonun büyüme üzerine
etkilerinin görülebilmesi için ekonomik açıdan asgari kalkınmışlık düzeyinde
olma koşulunun olduğu gözlenmektedir. Aynı zamanda bunun siyasal anlamda
da belirli bir özgürlük düzeyine ulaşmış olma gerekliliği ile paralel gittiğine
işaret etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulai, Awudu and Philippe Jacquet (2002), “Exports and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Evidence for Côte d’Ivoire”, African Development Review, 14 (1): 1-17.
  • Alcalá, Francisco and Antonio Ciccone (2004), “Trade and Productivity”, http://www.crei.cat/people/ciccone/pdf_files/final_trade.pdf (Temmuz 2006).
  • Balassa, Bela (1978), “Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 5: 181-89.
  • Balassa, Bela (1985), “Exports, Policy Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries after the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 18: 23-35.
  • Balasubramanyam, V. N., Mohammed Salisu and David Sapsford (1996), “Foreign Direct Investment in EP and IS Countries”, Economic Journal, 106: 92-105.
  • Barlow, David (2006), “Growth in Transiton Economies: A Trade Policy Perspective”, Economics of Transition, 14(3): 505-515.
  • Becker, Bo and David Greenberg (2003), The Real Effects of Finance: Evidence from Exports, (http://www.bancaditalia.it/ricerca/ statist/ conv_svo/cepr/Becker.pdf) (Ocak 2006).
  • Ben-David, Dan, Hakan Nordström and L. Alan Winters (1999), Trade, Income Disparity and Poverty, World Trade Organization, Geneva. Berg, Andrew and Anne, Kruger (2003), “Trade, Growth, and Poverty: a Selective Survey”, IMF Working Paper, Wp/03/30.
  • Clarke, Judith A. and Mukesh Ralhan (2005), Direct and Indirect Causality Between Exports and Economic Output for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka: Horizon Matters, University of Victoria, Econometrics Working Paper EWP05012.
  • de Melo, Martha, Cevdet Denizer, Alan Gelb and Stoyan Tenev (1997), “Circumstances and Choice: The Role of Initial Conditions and Policies in Transition Economies”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1866, Washington, DC.
  • Dollar, David (1992), “Outward-oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976–1985”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40: 523-44.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2001), Trade, Growth and Poverty, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2002), “Institutions, Trade, and Growth”, http://www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/April02-pdfs/ITG2.pdf (Eylül 2006).
  • Easterly, William (1993), “How Much Do Distortions Affect Growth?”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32 (2): 187-212.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1992), “Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Developing Countries’, Journal of Development Economics, 39 (1): 31- 57.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1998), “Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?”, Economic Journal, 108: 383-398. Estrada, Mario Arturro Ruiz and Fei Yap Su (2006), “The Openness Growth Monitoring Model ‘OGM-Model”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(3): 235-246.
  • Falcetti, Elisabetta, Martin Raiser and Peter Sanfey (2002), “Defying the Odds: Initial Conditions, Reforms and Growth in the first Decade of Transition’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 30: 229-250.
  • Feder, Gershon (1982), “On Exports and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 12: 59-73.
  • Federici, Daniela and Daniela Marconi (2002), “On Exports and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11 (3): 323-340.
  • Findlay, Christopher and Andrew Watson (1996), Economic Growth and Trade Dependency in China, Chinese Economies Research Center, Working Papers, University of Adelaide.
  • Fischer Stanley, Ratna Sahay and Carlos A. Vegh (1996), “Stabilization and Growth in Transition Economies: The Early Experience”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 45-66.
  • Fischer, Stanley (2000), Lunch Address Given at the Conference on Promoting Dialogue: Global Challenges and Global Institutions, American University, Washington, DC.
  • Frankel, Jeffrey A. and David Romer (1999), “Does Trade Cause Growth”, American Economic Review, 89(3): 379-399.
  • de Melo, Martha, Cevdet Denizer, Alan Gelb and Stoyan Tenev (1997), “Circumstances and Choice: The Role of Initial Conditions and Policies in Transition Economies”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1866, Washington, DC.
  • Dollar, David (1992), “Outward-oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976–1985”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40: 523-44.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2001), Trade, Growth and Poverty, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2002), “Institutions, Trade, and Growth”, http://www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/April02-pdfs/ITG2.pdf (Eylül 2006).
  • Easterly, William (1993), “How Much Do Distortions Affect Growth?”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32 (2): 187-212.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1992), “Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Developing Countries’, Journal of Development Economics, 39 (1): 31- 57.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1998), “Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?”, Economic Journal, 108: 383-398.
  • Estrada, Mario Arturro Ruiz and Fei Yap Su (2006), “The Openness Growth Monitoring Model ‘OGM-Model”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(3): 235-246.
  • Falcetti, Elisabetta, Martin Raiser and Peter Sanfey (2002), “Defying the Odds: Initial Conditions, Reforms and Growth in the first Decade of Transition’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 30: 229-250.
  • Feder, Gershon (1982), “On Exports and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 12: 59-73.
  • Federici, Daniela and Daniela Marconi (2002), “On Exports and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11 (3): 323-340.
  • Findlay, Christopher and Andrew Watson (1996), Economic Growth and Trade Dependency in China, Chinese Economies Research Center, Working Papers, University of Adelaide.
  • Fischer Stanley, Ratna Sahay and Carlos A. Vegh (1996), “Stabilization and Growth in Transition Economies: The Early Experience”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 45-66.
  • Fischer, Stanley (2000), Lunch Address Given at the Conference on Promoting Dialogue: Global Challenges and Global Institutions, American University, Washington, DC.
  • Frankel, Jeffrey A. and David Romer (1999), “Does Trade Cause Growth”, American Economic Review, 89(3): 379-399.
  • Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser and Manuchehr Irandoust (2000), “Time-Series Evidence for Balassa’s Export-led Growth Hypothesis”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 9 (3): 355–365.
  • Havrylyshyn, Oleh, Ivalio Izvorski, and Ron van Rooden, (1998), “Recovery and Growth in Transition Economies 1990-1997: A Stylized Regression Analysis”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper No. 98/141, Washington, DC.
  • Havrylyshyn, Oleh and Ron van Rooden (2000), “Institutions Matter in Transition, but so do Policies”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper No. 00/70, Washington, DC.
  • Hernández-Cáta, Ernesto (1997), “Liberalization and the Behavior of Output during the Transition from Plan to Market’, IMF Staff Papers, 44: 405- 429.
  • Heybey, Berta and Peter Murrel (1999), “The Relationship between Economic Growth and the Speed of Liberalization During the Transition’, Policy Reform, 3: 121-137.
  • Hong, Wontack (1993), “Export-Oriented Growth and Equity in Korea”, in: Takatoshi, Ito, and Anne O. Krueger, (eds) Trade and Protectionism, The University of Chicago Pres, pp.51-77. http://gias.snu.ac.kr/ wthong/publication/TandG/tm22.pdf (Aralık 2005)
  • Irwin, Doglas and Mark Tervi (2000), “Does Trade Raise Income? Evidence from the Twentieth Century”, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper Series, No: 7747, Cambridge.
  • Islam, Nazrul (1995), “Growth Emprics: A Panel Data Approach”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (4): 1127-1170. Johenseon, Simone, Peter Boone, Alasdair Breach and Eric Friedman (2000), “Corporate Governance in the Asian Financial Crisis”, Journal of Financial Economics, 58: 141-186.
  • Kaldor, Nicholas (1970), “The Case for Regional Policies”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 17: 337-348.
  • Krueger, Anne O. (1978), Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalization Attempts and Consequences, Cambridge, MA: Balinger.
  • Krueger, Anne O. (1998), “Why Trade Liberalization is Good for Growth”, The Economic Journal, 108: 1513-1522.
  • Lee, Jong-Wha (1993), “International Trade, Distortions, and Long-Run Economic Growth”, IMF Staff Papers, 40(2): 299-328.
  • Lee, Eddy (2005), Trade Liberalization and Employment, DESA Working Paper No. 5.
  • Levine, Ross and David Renelt (1992), “A Sensitivity Analysis of CrossCountry Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review, 82 (4): 942-963.
  • Makin, A. J. (2002), International Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall, London. Matin, Kazi M. (1992), “Openness and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Time-Series Cross-Country Analysis”, World Bank, Working Paper No. 1025.
  • Medina-Smith, Emilio J. (2001), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Developing Countries? A Case Study of Costa Rica”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 7.
  • Merlevede, Bruno (2003), “Reform Reversals and Output Growth in Transition Economies”, Economics of Transition, 11 (4): 649-669.
  • Mihailov, Alexander (2005), Strategies for Development, UNCTAD and NonTariff Barriers, University of Essex, (http://courses.essex.ac. uk/ec/ec246/ec246c03.pdf), (Aralık 2005).
  • Mostert, J. (2003), “The Impact of Globalisation on Developing Countries”, The Economic Society of South Africa, (http://www.essa.org.za/ download/ papers2003.htm) (Aralık 2005).
  • Onaran, Özlem and Engelbert Stockhammer (2002), Two Different Exportoriented Growth Strategies under a Wage-led Accumulation Regime: à la Turca and à la South Korea, Political Economy Research Institute, Working Paper Series, Number 38.
  • Radulescu, Roxana and David Barlow (2002), “The Relationship between Policies and Growth in Transition Countries’, Economics of Transition, 10 (3): 719-745.
  • Proudman, James, Stephen, Redding and Marco Bianchi (1997), “Is International Openness Associated with Faster Economic Growth”, Bank of England, ISSN 1368-5562, http://www.bankofengland.co. uk/publications/workingpapers/wp63.pdf (Aralık 2005)
  • Rodríguez, Francisco and Dani Rodrik (2000), Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence, University of Maryland, (http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp799.pdf) (Aralık 2005).
  • Rodrik, Dani (1997), “Trade Policy and Economic Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa”, http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/tp1.PDF (Aralık 2005)
  • Rodrik, Dani (2000), “Can Integratıon into the World Economy Substıtute for a Development Strategy?”,http://atecex.uexternado.edu.co/eco2fin/ Lecturas/ (Rodrik)%20Integracion%20y%20desarrollo.pdf (Aralık 2005).
  • Sachs, Jeffrey and Andrew Warner (1995), “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activities,1: 1- 95.
  • Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (1997), “I Just Ran Two Million Regressions”, American Economic Review, 87(2): 178-183.
  • Samman, Emma (2005), “Openness and Growth: An Empirical Investigation”, Human Development Report, Occasional Paper: 2005/22.
  • Santos-Paulino, Amelia U. (2005), “Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence for Developing Countries”, World Economy, 28: 783-821.
  • Santos-Paulino, Amelia and A. P. Thirlwall (2004), “The Impact Of Trade Liberalisation on Exports, Imports and the Balance of Payments of Developing Countries”, Economic Journal, 114: 50-72.
  • Savaş, F. Vural, Ergül Han ve A. Ayten Kaya (1999), İktisadi Kalkınma, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ders Kitapları Yayın No: 37, Eskişehir.
  • Sentsho, Joel (2003), “Export Revenues As Determinants Of Economic Growth: Evidence From Botswana”, Economic Society of South Africa, (http://www.essa.org.za/download/papers2003.htm) (Aralık 2005).
  • Seyidoğlu, Halil (2003), Uluslararası İktisat: Teori, Politika ve Uygulama, Güzem Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sharma, Abhijit and Theodore Panagiotidis (2004), An Analysis of Exports and Growth in India: Cointegration and Causality Evidence (1971-2001), http://info.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ec/Reasearchpapers/2004/SharmaIn dia_RDE.pdf (Ocak 2006).
  • Singer, Hans W. and Patricia Gray (1988), “Trade Policy and Growth of Developing Countries: Some New Data”, World Development, 16 (3): 395-403.
  • Sinha, Dipendra (1999), Export Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in Asian Countries: A Time Series Analysis, Economic Growth Center Yale University, Center Discussion Paper No. 799.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1998), “Towards a New Paradigm for Development: Strategies, Policies, and Processes”, Prebisch Lecture at UNCTAD, Geneva.
  • Stroomer, Chad and David E.A. Giles (2003), Income Convergence and Trade Openness: Fuzzy Clustering and Time Series Evidence, University of Victoria, Econometrics Working Paper EWP0304, (http://web.uvic. ca/econ/ewp0304.pdf) (Aralık 2005).
  • Subasat, Turan (2004), “Does Trade Openness Increase Economic Growth? A Critical Review of the Evidence for Developing Countries”, Development Policy Review, 20 (3): 333-349.
  • Yanikkaya, Halit (2003), “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A CrossCountry Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Development Economics, 72: 27-89.
  • World Bank (1987), World Development Report, Oxford University Pres, Washington, DC
Yıl 2007, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 161 - 195, 27.11.2010

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdulai, Awudu and Philippe Jacquet (2002), “Exports and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Evidence for Côte d’Ivoire”, African Development Review, 14 (1): 1-17.
  • Alcalá, Francisco and Antonio Ciccone (2004), “Trade and Productivity”, http://www.crei.cat/people/ciccone/pdf_files/final_trade.pdf (Temmuz 2006).
  • Balassa, Bela (1978), “Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 5: 181-89.
  • Balassa, Bela (1985), “Exports, Policy Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries after the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 18: 23-35.
  • Balasubramanyam, V. N., Mohammed Salisu and David Sapsford (1996), “Foreign Direct Investment in EP and IS Countries”, Economic Journal, 106: 92-105.
  • Barlow, David (2006), “Growth in Transiton Economies: A Trade Policy Perspective”, Economics of Transition, 14(3): 505-515.
  • Becker, Bo and David Greenberg (2003), The Real Effects of Finance: Evidence from Exports, (http://www.bancaditalia.it/ricerca/ statist/ conv_svo/cepr/Becker.pdf) (Ocak 2006).
  • Ben-David, Dan, Hakan Nordström and L. Alan Winters (1999), Trade, Income Disparity and Poverty, World Trade Organization, Geneva. Berg, Andrew and Anne, Kruger (2003), “Trade, Growth, and Poverty: a Selective Survey”, IMF Working Paper, Wp/03/30.
  • Clarke, Judith A. and Mukesh Ralhan (2005), Direct and Indirect Causality Between Exports and Economic Output for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka: Horizon Matters, University of Victoria, Econometrics Working Paper EWP05012.
  • de Melo, Martha, Cevdet Denizer, Alan Gelb and Stoyan Tenev (1997), “Circumstances and Choice: The Role of Initial Conditions and Policies in Transition Economies”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1866, Washington, DC.
  • Dollar, David (1992), “Outward-oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976–1985”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40: 523-44.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2001), Trade, Growth and Poverty, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2002), “Institutions, Trade, and Growth”, http://www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/April02-pdfs/ITG2.pdf (Eylül 2006).
  • Easterly, William (1993), “How Much Do Distortions Affect Growth?”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32 (2): 187-212.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1992), “Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Developing Countries’, Journal of Development Economics, 39 (1): 31- 57.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1998), “Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?”, Economic Journal, 108: 383-398. Estrada, Mario Arturro Ruiz and Fei Yap Su (2006), “The Openness Growth Monitoring Model ‘OGM-Model”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(3): 235-246.
  • Falcetti, Elisabetta, Martin Raiser and Peter Sanfey (2002), “Defying the Odds: Initial Conditions, Reforms and Growth in the first Decade of Transition’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 30: 229-250.
  • Feder, Gershon (1982), “On Exports and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 12: 59-73.
  • Federici, Daniela and Daniela Marconi (2002), “On Exports and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11 (3): 323-340.
  • Findlay, Christopher and Andrew Watson (1996), Economic Growth and Trade Dependency in China, Chinese Economies Research Center, Working Papers, University of Adelaide.
  • Fischer Stanley, Ratna Sahay and Carlos A. Vegh (1996), “Stabilization and Growth in Transition Economies: The Early Experience”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 45-66.
  • Fischer, Stanley (2000), Lunch Address Given at the Conference on Promoting Dialogue: Global Challenges and Global Institutions, American University, Washington, DC.
  • Frankel, Jeffrey A. and David Romer (1999), “Does Trade Cause Growth”, American Economic Review, 89(3): 379-399.
  • de Melo, Martha, Cevdet Denizer, Alan Gelb and Stoyan Tenev (1997), “Circumstances and Choice: The Role of Initial Conditions and Policies in Transition Economies”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1866, Washington, DC.
  • Dollar, David (1992), “Outward-oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976–1985”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40: 523-44.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2001), Trade, Growth and Poverty, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  • Dollar, David and Aart Kraay (2002), “Institutions, Trade, and Growth”, http://www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/April02-pdfs/ITG2.pdf (Eylül 2006).
  • Easterly, William (1993), “How Much Do Distortions Affect Growth?”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32 (2): 187-212.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1992), “Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Developing Countries’, Journal of Development Economics, 39 (1): 31- 57.
  • Edwards, Sebastian (1998), “Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?”, Economic Journal, 108: 383-398.
  • Estrada, Mario Arturro Ruiz and Fei Yap Su (2006), “The Openness Growth Monitoring Model ‘OGM-Model”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(3): 235-246.
  • Falcetti, Elisabetta, Martin Raiser and Peter Sanfey (2002), “Defying the Odds: Initial Conditions, Reforms and Growth in the first Decade of Transition’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 30: 229-250.
  • Feder, Gershon (1982), “On Exports and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 12: 59-73.
  • Federici, Daniela and Daniela Marconi (2002), “On Exports and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11 (3): 323-340.
  • Findlay, Christopher and Andrew Watson (1996), Economic Growth and Trade Dependency in China, Chinese Economies Research Center, Working Papers, University of Adelaide.
  • Fischer Stanley, Ratna Sahay and Carlos A. Vegh (1996), “Stabilization and Growth in Transition Economies: The Early Experience”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 45-66.
  • Fischer, Stanley (2000), Lunch Address Given at the Conference on Promoting Dialogue: Global Challenges and Global Institutions, American University, Washington, DC.
  • Frankel, Jeffrey A. and David Romer (1999), “Does Trade Cause Growth”, American Economic Review, 89(3): 379-399.
  • Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser and Manuchehr Irandoust (2000), “Time-Series Evidence for Balassa’s Export-led Growth Hypothesis”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 9 (3): 355–365.
  • Havrylyshyn, Oleh, Ivalio Izvorski, and Ron van Rooden, (1998), “Recovery and Growth in Transition Economies 1990-1997: A Stylized Regression Analysis”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper No. 98/141, Washington, DC.
  • Havrylyshyn, Oleh and Ron van Rooden (2000), “Institutions Matter in Transition, but so do Policies”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper No. 00/70, Washington, DC.
  • Hernández-Cáta, Ernesto (1997), “Liberalization and the Behavior of Output during the Transition from Plan to Market’, IMF Staff Papers, 44: 405- 429.
  • Heybey, Berta and Peter Murrel (1999), “The Relationship between Economic Growth and the Speed of Liberalization During the Transition’, Policy Reform, 3: 121-137.
  • Hong, Wontack (1993), “Export-Oriented Growth and Equity in Korea”, in: Takatoshi, Ito, and Anne O. Krueger, (eds) Trade and Protectionism, The University of Chicago Pres, pp.51-77. http://gias.snu.ac.kr/ wthong/publication/TandG/tm22.pdf (Aralık 2005)
  • Irwin, Doglas and Mark Tervi (2000), “Does Trade Raise Income? Evidence from the Twentieth Century”, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper Series, No: 7747, Cambridge.
  • Islam, Nazrul (1995), “Growth Emprics: A Panel Data Approach”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (4): 1127-1170. Johenseon, Simone, Peter Boone, Alasdair Breach and Eric Friedman (2000), “Corporate Governance in the Asian Financial Crisis”, Journal of Financial Economics, 58: 141-186.
  • Kaldor, Nicholas (1970), “The Case for Regional Policies”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 17: 337-348.
  • Krueger, Anne O. (1978), Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Liberalization Attempts and Consequences, Cambridge, MA: Balinger.
  • Krueger, Anne O. (1998), “Why Trade Liberalization is Good for Growth”, The Economic Journal, 108: 1513-1522.
  • Lee, Jong-Wha (1993), “International Trade, Distortions, and Long-Run Economic Growth”, IMF Staff Papers, 40(2): 299-328.
  • Lee, Eddy (2005), Trade Liberalization and Employment, DESA Working Paper No. 5.
  • Levine, Ross and David Renelt (1992), “A Sensitivity Analysis of CrossCountry Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review, 82 (4): 942-963.
  • Makin, A. J. (2002), International Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall, London. Matin, Kazi M. (1992), “Openness and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Time-Series Cross-Country Analysis”, World Bank, Working Paper No. 1025.
  • Medina-Smith, Emilio J. (2001), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Developing Countries? A Case Study of Costa Rica”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 7.
  • Merlevede, Bruno (2003), “Reform Reversals and Output Growth in Transition Economies”, Economics of Transition, 11 (4): 649-669.
  • Mihailov, Alexander (2005), Strategies for Development, UNCTAD and NonTariff Barriers, University of Essex, (http://courses.essex.ac. uk/ec/ec246/ec246c03.pdf), (Aralık 2005).
  • Mostert, J. (2003), “The Impact of Globalisation on Developing Countries”, The Economic Society of South Africa, (http://www.essa.org.za/ download/ papers2003.htm) (Aralık 2005).
  • Onaran, Özlem and Engelbert Stockhammer (2002), Two Different Exportoriented Growth Strategies under a Wage-led Accumulation Regime: à la Turca and à la South Korea, Political Economy Research Institute, Working Paper Series, Number 38.
  • Radulescu, Roxana and David Barlow (2002), “The Relationship between Policies and Growth in Transition Countries’, Economics of Transition, 10 (3): 719-745.
  • Proudman, James, Stephen, Redding and Marco Bianchi (1997), “Is International Openness Associated with Faster Economic Growth”, Bank of England, ISSN 1368-5562, http://www.bankofengland.co. uk/publications/workingpapers/wp63.pdf (Aralık 2005)
  • Rodríguez, Francisco and Dani Rodrik (2000), Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence, University of Maryland, (http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp799.pdf) (Aralık 2005).
  • Rodrik, Dani (1997), “Trade Policy and Economic Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa”, http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/tp1.PDF (Aralık 2005)
  • Rodrik, Dani (2000), “Can Integratıon into the World Economy Substıtute for a Development Strategy?”,http://atecex.uexternado.edu.co/eco2fin/ Lecturas/ (Rodrik)%20Integracion%20y%20desarrollo.pdf (Aralık 2005).
  • Sachs, Jeffrey and Andrew Warner (1995), “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activities,1: 1- 95.
  • Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (1997), “I Just Ran Two Million Regressions”, American Economic Review, 87(2): 178-183.
  • Samman, Emma (2005), “Openness and Growth: An Empirical Investigation”, Human Development Report, Occasional Paper: 2005/22.
  • Santos-Paulino, Amelia U. (2005), “Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence for Developing Countries”, World Economy, 28: 783-821.
  • Santos-Paulino, Amelia and A. P. Thirlwall (2004), “The Impact Of Trade Liberalisation on Exports, Imports and the Balance of Payments of Developing Countries”, Economic Journal, 114: 50-72.
  • Savaş, F. Vural, Ergül Han ve A. Ayten Kaya (1999), İktisadi Kalkınma, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ders Kitapları Yayın No: 37, Eskişehir.
  • Sentsho, Joel (2003), “Export Revenues As Determinants Of Economic Growth: Evidence From Botswana”, Economic Society of South Africa, (http://www.essa.org.za/download/papers2003.htm) (Aralık 2005).
  • Seyidoğlu, Halil (2003), Uluslararası İktisat: Teori, Politika ve Uygulama, Güzem Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sharma, Abhijit and Theodore Panagiotidis (2004), An Analysis of Exports and Growth in India: Cointegration and Causality Evidence (1971-2001), http://info.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ec/Reasearchpapers/2004/SharmaIn dia_RDE.pdf (Ocak 2006).
  • Singer, Hans W. and Patricia Gray (1988), “Trade Policy and Growth of Developing Countries: Some New Data”, World Development, 16 (3): 395-403.
  • Sinha, Dipendra (1999), Export Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in Asian Countries: A Time Series Analysis, Economic Growth Center Yale University, Center Discussion Paper No. 799.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1998), “Towards a New Paradigm for Development: Strategies, Policies, and Processes”, Prebisch Lecture at UNCTAD, Geneva.
  • Stroomer, Chad and David E.A. Giles (2003), Income Convergence and Trade Openness: Fuzzy Clustering and Time Series Evidence, University of Victoria, Econometrics Working Paper EWP0304, (http://web.uvic. ca/econ/ewp0304.pdf) (Aralık 2005).
  • Subasat, Turan (2004), “Does Trade Openness Increase Economic Growth? A Critical Review of the Evidence for Developing Countries”, Development Policy Review, 20 (3): 333-349.
  • Yanikkaya, Halit (2003), “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A CrossCountry Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Development Economics, 72: 27-89.
  • World Bank (1987), World Development Report, Oxford University Pres, Washington, DC
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil tr;en
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ö. Selçuk Emsen Bu kişi benim

M. Kemal Değer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Kasım 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2007 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Emsen, Ö. S., & Değer, M. K. (2010). TİCARİ VE SİYASAL LİBERALİZASYON VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİLERİ: GEÇİŞ EKONOMİLERİ DENEYİMİ. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 161-195.

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