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The influence of thinning on the leaf area index of pure oriental beech stands

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 590 - 598, 15.12.2018

Öz

Thinning is one of the most important
silvicultural interventions used in forestry operations. The general purpose of
thinning is to produce high-quality individuals with thick trunks without
permanently disrupting the density and closure of the stands. Thinning that
influences the frequency pattern of the trees and stand density can therefore
affect the leaf area index (LAI) of the stand. The LAI plays a key role in the
understanding of the ecosystem processes of many forests, e.g., in the areas of
health, productivity, interception, transpiration, respiration and net
production. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different
thinning intensities on the LAI in two pure oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in Düzce.
Before the thinning, the number of trees in the stands was 1371–3072 ha-1, the
average diameter at breast height was 10–14 cm and the basal area was 25.2–29.6
m2 ha-1. With the thinning, 0% (control), 27% (moderate)
and 40% (heavy) of the basal area were removed. Hemispherical digital
photographs were taken at five different locations in each parcel before and
after the thinning. In order to obtain the LAI values, the digital images were
analyzed via the HemiView V2.1 (Delta-T Device, UK) package program. It was
determined that the pre-thinning LAI had changed by between 3.37 and 5.14 m2
m-2. The LAI, having declined considerably with the heavy thinning
intensity, attained its initial value uninterrupted 3-4 years later. As a
result, according to the intensity of the thinning, the beech stands were able
to regain their initial LAI values in a short period of time, depending on the
precipitation. This can be explained by the fact that the remaining tree crowns
expanded and produced more leaves.

Kaynakça

  • Asner, G. P., Scurlock, J. M. O., & A. Hicke, J. (2003). Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12(3), 191-205. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00026.x
  • Assmann, E. (1970). Principles of forest yield study. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Aussenac, G., & Granier, A. (1988). Effects of thinning on water stress and growth in Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18(1), 100-105. doi:10.1139/x88-015
  • Bréda, N., Granier, A., & Aussenac, G. (1995). Effects of thinning on soil and tree water relations, transpiration and growth in an oak forest (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Tree Physiology, 15(5), 295-306.
  • Brix, H. (1983). Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of Douglas-fir: relative contribution of foliage quantity and efficiency. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13(1), 167-175. doi:10.1139/x83-023
  • Cutini, A. (1996). The influence of drought and thinning on leaf area index estimates from canopy transmittance method. Annals of Forest Science, 53(2-3), 595-603.
  • Cutini, A., Matteucci, G., & Mugnozza, G. S. (1998). Estimation of leaf area index with the Li-Cor LAI 2000 in deciduous forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 105(1–3), 55-65. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00269-7
  • Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, F., Özbayram, A. K., Efe, M., Yılmaz, M., & Usta, A. (2013). Effects of thinning intensity on the growth of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa) plantations. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37, 97-104.
  • Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, F., Yılmaz, M., & Çetin, B. (2007). Aralamanın Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantasyonlarında çap ve göğüs yüzeyi gelişimine etkisi: Bir yıllık sonuçlar. DÜ Ormancılık Dergisi(1), 90-99.
  • Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, M., Yılmaz, F., & Usta, A. (2010). Aralamanın dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantasyonlarında büyüme ve bazı toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Retrieved from Ankara
  • Davi, H., Baret, F., Huc, R., & Dufrêne, E. (2008). Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(5), 890-899. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.047
  • DeRose, R. J. (2004). Leaf area indeks-relative density relationships in even-aged Abies balsama-Picea rubens stands in Maine. (Master of Science), The Graduate School, The University of Maine.
  • Frazer, G. W., Trofymow, J. A., & Lertzman, K. P. (2000). Canopy openness and leaf area in chronosequences of coastal temperate rainforests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 30(2), 239-256. doi:10.1139/x99-201
  • Gholz, H. L. (1982). Environmental limits on aboveground net primary production, leaf area and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology, 53, 469-481.
  • Güner, S., & Çelik, N. (2011). Genç Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) meşcerelerinde aralama kesimleri, kireçleme ve kireçleme+gübrelemenin odun üretimi, bazı toprak özellikleri, biyokütle ve karbon depolama üzerine etkileri. Retrieved from Ankara
  • Holst, T., Hauser, S., Kirchgassner, A., Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., & Schindler, D. (2004). Measuring and modelling plant area index in beech stands. Int J Biometeorol, 48(4), 192-201. doi:10.1007/s00484-004-0201-y
  • Kara, Ö., Şentürk, M., Bolat, İ., & Çakıroğlu, K. (2011). Kayın, Göknar ve Göknar-Kayın meşcerelerinde Yaprak Alan İndeksi ve toprak özellekleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 61(1), 47-54.
  • Kozlowski, T., Kramer, P., & Pallardy, S. (1991). The physiological ecology of woody plants: Academic Press.
  • Le Dantec, V., Dufrêne, E., & Saugier, B. (2000). Interannual and spatial variation in maximum leaf area index of temperate deciduous stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 134(1–3), 71-81. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00246-7
  • Maass, J., Vose, J. M., Swank, W. T., & Martínez-Yrízar, A. (1995). Seasonal changes of leaf area index (LAI) in a tropical deciduous forest in west Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management, 74(1), 171-180.
  • Misson, L., Tang, J., Xu, M., McKay, M., & Goldstein, A. (2005). Influences of recovery from clear-cut, climate variability, and thinning on the carbon balance of a young ponderosa pine plantation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 130(3–4), 207-222. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.001
  • Nyland, R. D. (1996). Silviculture: concepts and applications. United State of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
  • O'Hara, K. L. (1989). Stand growth efficiency in a Douglas fir thinning trial. Forestry, 62(4), 409-418. doi:10.1093/forestry/62.4.409
  • Odabaşı, T., Çalışkan, A., & Bozkuş, H. F. (2004). Orman Bakımı. İstanbul: İÜ Orman Fakültesi.
  • Özbayram, A. K. (2014). Düzce Yöresindeki Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Meşcerelerinde Aralama Şiddetinin Büyümeye Etkisi. (Doktora Tezi (Basılmamış)), Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce.
  • Pothier, D., & Margolis, A. (1991). Analysis of growth and light interception of balsam fir and white birch saplings following precommercial thinning. Annales des Sciences Forestieres, 48(2), 123-132.
  • Rytter, L., & Werner, M. (2007). Influence of early thinning in broadleaved stands on development of remaining stems. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22(3), 198-210. doi:10.1080/02827580701233494
  • Saatçioğlu, F. (1971). Orman Bakımı: Meşcere yetiştirmesine ait tedbirler. İstanbul: İÜ. Orman Fakültesi.
  • Savill, P., Evans, J., Auclair, D., & Falck, J. (1997). Plantation silviculture in Europe. NewYork: Oxford University Press.
  • Shepherd, K. R. (1986). Plantation Silviculture. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Smith, D. M., Larson, B. C., Kelty, M. J., & Ashton, P. M. S. (1997). The practice of silviculture: Applied forest ecology (9th ed.): Wiley, Newyork.
  • Soudani, K., Trautmann, J., & Walter, J.-M. (2002). Leaf area index and canopy stratification in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(18), 3605-3618.
  • Spiecker, H. (2000). Growth of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) under changing environmental conditions in Europe. Paper presented at the Spruce Monocultures in Central Europe: Problems and Prospects, European Forest Institute. European Forest Institute Proceedings.
  • Stogsdili Jr, W. R., Wittwer, R. F., Hennessey, T. C., & Dougherty, P. M. (1992). Water use in thinned loblolly pine plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 50(3–4), 233-245. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90338-A
  • Tüfekçioğlu, A., Güner, S., & Tilki, F. (2005). Thinning effects on production, root biomass and some soil properties in a young oriental beech stand in Artvin, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 26(1), 91-95.
  • Umut, B., Düncar, M., & Çelik, O. (2000). Sırıklık çağındaki kayın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) mesceresinin bakımı üzerine araştırmalar. İç Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülten, 274, 1-23.
  • Vose, J. M., & Allen, H. L. (1988). Leaf Area, Stemwood Growth, and Nutrition Relationships in Loblolly Pine. Forest Science, 34(3), 547-563.
  • Welles, J. M. (1990). Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure. Remote Sensing Reviews, 5(1), 31-43. doi:10.1080/02757259009532120

Doğu Kayını Meşcerelerinde Aralamanın Yaprak Alan İndeksine Etkisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 590 - 598, 15.12.2018

Öz

Aralama, ormanların işletilmesinde kullanılan en önemli silvikültürel
müdahalelerden biridir. Aralamalardaki genel amaç meşcere sıklığı ve
kapalılığını kalıcı şekilde kırmadan kaliteli ve kalın çaplı gövdeye sahip
bireylerin üretilmesidir. Meşcere kapalılığı ve sıklığı üzerinde etkili olan
aralamalar meşcerenin yaprak alan indeksi (YAİ)’nide etkileyebilmektedir. YAİ
meşcere sağlığı, verimlilik, intersepsiyon, transpirasyon, solunum ve net
üretim gibi birçok orman ekosistem sürecinin anlaşılmasında anahtar rol oynamaktadır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Düzce yöresindeki iki ayrı saf doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) meşcerelerinde
uygulanan üç farklı aralama şiddetinin YAİ’ne etkisini araştırmaktır. Aralama
öncesi meşceredeki birey sayısı 1371-3072 adet ha-1, ortalama göğüs yüksekliği
çapı 10-14 cm ve meşcere göğüs yüzeyi (GY) 25.2-29.6 m2 ha-1 dır. Aralama ile
GY’nin %0’ı (kontrol), %27’si (mutedil) ve %40’ı (kuvvetli) meşcereden
çıkartılmıştır. Aralama öncesinde ve aralama sonrası denemelerin her parselinde
beş farklı noktada yerden ağaçların tepesine doğru yarı küresel dijital
fotoğraflar çekildi. Dijital fotoğraflar HemiView V2.1 (Delta-T Device,
İngiltere) paket programında analiz edilerek YAİ değerleri elde edildi. Aralama
öncesi YAİ 3.37-5.14 m2 m-2 arasında değişmektedir. Kuvvetli işlemde aralamayla
önemli ölçüde azalan YAİ, aralamadan 3-4 yıl sonra başlangıç değerine ulaştı.
Sonuç olarak, aralama şiddetine göre azalan YAİ, yağışa da bağlı olarak, kısa
süre içerisinde eski değerine ulaşabilmektedir. Bu kalan ağaçların daha fazla
tepe tacı yayması ve yaprak üretmesiyle açıklanabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Asner, G. P., Scurlock, J. M. O., & A. Hicke, J. (2003). Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12(3), 191-205. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00026.x
  • Assmann, E. (1970). Principles of forest yield study. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Aussenac, G., & Granier, A. (1988). Effects of thinning on water stress and growth in Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18(1), 100-105. doi:10.1139/x88-015
  • Bréda, N., Granier, A., & Aussenac, G. (1995). Effects of thinning on soil and tree water relations, transpiration and growth in an oak forest (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Tree Physiology, 15(5), 295-306.
  • Brix, H. (1983). Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of Douglas-fir: relative contribution of foliage quantity and efficiency. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13(1), 167-175. doi:10.1139/x83-023
  • Cutini, A. (1996). The influence of drought and thinning on leaf area index estimates from canopy transmittance method. Annals of Forest Science, 53(2-3), 595-603.
  • Cutini, A., Matteucci, G., & Mugnozza, G. S. (1998). Estimation of leaf area index with the Li-Cor LAI 2000 in deciduous forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 105(1–3), 55-65. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00269-7
  • Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, F., Özbayram, A. K., Efe, M., Yılmaz, M., & Usta, A. (2013). Effects of thinning intensity on the growth of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa) plantations. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37, 97-104.
  • Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, F., Yılmaz, M., & Çetin, B. (2007). Aralamanın Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantasyonlarında çap ve göğüs yüzeyi gelişimine etkisi: Bir yıllık sonuçlar. DÜ Ormancılık Dergisi(1), 90-99.
  • Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, M., Yılmaz, F., & Usta, A. (2010). Aralamanın dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantasyonlarında büyüme ve bazı toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Retrieved from Ankara
  • Davi, H., Baret, F., Huc, R., & Dufrêne, E. (2008). Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(5), 890-899. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.047
  • DeRose, R. J. (2004). Leaf area indeks-relative density relationships in even-aged Abies balsama-Picea rubens stands in Maine. (Master of Science), The Graduate School, The University of Maine.
  • Frazer, G. W., Trofymow, J. A., & Lertzman, K. P. (2000). Canopy openness and leaf area in chronosequences of coastal temperate rainforests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 30(2), 239-256. doi:10.1139/x99-201
  • Gholz, H. L. (1982). Environmental limits on aboveground net primary production, leaf area and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology, 53, 469-481.
  • Güner, S., & Çelik, N. (2011). Genç Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) meşcerelerinde aralama kesimleri, kireçleme ve kireçleme+gübrelemenin odun üretimi, bazı toprak özellikleri, biyokütle ve karbon depolama üzerine etkileri. Retrieved from Ankara
  • Holst, T., Hauser, S., Kirchgassner, A., Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., & Schindler, D. (2004). Measuring and modelling plant area index in beech stands. Int J Biometeorol, 48(4), 192-201. doi:10.1007/s00484-004-0201-y
  • Kara, Ö., Şentürk, M., Bolat, İ., & Çakıroğlu, K. (2011). Kayın, Göknar ve Göknar-Kayın meşcerelerinde Yaprak Alan İndeksi ve toprak özellekleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 61(1), 47-54.
  • Kozlowski, T., Kramer, P., & Pallardy, S. (1991). The physiological ecology of woody plants: Academic Press.
  • Le Dantec, V., Dufrêne, E., & Saugier, B. (2000). Interannual and spatial variation in maximum leaf area index of temperate deciduous stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 134(1–3), 71-81. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00246-7
  • Maass, J., Vose, J. M., Swank, W. T., & Martínez-Yrízar, A. (1995). Seasonal changes of leaf area index (LAI) in a tropical deciduous forest in west Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management, 74(1), 171-180.
  • Misson, L., Tang, J., Xu, M., McKay, M., & Goldstein, A. (2005). Influences of recovery from clear-cut, climate variability, and thinning on the carbon balance of a young ponderosa pine plantation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 130(3–4), 207-222. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.001
  • Nyland, R. D. (1996). Silviculture: concepts and applications. United State of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
  • O'Hara, K. L. (1989). Stand growth efficiency in a Douglas fir thinning trial. Forestry, 62(4), 409-418. doi:10.1093/forestry/62.4.409
  • Odabaşı, T., Çalışkan, A., & Bozkuş, H. F. (2004). Orman Bakımı. İstanbul: İÜ Orman Fakültesi.
  • Özbayram, A. K. (2014). Düzce Yöresindeki Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Meşcerelerinde Aralama Şiddetinin Büyümeye Etkisi. (Doktora Tezi (Basılmamış)), Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce.
  • Pothier, D., & Margolis, A. (1991). Analysis of growth and light interception of balsam fir and white birch saplings following precommercial thinning. Annales des Sciences Forestieres, 48(2), 123-132.
  • Rytter, L., & Werner, M. (2007). Influence of early thinning in broadleaved stands on development of remaining stems. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22(3), 198-210. doi:10.1080/02827580701233494
  • Saatçioğlu, F. (1971). Orman Bakımı: Meşcere yetiştirmesine ait tedbirler. İstanbul: İÜ. Orman Fakültesi.
  • Savill, P., Evans, J., Auclair, D., & Falck, J. (1997). Plantation silviculture in Europe. NewYork: Oxford University Press.
  • Shepherd, K. R. (1986). Plantation Silviculture. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Smith, D. M., Larson, B. C., Kelty, M. J., & Ashton, P. M. S. (1997). The practice of silviculture: Applied forest ecology (9th ed.): Wiley, Newyork.
  • Soudani, K., Trautmann, J., & Walter, J.-M. (2002). Leaf area index and canopy stratification in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(18), 3605-3618.
  • Spiecker, H. (2000). Growth of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) under changing environmental conditions in Europe. Paper presented at the Spruce Monocultures in Central Europe: Problems and Prospects, European Forest Institute. European Forest Institute Proceedings.
  • Stogsdili Jr, W. R., Wittwer, R. F., Hennessey, T. C., & Dougherty, P. M. (1992). Water use in thinned loblolly pine plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 50(3–4), 233-245. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90338-A
  • Tüfekçioğlu, A., Güner, S., & Tilki, F. (2005). Thinning effects on production, root biomass and some soil properties in a young oriental beech stand in Artvin, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 26(1), 91-95.
  • Umut, B., Düncar, M., & Çelik, O. (2000). Sırıklık çağındaki kayın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) mesceresinin bakımı üzerine araştırmalar. İç Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülten, 274, 1-23.
  • Vose, J. M., & Allen, H. L. (1988). Leaf Area, Stemwood Growth, and Nutrition Relationships in Loblolly Pine. Forest Science, 34(3), 547-563.
  • Welles, J. M. (1990). Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure. Remote Sensing Reviews, 5(1), 31-43. doi:10.1080/02757259009532120
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Biodiversity, Environmental Management and Policy, Sustainable Forestry
Yazarlar

Ali Kemal Özbayram 0000-0002-5922-1751

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbayram, A. K. (2018). Doğu Kayını Meşcerelerinde Aralamanın Yaprak Alan İndeksine Etkisi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 590-598.


Bartin Orman Fakultesi Dergisi Editorship,

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