Factors controlling the paleo-sedimentary conditions of Çeltek oil shale, Sorgun-Yozgat/Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 158 Sayı: 158, 251 - 263, 25.04.2019

Berna Yavuz Pehlivanlı

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.494703

Öz

The study field covering
an area of about 1000 km2 is located in Sorgun town of the city of Yozgat. In the
region Paleozoic, Campanian-Maastrichtian, Eocene, Miocene and Quaternary units
are exposed. Among these units, the lower Eocene Çeltek formation hosts coal beds
and oil shale. The Eocene epoch is important for organic matter deposition regarding
oil and gas productivity and anoxic depositional conditions. In order to examine
the paleo-sedimentary conditions of oil shales in the study area and their relation
to Total Organic Carbon (TOC) contents and major-trace element contents, a total
of 29 samples were collected from two boreholes and one Measured Stratigraphic Section
(MSS). Samples have TOC contents varying from 1.97 to 16.17 wt% (average 6.30 wt%).
The V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), U/Th, δU and Authigenic Uranium (AU) values of the Çeltek formation
oil shales (ÇFOS) reveal that the oil shales have been deposited under variable
paleo-environmental conditions. For paleo-salinity the Sr/Ba ratios indicate mostly
deposition in a freshwater environment. Chemical Alteration Index (CIA) values and
Sr/ Cu ratios indicate that paleo-climate conditions of ÇFOS were dry, hot and occasionally
humid. The Fe/ Ti and (Fe+Mn)/Ti ratios reveal hydrothermal activity during sedimentation
of oil shales. Zr/Rb ratios of samples are indicative of very weak paleo-hydrodynamics
during the deposition of oil shales. Such variable geochemical conditions in the
basin resulted in variable paleo-environmental conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paleo-environment, paleo- salinity, paleo-climate, chemical alteration index (CIA), Çeltek formation oil shales (ÇFOS), total organic carbon (TOC)

Kaynakça

• Achterberg, E. P., Van Den Berg, C. M. G., Boussemart, M., Davison W. 1997. Speciation and Cycling of Trace Metals in Esthwaite Water: A Productive English Lake With Seasonal Deep-Water Anoxia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,Vol. 61, pp. 5233– 5253.
• Bai, Y., Liu, Z., Sun, P., Liu R., Hu, X., Zhao, H., Xu, Y., 2015. Rare earth and major element geochemistry of Eocene fine-grained sediments in oil shale- and coal-bearing layers of the Meihe Basin, Northeast China. J Asian Earth Sci., 97, Vol., 97, pp. 89–101.
• Beyazpirinç, M., Akçay, A.E., Tarhan, N., Sönmez, M.K., Havzoğlu, T., Bilgiç, T., Bademler, F., Ünal, M. 2014. Akdağmadeni masifi nin jeolojisi ve jeodinamik evrimi projesi 2011-2012 yıllarına ait ara rapor. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Rapor No: 11763, Ankara (yayımlanmamış).
• Boström, K. 1983. Genesis of ferromanganese deposits- diagnostic criteria for recent and old deposits. Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers, Springer, Berlin, pp 473–489
• Breit, G. N., Wanty, R. B. 1991. Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: a review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis. Chemical Geology, Vol. 91, pp. 83-97.
• Brumsack, H. J. 2006. The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: Implications for Cretaceous black shale formation; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 232, pp. 344–361.
• Calvert, S. E., Pedersen, T. F. 1993. Geochemistry of Recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments: implications for the geological record. Marine Geology, Vol. 113, pp. 67-88. Cicioğlu, E. 1995. Sorgun (Yozgat) Kömürlerinin Kimyasal ve Petrografik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi,Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, ANKARA
• Chu, C. L., Chen, Q. L., Zhang, B., Shi, Z., Jiang, H. J., Yang, X. 2016. Influence on formation of Yuertusi Source Rock by hydrothermal activities at Dongergou section, Tarim Basin. Acta Sedimentol Sin., 34, Vol. 4, pp. 803–810.
• Cody, R. D. 1971. Adsorption and the reliability of trace elements as environmental indicators for shales. J. Sediment. Petrol., Vol. 41, pp. 461-471.
• Cox, R., Lowe, D. R., Cullers, R. L. 1995. The influence of sediment recycling and +” States. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 59, Vol. 14, pp. 2919–2940.
• Crusius, J., Calvert, S., Pedersen, T., Sage, D. 1996. Rhenium and molybdenum enrichments in sediments as indicators of oxic, suboxic and sulfidic conditions of deposition. Earth Planet Science Letter, Amsterdam, Vol. 145, pp. 65–78.
• Dean, W. E. 1993. Physical properties, mineralogy, and geo- chemistry of Holocene varved sediments from Elk Lake, Minnesota. In Bradbury J. P. and W. E. Dean (eds.), Elk Lake, Minnesota: Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the North-Central United States. Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 276, Boulder (CO), pp. 135–157.
• Dean, W. E. 1997. Rates, timing, and cyclicity of Holocene eolian activity in north-central United States: Evidence from varved lake sediments. Geology, Vol. 25, pp. 331–334.
• Degens, E. T., Williams, E. G., Keith, M. L. 1958. Environmental studies of carboniferous sediments: part II. Application of geochemical criteria. Bull J Immunol. Vol. 42, pp. 981–997.
• Deng, H. W., Qian, K. 1993. Sedimentary geochemistry and environmental analysis. Gansu Science And Technology Press, Gansu (in Chinese).
• Dönmez, M., Bilgin, Z. R., Akçay, A. E., Kara, H., Yergök, A. F., Esentürk, K. 2005. Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, Kırşehir-İ31 Paftası, No: 46, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara.
• Erler, A., Bayhan, H. 1993. Orta Anadolu Granotoidleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Yer Bilimleri 25. Yıl Sempozyumu, Tebliğ, 20. Sayfa, Ankara.
• Ernst, T. 1970. Geochemical Facieses Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 152.
• Espitalie, J., Marquis, F., Borsony, I. 1984. Geochemical logging, in Voorhees, K. J., ed., Analytical pyrolysis: London, Butterworth and Co., Ltd., p. 276-304.
• Espitalie, J., Madec, M., Tissot, B., Mennig, J. J., Leplat, P. 1977. Source rock characterization method for exploration: Proceedings, Ninth Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Vol. 3, p. 439-444.
• Hatch, J. R., Leventhal, J. S. 1992. Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, U.S.A. Chemical Geology, Vol. 99, pp. 65–82.
• Holland, H. D. 1984. The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and the Oceans. Princeton University Press, 598 pp.
• Huerta-Diaz, M. A., Morse, J. W. 1992. Pyritization of trace metals in anoxic marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., Vol. 56, pp. 2681-2702.
• Jarvie, D. M. 1991. Total Organic Carbon TOC Analysis. Merrill, R. K., ed., Source and Migration Processesand Evaluation Techniques, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 113-118.
• Jones, B., Manning, D.A.C. 1994. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of depositional environments in ancient mudstones. Chem Geol., 111, Vol. 1–4, pp. 112–129.
• Klinkhammer, G.P., Palmer, M.R. 1991. Uranium in the oceans: Where it goes and why. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 55, pp. 1799-1806.
• Koca, D. 2011. Nallıhan (Ankara, Türkiye) civarı bitümlü şeyllerinde organik madde ve iz element zenginleşmeleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Doktora tezi, pp.392.
• Koca, D., Sarı, A., Engin, H., Koç, Ş., Yavuz, B. 2010. Şeyl türü kayaçların (Tekirler-Nallıhan/Ankara) redoks depolanma koşulları. 35. Yıl Jeoloji Sempozyumu, s. 111-112, 4-7 Ekim 2010, Konya.
• Koralay, D. B., Sarı, A. 2013. Redox Conditions and Metal- Organic Carbon Relations of Eocene Bituminous Shales (Veliler/Mengen-Bolu/Turkey). Energy Sources, Part A, Vol., 35, pp.1597-1607.
• Langmuir, D. 1978. Uranium solution metal equilibra at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 42, pp. 547-569.
• Li, D., Li, R., Zhu, Z., Xu, F. 2018. Elemental characteristics of lacustrine oil shale and its controlling factors of palaeo-sedimentary environment on oil yield: a case from Chang 7 oil layer of Triassic Yanchang Formation in southern Ordos Basin. Acta Geochim, Vol. 37, 2, pp. 228–243.
• Liang, W. J., Xiao, C. T., Xiao, K., Lin, W. 2015. The relationship of Late Jurassic paleoenvironment and paleoclimate with geochemical elements in Amdo Country of northern Tibet. Geol China, 42, Vol. 4, pp.1079–1091 (in Chinese with English abstract)
• Morford, J. L., Emerson, S. 1999. The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 63, pp. 1735-1750.
• Morford, J. L., Russell, A. D., Emerson, S. 2001. Trace metal evidence for changes in the redox environment associated vvith the transition from terrigenous clay to diatomaceous sediment, Saanich inlet, B. C. Marine Geology, Vol. 174, pp. 355-369.
• Morse, J. W., Luther, G.W. 1999. Chemical influences on trace metal-sulfıde interactions in anoxic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 63, pp. 3373-3378.
• Mukhopadhyay, P. K., Wade, J. A., Kruge, M. A. 1995. Organic Facies and Maturation of Jurassic/ Cretaceous Rocks and Possible Oil-Source Rock Corelation Based on Pyrolysis of Asphaltenes, Scotion Basin, Canada. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 221, pp. 85-104.
• Özlük, M. 2010. Himmetoğlu Formasyonu (Bolu) Bitümlü Şeyllerinde Organik Karbon ve Cr, Fe, Mo, Mn ve V Elementlerinin İlişkilerinin İncelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi FBE, Jeoloji Mühendisliği ABD. Yüksek Lisans tezi 109s.
• Pailler, D., Bard, E., Rostek, F., Zheng, Y., Mortlock, R., Geen, A. 2002. Burial of redox-sensitive metals and organic matter in the equatorial Indian Ocean linked to precession. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 66, pp. 849-865.
• Peters, K. E., Cassa, M. R. 1994. Applied source rock geochemistry. In: The petroleum system- from source to trap, L. B. Magoon and W. G. Dows eds., AAPG, Vol. 60, pp. 93-117.
• Rimmer, S. M. 2004. Geochemical paleoredox indicators in the Devonian Mississippian black shales, Central Appalachian Basin USA. Chemical Geology, Vol. 206, pp. 373-391.
• Robl, T. L., Barron, L. S. 1987. The geochemistry of black shales in central Kentucky and its relationship to inter-basinal correlation and depositional environment. In: McMillan, A. F., Embry, A. F., Glass, D. G. (Eds.), Devonian of the World, Vol. II: Sedimentation. Mem. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol., Vol.14, pp.377-396.
• Sarı, A., Koca, D. 2012. Jura - Kretase yaşlı Akkuyu Formasyonunun (Orta Toroslar/ Türkiye) provenans, tektonik ve redoks koşullarına bir yaklaşım. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, Sayı 144, S.51-73.
• Sarı, A., Yavuz Pehlivanlı, B., Koca, D., Koç, Ş. 2010. During Triassic Paleoredox and Provenance Investigation of Rich Organic Matter Tarasçı Formation (Middle Taurus/Turkey), Elec Lett Sci Eng, Vol. 6, pp. 9-24.
• Sarı, A., Akkaya, P., Özakar, E. 2016. Kürnüç/Göynük- Bolu Alt Eosen Bitümlü Kayaçlarının Depolanma Ortamı ve Organik Jeokimyasal Karakteristikleri. MTA Dergisi, Sayı 152, S. 1-17.
• Templeton, G. D., Chasteen, N. D. 1980. Vanadium–fulvic acid chemistry conformational and binding studies by electron spin probe techniques. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 44, pp. 741.
• Teng, G. E, 2004. The Distribution of elements, carbon and oxygen isotopes on Marine Strata and environmental correlation between they and hydrocarbon source rocks formation an example from Ordovician Basin, China. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Lanzhou Institute of Geology), Lanzhou.
• Teng, G. E., Hui, L. W., Xu, Y. C., Chen, J. F. 2005. Correlative study on parameters of inorganic geochemistry and hydrocarbon source rocks formative environment. Adv Earth Sci., 20, Vol. 2, pp.193-200
• Teng, G. E., Liu, W. H., Xu, Y. C., Chen, J. F. 2004. Identification of effective source rocks of Ordovician marine sediments in Ordos Basin. Prog Nat Sci., 14, Vol. 11, pp. 1249–1252 (in Chinese).
• Tissot, B., Welte, D. H. 1984. Petroleum formation and occurrence: 2. edition Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 699.
• Tribovillard, N, Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T., Riboulleau, A. 2006. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies an update. Chem Geol, 232, Vol. 1–2, pp.12–32.
• Turekian, K. K., Wedepohl, K. H. 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth’s crust. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 72, Vol. 2, pp. 175-192
• Vine, J., Tourtelot, E. 1970. Geochemistry of black shale deposits a summary report. Econ. Geo., Vol. 65, pp. 253-272.
• Wang, Y. Y., Wu, P. 1983. Geochemical criteria of sediments in the coastal area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. J Tongji Univ (Nat Sci), Vol. 4, pp.82– 90 (in Chinese with English abstract)
• Wehrli, B., Stumm, W. 1989. Vanadyl in natural waters: Adsorption and hydrolysis promote oxygenation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 53, pp. 69–77. Wignall, P. B. 1994. Black Shales. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics No. 30, Oxford Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K., pp.127.
• Yarincik, K. M., Murray, R. W., Lyons, T. W., Peterson, L.C., Haug, G.H. 2000. Oxygenation history of bottom waters in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, over the past 578,000 years: results from redox-sensitive metals (Mo, V, Mn, and Fe) Paleoceanography, 15, Vol. 6, pp.593–604. doi:10.1029/1999PA000401
• Yavuz Pehlivanlı, B. 2011. Hırka Formasyonu (Beypazarı, Ankara, Türkiye) Bitümlü şeyllerinin İnorganik element depolanmaları ve organik-inorganik elementler arasındaki kökensel ilişkiler. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Doktora tezi, pp. 550
• Yavuz Pehlivanlı, B., Koç, Ş., Sarı, A. 2013. Geochemical Paleoredox Variations Dependent upon Depth of Samples Contain Rich Organic Matter in Hırka Formation, Beypazarı-Ankara, Turkey”, 33rd Oil Shale Symposium, October 14-18 2013. Colorado School of Mines Golden Colorado, USA. 49. p. Zhang, C. L., Gao, A. L., Liu, Z., Huang, J., Yang, Y. J., Zhang, Y. 2011. Study of character on sedimentary water and Palaeoclimate for Chang 7 oil layer in Ordos Basin. Nat Gas Geosci, 22, Vol. 4, 582–587 (in Chinese with English abstract).
• Zhao, B. S., Li, R. X., Wang, X. Z., Wu, X. Y., Wang, N., Qin, X. L., Cheng, J. H., Li, J. J. 2016. Sedimentary environment and preservation conditions of organic matter analysis of Shanxi formation mud shale in Yanchang exporation area, Ordos Basin. Geol Sci Technol Inf 35, Vol. 6, pp.103–111 (in Chinese with English abstract).
• Zheng, Y., Anderson, R. F., van Geen, A., Fleischer, M. Q. 2002. Remobilization of authigenic uranium in marinesediments by bioturbation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 66, pp. 1759-1772.
• Zhong, D. K., Jiang, Z. K., Guo, Q., Sun, H. T. 2015. A review about research history, situation and prospects of hydrothermal sedimentation. Palaeogeogr 17, Vol. 3, 285–296 (in Chinese with English abstract).