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Gambling Disorder: An Overview

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 78 - 97, 30.09.2018

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Psychopathologically, the concept of addiction in the terminology of psychiatry has gained a different perspective as a result of behavioral research under the influence of behavioral approaches. Neuroimaging, processing of neurobiological data has contributed to this change in the last 10 years, as the data on comorbidity, inheritance, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and treatment outcomes among addictions show similarities. Gambling addiction was also affected by this change and new perspectives on the etiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment were developed. With the recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), gambling addiction was included in the category of addictions and under the heading "Non-substance related disorder" in the category "Drug Related and Addictive Disorders". This new point of view is likely to be gambling addiction, perhaps leading to the fact that behavioral addictions such as internet use, playing video games, eating and shopping can be evaluated within the context of addiction, and will develop a new perspective on behavioral addictions. The aim of this article is to review gambling disorder within the axis of DSM-5 and assess it from the viewpoint of diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidity and treatment. 

Kaynakça

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Kumar Oynama Bozukluğu: Genel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 78 - 97, 30.09.2018

Öz

Psikiyatri terminolojisinde bağımlılık kavramına psikopatolojik anlamda bakış, davranışçı yaklaşımların etkisinde ve bu konuda yapılan davranışçı araştırmalar sonucunda farklı bir perspektif kazanmıştır. Bağımlılıklar arasında ki komorbidite, kalıtım, tölerans, yoksunluk belirtileri ve tedavi sonuçları ile ilgili verilerin benzerlikler göstermesi ve nörogörüntüleme, nörobiyolojik verilerin işlenmesi son 10 yılda bu değişime katkı sağlamıştır. Kumar bağımlılığı da bu değişimden etkilenmiş ve gerek etiyoloji, tanısal ölçütler ve gerekse de tedavi açısından yeni bakış açıları geliştirilmiştir. Son yayınlanan Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliğinin Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı 5. Baskısı (DSM-5) ile kumar bağımlılığı, bağımlılıklar kategorisine dahil edilmiş ve “Madde ile İlişkili ve Bağımlılık Bozuklukları” kategorisinde “Madde ile ilişkili olmayan bozukluk” başlığı altına alınmıştır. Bu yeni bakış açısı kumar bağımlılığında olduğu gibi belki de ileri süreçlerde internet kullanımı, video oyunu oynama, yemek yeme ve alışveriş gibi davranışsal bağımlılıkların da bağımlılık kapsamında değerlendirilebilmesi olanağını sağlayacak ve davranışsal bağımlılıklara tanısal açıdan yeni bir bakış açısı geliştirecektir. Bu yazıda kumar bağımlılığını DSM-5 ekseninde tanı, epidemiyoloji, etiyoloji, komorbidite ve tedavi açısından gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. 

Kaynakça

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  • Lobo DS, Aleksandrova L, Knight J, et al. Addiction-related genes in gambling disorders: new insights from parallel human and pre-clinical models. Molecular psychiatry. 2015; 20:1002-1010.
  • Comings DE, Gonzalez N, Wu S, et al. Studies of the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in impulsive, compulsive, addictive behaviors: Tourette syndrome, ADHD, pathological gambling, and substance abuse. American journal of medical genetics. 1999; 88:358-368.
  • Grant JE, Leppink EW, Redden SA, et al. COMT genotype, gambling activity, and cognition. J Psychiatr Res. 2015; 68:371-376.
  • Wilson D, da Silva Lobo DS, Tavares H, et al. Family-based association analysis of serotonin genes in pathological gambling disorder: evidence of vulnerability risk in the 5HT-2A receptor gene. Journal of molecular neuroscience: MN. 2013; 49:550-553.
  • Acheson A, Vincent AS, Kristen H, et al. Greater discounting of delayed rewards in young adults with family histories of alcohol and drug use disorders: studies from the Oklahoma family health patterns project. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2011; 35:1607-1613.
  • Vitaro F, Arseneault L, Tremblay RE. Impulsivity predicts problem gambling in low SES adolescent males. Addiction. 1999; 94:565-575.
  • Slutske WS, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Poulton R. Personality and problem gambling: a prospective study of a birth cohort of young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005; 62:769-775.
  • Slutske WS, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Caspi A. Undercontrolled temperament at age 3 predicts disordered gambling at age 32: a longitudinal study of a complete birth cohort. Psychol. Sci. 2012; 23:510-516.
  • Suurvali H, Cordingley J, Hodgins DC, et al. Barriers to seeking help for gambling problems: a review of the empirical literature. Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming. 2009; 25:407-424.
  • Krystal JH, Cramer JA, Krol WF, et al. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. New Engl J Med. 2001; 345:1734-1739.
  • O’Brien C, Thomas McLellan A. Myths about the treatment of addiction. Lancet. 1996; 347:237-240.
  • Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC. Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 2001; 49:914-921.
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Hartman BK. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the opiate antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of pathological gambling urges. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 69:783-789.
  • Dannon PN, Lowengrub K, Musin E, et al. 12-month follow-up study of drug treatment in pathological gamblers: a primary outcome study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007; 27:620-624.
  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Potenza MN, Hollander E, Kim SW. Nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling: multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010; 197:330-331.
  • Grant JE, Potenza MN, Hollander E, et al. Multicenter investigation of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163:303-312.
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Hollander E, Potenza MN. Predicting response to opiate antagonists and placebo in the treatment of pathological gambling. Psychopharmacology. 2008; 200:521-527.
  • Barbano MF, Cador M. Opioids for hedonic experience and dopamine to get ready for it. Psychopharmacology. 2007; 191:497-506.
  • Petrovic P, Pleger B, Seymour B, et al. Blocking central opiate function modulates hedonic impact and anterior cingulate response to rewards and losses. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2008; 28:10509-10516.
  • Bartley CA, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: pharmacological treatment of pathological gambling. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2013; 13:887-894.
  • Hollander E, DeCaria CM, Finkell JN, Begaz T, et al. A randomized double-blind fluvoxamine/placebo crossover trial in pathologic gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 47:813-817.
  • Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63:501-507.
  • Hollander E, Pallanti S, Allen A, et al. Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders? The American journal of psychiatry. 2005; 162:137-145.
  • Pallanti S, Haznedar MM, Hollander E, et al. Basal Ganglia activity in pathological gambling: a fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychobiology. 2010; 62:132-138.
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Odlaug BL. N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 62:652-657.
  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine plus imaginal desensitization for nicotine-dependent pathological gamblers. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 ;75:39-45.
  • Berlin HA, Braun A, Simeon D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for pathological gambling. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. 2013; 14:121-128.
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  • Petry NM. Pathological gambling: etiology, comorbidity, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2005.
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  • Cowlishaw S, Merkouris S, Dowling N, et al. Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11:CD008937.
  • Petry NM, Litt MD, Kadden R, et al. Do coping skills mediate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral therapy and reductions in gambling in pathological gamblers? Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2007; 102:1280-1291.
  • Potenza MN, I, Balodis M, Franco CA, et al. Neurobiological considerations in understanding behavioral treatments for pathological gambling. Psychology of addictive behaviors: journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 2013; 27:380-392.
  • Potenza MN, Sofuoglu M, Carroll KM, et al. Neuroscience of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions. Neuron. 2011; 69: 695-712.
  • Toneatto T, Gunaratne M. Does the Treatment of Cognitive Distortions Improve Clinical Outcomes for Problem Gambling? Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2009; 39:221-229.
  • Carlbring P, Jonsson J, Josephson H, et al. Motivational interviewing versus cognitive behavioral group therapy in the treatment of problem and pathological gambling: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther. 2010; 39:92-103.
  • Diskin KM, Hodgins DC. A randomized controlled trial of a single session motivational intervention for concerned gamblers. Behav Res Ther. 2009; 47:382-388.
  • Petry NM, Weinstock J, Morasco BJ, et al. Brief motivational interventions for college student problem gamblers. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2009; 104:1569-1578.
  • Gamblers Anonymous; Recovery Program. 2013 http://www.gamblersanonnymous.org
  • Petry NM. Gamblers anonymous and cognitive-behavioral therapies for pathological gamblers. J Gambl Stud. 2005;21:27-33.
  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL. National Center for Responsible Gaming. What clinicians need to know about gambling disorders. Vol. 7. Washington, DC: NCRG; 2012. Psychosocial interventions for gambling disorders; pp. 38–52. Increasing the odds: a series dedicated to understanding gambling disorders. At http://www.ncrg.org/resources/monographs.
  • Volberg RA, Gupta R, Griffiths MD, Olason DT, et al. An international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2010; 22:3-38.
  • Welte JW, Barnes GM, Tidwell M-CO, Hoffman JH. The association of form of gambling with problem gambling among American youth. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009; 23:105.
  • LaPlante DA, Nelson SE, LaBrie RA, Shaffer HJ. Disordered gambling, type of gambling and gambling involvement in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. Eur J Public Health. 2011; 21:532-537.
Toplam 199 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Soner Çakmak

Lut Tamam

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2018
Kabul Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Çakmak S, Tamam L. Kumar Oynama Bozukluğu: Genel Bir Bakış. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Eylül 2018;19(3):78-97.

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence