EĞİTİM VE İSTİHDAMIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: SEÇİLMİŞ AFRİKA ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 91 - 106, 31.12.2018

Ekrem Erdem Ahmed İbrahim Nageyee

Öz

Kişi başı reel gayri safi yurtiçi hasılada dönemsel artış olarak tanımlanan
ekonomik büyüme, ülkelerin zenginliğinin ve refahının en temel göstergesidir.
Neden bazı ülkelerin zengin bazı ülkelerin ise yoksul olduğu iktisat biliminin
en temel araştırma konuları arasındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, eğitim ve
istihdamın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini ampirik olarak incelemektir. Bu
kapsamda Afrika kıtasının dört farklı bölgesinden temsili ikişer ülke seçilerek
toplamda sekiz Afrika ülkesinde eğitim ve istihdamın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki
etkisi 1960-2014 dönemi için incelenmiştir. Bu ülkeler, ekonomik büyüme
kalıpları, eğitim sistemleri ve emek piyasaları bakımından benzer özellikler
göstermekte olup türdeş bir nitelik arz etmektedirler. Daha özel olarak, bu
çalışmada okullaşma oranı ve istihdam seviyelerinin Afrika ülkelerinin
büyümesine ne derece katkıda bulunduğu analiz edilmektedir.

Çalışmanın uygulama kısmında ilk olarak ülkeler arasında yatay kesit
bağımlığının bulunup bulunmadığı incelenmiştir. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı
sonuçlarına göre, ikinci nesil birim kök testi CADF uygulanarak serilerin
durağanlık özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Pesaran (2007) tarafından geliştirilen
CCEMG testi ile değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişki olup olmadığı analiz
edilmiştir. CCEMG sonuçları, istihdam ve sermaye stoku değişkenlerinin Afrika
ülkeleri üzerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkisi olduğunu
göstermektedir. Diğer yandan, muhtemelen kıta ülkelerindeki eğitim kalitesinin
düşüklüğü ve eğitim sisteminin yetersizliği nedeniyle, eğitim değişkeniyle
ekonomik büyüme arasında istatistiki olarak anlamsız ve negatif bir ilişki
olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Çalışma sonuçları, Afrika ülkelerindeki hükümetler ve politika yapıcıların
kısıtlı yurtiçi kaynakların daha fazla kısmını lise ve teknik eğitime
ayırmaları gerektiğini, Afrika ülkelerinin ekonomik büyümelerini gerek eğitim
ve gerekse de istihdam üzerinden oldukça olumsuz etkileyen yoğun beyin göçünün
azaltılması için adımlar atılması gerektiğini ve bu ülkelerde yurtiçi sermaye
birikiminin teşvik edilmesinin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme için büyük önem
arz ettiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekonomik büyüme, istihdam, eğitim, Afrika, panel veri analizi

Kaynakça

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