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Mühendislik Ürünü Ağaç Malzemelerde Yükselen Trend; Çapraz Tabakalanmış Kereste

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 560 - 569, 15.08.2019

Öz

Binaların, insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi vardır.
Bina üretiminde kullanılan kaynakların sürdürülebilir olması, az atık çıkarmaları,
daha az sera gazı salgılamaları, üretimlerinde daha az su ve enerji
kullanılması, insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerindeki etkilerinin az olması günümüzde
öne çıkan en önemli unsurlardır. Çapraz tabakalanmış kereste (ÇTK), çelik,
beton ve duvar gibi geleneksel yapı malzemelerine sürdürülebilir “yeşil” bir
alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. ÇTK, dikdörtgen veya kavisli biçimde
paneller oluşturmak için farklı yönlerde istiflenmiş, tutkal ve basınç ile
yapıştırılmış bir mühendislik ürünü ağaç malzemedir. Bu paneller bina
inşaatlarında zemin, duvar ve çatı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek mukavemet,
boyutsal sabitlik ve tasarım esnekliği ile ÇTK, birçok bina tipinde, beton,
duvar ve çelik gibi geleneksel yapı malzemelerine karşı oldukça avantajlı bir
alternatif olduğunu birçok uygulamada kanıtlamıştır. ÇTK panelleri tek sayıda
kereste katmanından (genellikle üç, beş, yedi veya dokuz) oluşur. Bu paneller,
her proje için ve her kesim için özel olarak tasarlanmıştır. ÇTK panelleri
yerinde önceden üretilip monte edildiğinden, inşaat süresi azaltmakta ve
üretimlerinde neredeyse hiç atık oluşmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu ürünlerin
üretim süreçleri, özellikleri kullanımı, avantaj ve dezavantajları ile dünya
pazarındaki yeri hakkında bilgi verilmeğe çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AG. (2006). Australian Government. Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation, Forests, Wood and Australia’s Carbon Balance. Modified from InWood. International Magazine, 55(2): 24-39.
  • Aicher, S., Hirsch, M., Christian, Z. (2016). Hybrid cross-laminated timber plates with beech wood cross-layers. Construction and Building Materials, 124: 1007-1018.
  • Alvarez, M. (2007). The State of America's Forests. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters. Bethesda. pp.68.
  • ANSI/APA PRG 320, (2012). APA-The Engineered Word Association, Standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timer, Tacoma, Washington, USA, pp.1-17.
  • Brandner, R. (2013). Production and Technology of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT): A state-of-the-art Report. in Focus Solid Timber Solutions- European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). 21 May 2013. Graz, Austria: University of Bath, Bath, pp. 3-36,
  • Brandner, R., Flatscher, G., Ringhofer, A., Schickhofer, G., Thiel, A. (2016). Cross laminated timber (CLT) overview and development. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 74(3): 331-351.
  • Bowyer, J., D. Briggs, L. Johnson, B. Kasal, B. Lippke, J.Meil, M. Milota, W. Trusty, C. West, J. Wilson, Winistorfer. P. (2001). Corrim: A report of progress and aglimpse of the future. Forest Prod. J. 51(10):10-22
  • Carrick, J., Mathieu, K. (2005). Durability of laminated veneer lumber made from blackbutt (Eucalyptus Pilularis). International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components; Lyon, France: pp.55.
  • Chen, Y. (2011). Structural performance of box based cross laminated timber system used in floor applications, PhD. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
  • Bejder, A. (2012). Aesthetic Qualities of Cross Laminated Timber, PhD. Thesis, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
  • Bogensperger, T., Augustin, M., Schickhofer, G. (2011). Properties of CLT-panels exposed to compression perpendicular to their plane. In: 44th CIB-W18 Meeting, Alghero, Italy: pp.8.
  • Bogensperger, T., Silly, G., Schickhofer, G. (2012). Comparison of methods of approximate verification procedures for cross laminated timber. Research Report, holz.bau forschungs gmbh, Graz, Austuria, pp.49.
  • Espinoza, O. (2015). Cross-Laminated Timber: Status and Research Needs in Europe. BioResources, 11(1), 281-295.
  • EN 16351, (2015). “Timber structures–Cross laminated timber –Requirements.
  • Espinoza, O., Buehlmann, U., Smith, B. (2012). Forest certification and green building standards: Overview and use in the U.S. hardwood industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 33(1), 30-41.
  • Fragiacomo, M., Menis, A., Clemente, I., Bochicchio, G. (2013). Fire Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Loaded Out of Plane, Journal of Structural Engineering, 139: 12-15.
  • Frangi, A., Fontana, M. Hugi, E., Jobst, R. (2009). Experimental Analysis of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels in Fire. Fire Safe Journal, 44: 107-108.
  • Gagnon, S., Crespell, P. (2010). Cross Laminated Timber: a Primer. FPInnovations. Special publication. pp.52.
  • Gagnon, S., Pirvu, C. (2012). Cross-laminated timber (ÇTK) handbook. FPInnovations, Vancouver, Canada. In: Erol Karacabeyli, B. D. (ed.) CLT handbook: cross-laminated timber. U. S. ed. ed. Pointe-Claire, QC: FPInnovations. pp. 594.
  • Gavrić, I., Fragiacomo, M., Ceccotti, A. (2015). Cyclic Behavior of CLT Wall Systems: Experimental Tests and Analytical Prediction Models. Journal of Structural Engineering, 141:11.
  • Gavrić, I., Fragiacomo, M., Ceccotti, A. (2015). Cyclic behavior of typical screwed connections for cross-laminated (CLT) structures. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73:2, 179-191.
  • Grasser, K. (2015). Development of Cross Laminated Timber in the United States of America. Msc Thesis, University of Tennessee, USA. pp.1-95.
  • Head, P., Arup, T. (2008). Entering the ecological age: the engineer’s role. 7th Brunel International Lecture. ICE: London. pp. 2-9.
  • Izzi, M., Flatscher, G., Fragiacomo, M., Schickhofer, G. (2016). Experimental investigations and design provisions of steelto-timber joints with annular-ringed shank nails for Cross-Laminated Timber structures, Construction and Building Materials, 122: 446-457.
  • Jeleč, M., Varevac, D., Rajčić, V. (2018). Cross-laminated timber (CLT)–a state of the art report. Gradevinar, 70(2)2: 75-95.
  • Jokerst, R. (1981). Finger-Jointed Wood Products US. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL 382. Pp: 6-10.
  • King, B. 2018. The New Carbon Architecture: Building to Cool the Climate. New Society Publishers, Canada pp. 20-47.
  • Köse, İ. (2018). İklim Değişikliği Müzakereleri ve Türkiye'nin Paris Anlaşması'nı İmza Süreci. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9: 55-81.
  • Kurt, R., Çavuş, V. (2011). Manufacturing of parallel strand lumber (PSL) from rotary peeled hybrid poplar I-214 veneers with phenol formaldehyde adhesives. Wood Research, 56(1), 137-144.
  • Kurt, R., M. Çil, K. Aslan, Çavuş, V. (2011). Effect of Pressure Duration on Physical, Mechanical, and Combustibility Characteristics of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Made with Hybrid Poplar Clones. Bioresources, 6(4): 4886-4894.
  • Kurt, R., Aslan, K., Çavuş, V. (2013). Influence of press pressure on the properties of parallel strand lumber glued with urea formaldehyde adhesive. Bioresources, 8(3): 4029-4037
  • Kurt, R., Aslan, K., Çil, M., Çavuş, V. (2012). Properties of parallel strand lumber from two hybrid poplar clones using melamine urea formaldehyde adhesive. BioResources, 7(3): 3711-3719.
  • Laguarda Mallo, F., Espinoza, O. (2014). Outlook forCross-Laminated Timber in the United States BioResources, 9(4): 7427-7443.
  • Lehmann, S., Hamilton, C. (2011). Sustainable Infill Development using Low Carbon CLT Prefabrication: Adaptation for the South Australian Context; Zero Waste SA Research Centre for Sustainable Design and Behaviour: University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
  • Lepage, R. (2012). Moisture Response of Wall Assemblies of Cross-Laminated Timber Construction in Cold Canadian Climates. MSc Thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  • Lewis, K, Shrestha, R., Crews, K. (2014). Introduction to cross laminated timber and development of design procedures for Australia and New Zealand. In ST Smith (ed.), 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMS M23), 9-12 December 2014; Southern Cross Universy, Lismore, NSW, pp. 601-606.
  • Mengeloğlu, F., Kurt, R. (2004). Mühendislik Ürünü Ağaç Malzemeler TabakalanmışKaplama Kereste (TAK) ve Tabakalanmış Ağaç Malzeme (TAM). KSÜ Fen veMühendislik Dergisi, 7(1): 39-44.
  • Mestek, P., Werther, N., Winter, S. (2010). Building with Cross Laminated Timber - Load-bearing solid wood components for walls, ceilings and roofs, Studiengemeinschaft Holzleimbau e.V., Wuppertal, pp. 67-70.
  • Mohammad, M., Douglas, B., Rammer, D., Pryor, S. E. (2013). Chapter 5: Connections Connections in cross-laminated timber buildings. In: Erol Karacabeyli, B. D. (ed.) CLT handbook: cross-laminated timber. U. S. ed. ed. Pointe-Claire, QC: FPInnovations. pp. 60-77.
  • Muszynski, L., Hansen, E., Fernando, S., Schwarzmann, G., Rainer, J. (2017). insights into the Global Cross-Laminated Timber Industry. BioProducts Business, 2(8): 80-82.
  • Nelson, S., (1997). Structural Composite Lumber. In: Engineered Wood Products: A guide for specifiers, designers and users, PFS Research Foundation, Madison, pp.147–172.
  • Nie, X. (2015). Failure mechanism of rolling shear failure in cross-laminated timber. Msc. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancuver, Canada.
  • Pagnoncelli, L., Morales, F. (2016). Cross-laminated timber system (CLT): laboratory and in situ measurements of airborne and impact sound insulation. EuroRegio 2016, June 13 -15, Porto, Portugal pp:1-8.
  • Polastri, A., Giongo, I., Angeli, A., Brandner, R. (2017). Mechanical characterization of a pre-fabricated connection system for cross laminated timber structures in seismic regions. Engineering Structures, 27 (4): 502-511.
  • Polastri, A., Giongo, I., Angeli, A., Brandner, R. (2018). Mechanical characterization of a pre-fabricated connection system for Cross Laminated Timber structures in seismic regions. Engineering Structures,t 167:705–715.
  • Pogrebnoy, I.O., Kuznetsov V.D. (2008). Non–nogging prestressed building frame with flat–slab deck. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 3 (13): 5–12.
  • Schickhofer, G. (1994). Rigid and Flexible Composite Action of Laminated Timber Structures. PhD. Thesis, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
  • Schickhofer, G., Bogensperger, T., Moosbrugger, T., Herausgeber: B. (2010). SPhandbuch. Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz, 2, pp. 384.
  • Sikora, K.S., McPolin, D.O., Harte, A.M. (2016). Effects of the thickness of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels made from Irish Sitka spruce on mechanical performance in bending and shear. Construction and Building Materials, 116:141-150.
  • Smardzewski, J. (1996). Distribution of stresses in finger joints. Wood Science and Technology, 30:477-489
  • Teibinger, M., Matzinger, I. (2013). Construction with Cross-Laminated Timber in Multi-Storey Buildings—Focus onBuilding Physics. Holzforschung, Austria. Pp.1-19.
  • Thiel, A. (2014). ULS and SLS Design of CLT and its implementation in the CLT designer. COST Action FP1004, Focus Solid Timber Solutions, European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber, 2nd Edition, Graz, Austria, pp. 77 -102.
  • Uibel T., Blaȕ H. J., (2007). Edge joints with dowel type fasteners in cross-laminated timber. Proceedings of the CIB Working Commission W18–Timber Structures. 40th meeting, 2007, Bled, Slovenia.
  • URL1, (2019). “https://www.apawood.org/cross-laminated-timber”
  • URL2, (2019). “https://www.klh.at/en/download/public/zertifikate/KLH_ETA_certificate_EN.pdf”
  • URL3, (2019). “https://www.canadianarchitect.com/features/1003730141”
  • Yeh, B., Kretschmann, D., Wang, B. (2013). Manufacturing Cross -laminated timber manufacturing. In: Erol Karacabeyli, B. D. (ed.) ÇTK handbook: cross -laminated timber. U. S. ed. ed. Pointe -Claire, QC: FPInnovations. pp. 1-59.
  • Yeh, B., Gagnon, S., Williamson, T., Pirvu, C., Lum, C., Kretschmann, D. (2009). The North American productstandard for cross-laminated timber. Wood Design Focus, 22(2), pp. 13-21.
  • Zhiqiang, W., Hongmei, F., Ying-Hei, C., Meng Gong, M. (2014). Feasibilty Of Using Poplar As Cross Layer To Fabricate Cross Laminated Timber. World Conference Of Timber Engineering, 10-14 August. Quebec, Canada. pp.1
  • Zumbrunnen, P., Fovargue, J. (2012). Mid-rise CLT buildings, the UK’s experience and potential for Australia and New Zealand. Proceedings, 12thWorld Conference on Timber Engineering, WTCE 2012, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 91-98.
  • Wang, Z., Gong, M., Chui, Y.H. (2015). Mechanical properties of laminated strand lumber and hybrid cross laminated timber. Construction and Building Materials, 101, pp.622–627.
  • Winistorfer, S., Steudel, H., (2000). Issues for structural composite lumber industry. Forest Products Journal, 47(1): 43–47.

Rising Trend in Engineered Wood Products; Cross Laminated Timber

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 560 - 569, 15.08.2019

Öz

Buildings have a significant impact on human and
environmental health. Today, the most important factors in building sector,
less waste extraction, less greenhouse gas emissions, less water and energy consumption
in their production, low impact on human health and the environment are factors
that stand out. Cross laminated timber (CLT) has emerged as a sustainable
“green” alternative to traditional building materials such as steel, concrete
and wall. CLT is an engineered wood product, which is glued with glue and
pressure, stacked in different directions to form panels in rectangular or
curved form. CLT is an engineered wood product, which is combined with glue and
pressure, stacked in different directions to form panels in rectangular or
curved form. With its high strength, dimensional stability and design
flexibility, the CLT has proven in many applications that it is a very
advantageous alternative to traditional building materials such as concrete,
walls and steel in many building types. CLT panels consist of an odd number of
lumber layers (usually three, five, seven or nine). These panels are designed
specifically for each project and for each segment. Since the CLT panels are
already manufactured and assembled in place, they reduce construction time and
produce almost no waste in their production. In this study, it is aimed to give
information about production processes, properties, advantages and
disadvantages, world market of these products. 

Kaynakça

  • AG. (2006). Australian Government. Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation, Forests, Wood and Australia’s Carbon Balance. Modified from InWood. International Magazine, 55(2): 24-39.
  • Aicher, S., Hirsch, M., Christian, Z. (2016). Hybrid cross-laminated timber plates with beech wood cross-layers. Construction and Building Materials, 124: 1007-1018.
  • Alvarez, M. (2007). The State of America's Forests. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters. Bethesda. pp.68.
  • ANSI/APA PRG 320, (2012). APA-The Engineered Word Association, Standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timer, Tacoma, Washington, USA, pp.1-17.
  • Brandner, R. (2013). Production and Technology of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT): A state-of-the-art Report. in Focus Solid Timber Solutions- European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). 21 May 2013. Graz, Austria: University of Bath, Bath, pp. 3-36,
  • Brandner, R., Flatscher, G., Ringhofer, A., Schickhofer, G., Thiel, A. (2016). Cross laminated timber (CLT) overview and development. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 74(3): 331-351.
  • Bowyer, J., D. Briggs, L. Johnson, B. Kasal, B. Lippke, J.Meil, M. Milota, W. Trusty, C. West, J. Wilson, Winistorfer. P. (2001). Corrim: A report of progress and aglimpse of the future. Forest Prod. J. 51(10):10-22
  • Carrick, J., Mathieu, K. (2005). Durability of laminated veneer lumber made from blackbutt (Eucalyptus Pilularis). International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components; Lyon, France: pp.55.
  • Chen, Y. (2011). Structural performance of box based cross laminated timber system used in floor applications, PhD. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
  • Bejder, A. (2012). Aesthetic Qualities of Cross Laminated Timber, PhD. Thesis, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
  • Bogensperger, T., Augustin, M., Schickhofer, G. (2011). Properties of CLT-panels exposed to compression perpendicular to their plane. In: 44th CIB-W18 Meeting, Alghero, Italy: pp.8.
  • Bogensperger, T., Silly, G., Schickhofer, G. (2012). Comparison of methods of approximate verification procedures for cross laminated timber. Research Report, holz.bau forschungs gmbh, Graz, Austuria, pp.49.
  • Espinoza, O. (2015). Cross-Laminated Timber: Status and Research Needs in Europe. BioResources, 11(1), 281-295.
  • EN 16351, (2015). “Timber structures–Cross laminated timber –Requirements.
  • Espinoza, O., Buehlmann, U., Smith, B. (2012). Forest certification and green building standards: Overview and use in the U.S. hardwood industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 33(1), 30-41.
  • Fragiacomo, M., Menis, A., Clemente, I., Bochicchio, G. (2013). Fire Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Loaded Out of Plane, Journal of Structural Engineering, 139: 12-15.
  • Frangi, A., Fontana, M. Hugi, E., Jobst, R. (2009). Experimental Analysis of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels in Fire. Fire Safe Journal, 44: 107-108.
  • Gagnon, S., Crespell, P. (2010). Cross Laminated Timber: a Primer. FPInnovations. Special publication. pp.52.
  • Gagnon, S., Pirvu, C. (2012). Cross-laminated timber (ÇTK) handbook. FPInnovations, Vancouver, Canada. In: Erol Karacabeyli, B. D. (ed.) CLT handbook: cross-laminated timber. U. S. ed. ed. Pointe-Claire, QC: FPInnovations. pp. 594.
  • Gavrić, I., Fragiacomo, M., Ceccotti, A. (2015). Cyclic Behavior of CLT Wall Systems: Experimental Tests and Analytical Prediction Models. Journal of Structural Engineering, 141:11.
  • Gavrić, I., Fragiacomo, M., Ceccotti, A. (2015). Cyclic behavior of typical screwed connections for cross-laminated (CLT) structures. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73:2, 179-191.
  • Grasser, K. (2015). Development of Cross Laminated Timber in the United States of America. Msc Thesis, University of Tennessee, USA. pp.1-95.
  • Head, P., Arup, T. (2008). Entering the ecological age: the engineer’s role. 7th Brunel International Lecture. ICE: London. pp. 2-9.
  • Izzi, M., Flatscher, G., Fragiacomo, M., Schickhofer, G. (2016). Experimental investigations and design provisions of steelto-timber joints with annular-ringed shank nails for Cross-Laminated Timber structures, Construction and Building Materials, 122: 446-457.
  • Jeleč, M., Varevac, D., Rajčić, V. (2018). Cross-laminated timber (CLT)–a state of the art report. Gradevinar, 70(2)2: 75-95.
  • Jokerst, R. (1981). Finger-Jointed Wood Products US. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL 382. Pp: 6-10.
  • King, B. 2018. The New Carbon Architecture: Building to Cool the Climate. New Society Publishers, Canada pp. 20-47.
  • Köse, İ. (2018). İklim Değişikliği Müzakereleri ve Türkiye'nin Paris Anlaşması'nı İmza Süreci. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9: 55-81.
  • Kurt, R., Çavuş, V. (2011). Manufacturing of parallel strand lumber (PSL) from rotary peeled hybrid poplar I-214 veneers with phenol formaldehyde adhesives. Wood Research, 56(1), 137-144.
  • Kurt, R., M. Çil, K. Aslan, Çavuş, V. (2011). Effect of Pressure Duration on Physical, Mechanical, and Combustibility Characteristics of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Made with Hybrid Poplar Clones. Bioresources, 6(4): 4886-4894.
  • Kurt, R., Aslan, K., Çavuş, V. (2013). Influence of press pressure on the properties of parallel strand lumber glued with urea formaldehyde adhesive. Bioresources, 8(3): 4029-4037
  • Kurt, R., Aslan, K., Çil, M., Çavuş, V. (2012). Properties of parallel strand lumber from two hybrid poplar clones using melamine urea formaldehyde adhesive. BioResources, 7(3): 3711-3719.
  • Laguarda Mallo, F., Espinoza, O. (2014). Outlook forCross-Laminated Timber in the United States BioResources, 9(4): 7427-7443.
  • Lehmann, S., Hamilton, C. (2011). Sustainable Infill Development using Low Carbon CLT Prefabrication: Adaptation for the South Australian Context; Zero Waste SA Research Centre for Sustainable Design and Behaviour: University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
  • Lepage, R. (2012). Moisture Response of Wall Assemblies of Cross-Laminated Timber Construction in Cold Canadian Climates. MSc Thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  • Lewis, K, Shrestha, R., Crews, K. (2014). Introduction to cross laminated timber and development of design procedures for Australia and New Zealand. In ST Smith (ed.), 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMS M23), 9-12 December 2014; Southern Cross Universy, Lismore, NSW, pp. 601-606.
  • Mengeloğlu, F., Kurt, R. (2004). Mühendislik Ürünü Ağaç Malzemeler TabakalanmışKaplama Kereste (TAK) ve Tabakalanmış Ağaç Malzeme (TAM). KSÜ Fen veMühendislik Dergisi, 7(1): 39-44.
  • Mestek, P., Werther, N., Winter, S. (2010). Building with Cross Laminated Timber - Load-bearing solid wood components for walls, ceilings and roofs, Studiengemeinschaft Holzleimbau e.V., Wuppertal, pp. 67-70.
  • Mohammad, M., Douglas, B., Rammer, D., Pryor, S. E. (2013). Chapter 5: Connections Connections in cross-laminated timber buildings. In: Erol Karacabeyli, B. D. (ed.) CLT handbook: cross-laminated timber. U. S. ed. ed. Pointe-Claire, QC: FPInnovations. pp. 60-77.
  • Muszynski, L., Hansen, E., Fernando, S., Schwarzmann, G., Rainer, J. (2017). insights into the Global Cross-Laminated Timber Industry. BioProducts Business, 2(8): 80-82.
  • Nelson, S., (1997). Structural Composite Lumber. In: Engineered Wood Products: A guide for specifiers, designers and users, PFS Research Foundation, Madison, pp.147–172.
  • Nie, X. (2015). Failure mechanism of rolling shear failure in cross-laminated timber. Msc. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancuver, Canada.
  • Pagnoncelli, L., Morales, F. (2016). Cross-laminated timber system (CLT): laboratory and in situ measurements of airborne and impact sound insulation. EuroRegio 2016, June 13 -15, Porto, Portugal pp:1-8.
  • Polastri, A., Giongo, I., Angeli, A., Brandner, R. (2017). Mechanical characterization of a pre-fabricated connection system for cross laminated timber structures in seismic regions. Engineering Structures, 27 (4): 502-511.
  • Polastri, A., Giongo, I., Angeli, A., Brandner, R. (2018). Mechanical characterization of a pre-fabricated connection system for Cross Laminated Timber structures in seismic regions. Engineering Structures,t 167:705–715.
  • Pogrebnoy, I.O., Kuznetsov V.D. (2008). Non–nogging prestressed building frame with flat–slab deck. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 3 (13): 5–12.
  • Schickhofer, G. (1994). Rigid and Flexible Composite Action of Laminated Timber Structures. PhD. Thesis, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
  • Schickhofer, G., Bogensperger, T., Moosbrugger, T., Herausgeber: B. (2010). SPhandbuch. Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz, 2, pp. 384.
  • Sikora, K.S., McPolin, D.O., Harte, A.M. (2016). Effects of the thickness of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels made from Irish Sitka spruce on mechanical performance in bending and shear. Construction and Building Materials, 116:141-150.
  • Smardzewski, J. (1996). Distribution of stresses in finger joints. Wood Science and Technology, 30:477-489
  • Teibinger, M., Matzinger, I. (2013). Construction with Cross-Laminated Timber in Multi-Storey Buildings—Focus onBuilding Physics. Holzforschung, Austria. Pp.1-19.
  • Thiel, A. (2014). ULS and SLS Design of CLT and its implementation in the CLT designer. COST Action FP1004, Focus Solid Timber Solutions, European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber, 2nd Edition, Graz, Austria, pp. 77 -102.
  • Uibel T., Blaȕ H. J., (2007). Edge joints with dowel type fasteners in cross-laminated timber. Proceedings of the CIB Working Commission W18–Timber Structures. 40th meeting, 2007, Bled, Slovenia.
  • URL1, (2019). “https://www.apawood.org/cross-laminated-timber”
  • URL2, (2019). “https://www.klh.at/en/download/public/zertifikate/KLH_ETA_certificate_EN.pdf”
  • URL3, (2019). “https://www.canadianarchitect.com/features/1003730141”
  • Yeh, B., Kretschmann, D., Wang, B. (2013). Manufacturing Cross -laminated timber manufacturing. In: Erol Karacabeyli, B. D. (ed.) ÇTK handbook: cross -laminated timber. U. S. ed. ed. Pointe -Claire, QC: FPInnovations. pp. 1-59.
  • Yeh, B., Gagnon, S., Williamson, T., Pirvu, C., Lum, C., Kretschmann, D. (2009). The North American productstandard for cross-laminated timber. Wood Design Focus, 22(2), pp. 13-21.
  • Zhiqiang, W., Hongmei, F., Ying-Hei, C., Meng Gong, M. (2014). Feasibilty Of Using Poplar As Cross Layer To Fabricate Cross Laminated Timber. World Conference Of Timber Engineering, 10-14 August. Quebec, Canada. pp.1
  • Zumbrunnen, P., Fovargue, J. (2012). Mid-rise CLT buildings, the UK’s experience and potential for Australia and New Zealand. Proceedings, 12thWorld Conference on Timber Engineering, WTCE 2012, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 91-98.
  • Wang, Z., Gong, M., Chui, Y.H. (2015). Mechanical properties of laminated strand lumber and hybrid cross laminated timber. Construction and Building Materials, 101, pp.622–627.
  • Winistorfer, S., Steudel, H., (2000). Issues for structural composite lumber industry. Forest Products Journal, 47(1): 43–47.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Review Articles and Editorials
Yazarlar

Vedat Çavuş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çavuş, V. (2019). Mühendislik Ürünü Ağaç Malzemelerde Yükselen Trend; Çapraz Tabakalanmış Kereste. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 560-569.


Bartin Orman Fakultesi Dergisi Editorship,

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