BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2014, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 34 - 49, 21.01.2015

Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Nur Pakdemirli

https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.83830

Öz

Higher education is a problematic field in Pakistan. The major problems include the dependent structure of institutions and political interventions. The academic programs are not updated and modern. The rate of participation in higher education is low. Instructors are not paid fairly. Since the state’s support is not sufficient, financial deficit has been chronic. There are complex relations among the federal department of education, the state department of education, the council of higher education, and universities. The latter are not administered well and suffer from corruption, inefficient policies, and misuse of grants. The growth of educational institutions is not proportional to that of population, and hence the rate of participation in higher education is low. Students are faced with economic challenges, many not able to afford tuitions. This leads them to being engaged with politics excessively and negative activities. The teaching body has to face similar challenges. They have to work for low income, which motivates them for non-professional occupations. Universities have to search for additional financial resources. One possibility is being focused on industrial and military researches. But this attempt often fails because there are limits for cooperation with institutions in these sectors and there are limited means for quality research. This paper discusses these problems observed in Pakistan’s system and institutions of higher education

Anahtar Kelimeler

Higher Education Pakistan Problems of Higher Education

Kaynakça

  • ABBAS, S. G., ROGER, A. ve QURESHI, M. I. (2012), Causes and Consequences of Occupational Stress Among University Teachers in Pakistan, 3rd International Conference on Business Strategies on Global Markets, (ed. Iveta Němečková and Ondřej Machek), Prague-Czech Republic ve Lyon- France, ss. 314-336.
  • AFTAB, K. ve AHSON, U. (2009), “Financial Sustainability of Higher Education in Pakistan”, SAARC Journal of Human Resource Development, ss. 67-87.
  • AHMAD, M. ve SHAFIQUE, M. (2011), “Does Ownership of Higher Education Institute Influence Its HRM Patterns? The Case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 10, ss. 230- 241.
  • AKHTAR, M. M. S. ve KALSOOM, T. (2012), “Issues of Universities’ Governance in Pakistan”, Journal of Elementary Education, Cilt: 22, Sayı: 2, ss. 81-94.
  • ANWAR, M. N., YOUSUF, M. I. ve SARWAR, M. (2008), “Decision Making Practices in Universities of Pakistan”, Journal of Diversity Management, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 4, ss. 19-26.
  • ARSHAD, M. ve RAHMANI, S. H. (2013), “Customers’ Satisfaction on Teaching Facility at University Level in Pakistan”, Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, Cilt: 11, Sayı: 1, ss. 51-59.
  • ASLAM, H. D. (2011), “Analyzing Professional Development Practices for Teachers in Public Universities of Pakistan”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 4, ss. 97-106.
  • AURANGZEB, K. A. (2012), “Good Governance in Universities, and Prospects of Employment for the Students: Evidence from Pakistan”, Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 11, ss. 86-103.
  • BUTT, I. H. (2009), Revisiting Student Politics in Pakistan, Gujranwala: Bargad Publications.
  • BUZDAR, M. A., ALI, A., AKHTAR, J. H., MAQBOOL, S. ve NADEEM, M. (2013), “Assessment of Students’ Learning Achievements Under Semester System in Pakistan”, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 6, ss. 79-86.
  • CLARK, G. (2005), “Reform in Higher Education in Pakistan”, Education Reform in Pakistan, (ed. R. M. Hathaway), Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Press, ss. 55-70.
  • FATIMA A. ve NASR, M. (2010), “Financial Aid as Support for Student Accessibility to Higher Education in Pakistan”, International Review of Business Research Papers, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 3, ss. 205-218.
  • HAIDER, S. Z. (2008), “Challenges in Higher Education: Special Reference to Pakistan and South Asian Developing Countries”, Nonpartisan Education Review/Essays, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 2, ss. 1-12.
  • HAYES, Louis D, (1987), The Crisis of Education in Pakistan, Vanguard Books Press, Lahore.
  • HOODBHOY, P. (1998), “Pakistani Universities: Which Way Out? Education and the State: Fifty Years of Pakistan, (ed. P. Hoodbhoy), Oxford University Press. Karachi, ss. 251-286.
  • HUSSAIN, T. (2008), Dilemma of Higher Education in Pakistan and Role of World Bank, Participatory Learning, Citizenship and Identity, Roskilde University, Denmark.
  • IQBAL, A. (2004), Problems and Prospects of Higher Education in Pakistan, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Arid Agriculture Institute of Educationand Research, Rawalpindi.
  • ISANI, U. A. ve VIRK, M. L. (2005), Higher Education in Pakistan, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
  • JAFRI, A. R. (2001), The State of Public Administration in Pakistan, The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan, (ed. S. H. Hashmi), Council of Social Sciences Press, Islamabad, ss. 164-167.
  • KASHAN, A. (2012), “Measuring Student Satisfaction of Master Level Students; Evidence from University of Sargodha, Pakistan”, School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal, ss. 216-222.
  • KASHIF, N., ALI, Akhtar ve KELLY,T. B. (2013), “Perceptions and Practices of Social Behaviors Among University Students in Pakistan”, Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 3, ss. 59-73.
  • KHALID, S. M. ve KHAN M. F. (2006), “Pakistan: The State of Education”, The Muslim World, 96, ss. 305-322.
  • KHAN, A. M. (2008), “Quality of Various Aspects of Higher Education in Private Sector of Pakistan as Viewed by Administrator, Teacher and Students”, Bullettin of Education and Research, Cilt: 30, Sayı: 2, ss. 2-27.
  • KHAN, M. ve MANSOOR, H. T. (2013), “Factors Influencing Motivation Level of Academic Staff in Education Sector of Pakistan”, Global Journal of Human Resource Management, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, ss. 41-48.
  • KHAN, S. R. (1991), “Financing Higher Education in Pakistan”, Higher Education, Sayı: 21, ss. 207-222.
  • KHATTAK, S. G. (2011), The Challenges of Population Policy and Planning in Pakistan, Reaping the Divident: Overcoming Pakistan’s Demographic Challenges, (ed. M. Kugelman ve R. M. Hahaway), Woodrow Wilson International Center Press, Washington DC, ss. 145-159.
  • LISTER, S., BANO, M., CARR-HILL R. ve MACAUSLAN, I. (2010), Country Case study: Pakistan, Cambridge-Mokoro-Oxford Press.
  • MAHMOOD, K. ve SHAFIQUE, F. (2010), “Changing Research Scenario in Pakistan and Demand for Research Qualified LIS Professionals”, Library Review, Cilt: 59, Sayı: 4, ss. 291-303.
  • MALIK, A. B. (2003), The Higher Education in Pakistan, Makbul Academy Press, Lahor.
  • MALIK, N. A. (2013), The Genesis of OER at The Virtual University of Pakistan”, Open Educational Resources: An Asian perspective, (ed. G. Dhanarajan ve D. Porter), Commonwealth of Learning and OER Asia Publishing, Vancouver, ss. 133-140.
  • MEMON, R. ve BADGER, R. (2007), “Purposeful change? Changing the Teaching of Reading in a Regional University in Pakistan”, System, Sayı: 35, ss. 551-565.
  • MINISTRY OF EDUCATION. (2013), Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12, No: 252, AEPAM Publication, Islamabad.
  • MUBARAK, R. Z., WAHAB, Z. ve KHAN, N. R. (2012), “Faculty Retention in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan”, Journal of Theories and Research in Education, Cilt: 7, Sayı: 2, ss. 65-78.
  • MUNSHI P. ve BHATTI, T. (2007), “An Appraisal of the Results of Examination’s Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education in the Province of Sindh, Pakistan”, Journal of Educational Research, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 1, ss. 6-20.
  • NASREEN, A. ve MIRZA, M. S. (2013), “Faculty Management Practices at Public Universities of the Puncap: Planning and Strategies Adopted by Top Administrators”, Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, Cilt: 9, Sayı: 1, ss. 22-42.
  • NIAZI, H. K. ve MACE, J. (2006), “The Contribution of the Private Sector to Higher Education in Pakistan with Particular Reference to Efficiency and Equity”, Bulletin of Education and Research, Cilt: 28, Sayı: 2, ss. 17-42. OBAID, Zia. (2006), Reforming Political Universities: An Organizational Analysis of University of Peshawar. Master Dissertation, University of Bergen.
  • PARVEEN, A., RASHID, K., IQBAL, M. Z. ve KHAN, S. (2011), “System and Reforms of Higher Education in Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 20, ss. 260-267.
  • QURESHI, A. A. (2012), How do Perceptions of the Importance of Service-Quality Determinants Differ Across Key Stakeholder Groups in the Pakistan Higher Education Sector? Master Dissertation, Loughborough University.
  • QURESHI, I. H. (1975), Education in Pakistan, Maaref Press, Karachi.
  • RAHMAN, Tariq, (2006), Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi.
  • RANA, R. A. ve REID, N. (2008), “Dimensions of Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Challenges for Future”, 2. International Conference on Assesing Quality in Higher Education, Lahore.
  • REHMAN S., GUJJAR, A. A., KHAN, S. A. ve IQBAL, J. (2009), “Quality of Teaching Faculty in Public Sector Universities of Pakistan”, International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, ss. 48-63.
  • REID, N. (2008), “Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Pakistan”. 2. International Conference on Assesing Quality in Higher Education, Lahore.
  • SAEED, M. (2007), “Education System of Pakistan and the UK: Comparisons in Context to Inter-Provincial and Inter-Countries Reflections”, Bulletin of Education and Research, Cilt: 29, Sayı: 2, ss. 43-57.
  • SARWAR, S. (2010), “Hindering Factors of Beginning Teachers’ High Performance in Higher Education Pakistan”, International Journal of Education, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 1, ss. 1-12.
  • SARWAR, S., ASLAM, H. D. ve RASHEED, M. I. (2012), “Hindering Factors of Beginning Teachers’ High Performance in Higher Education Pakistan”, International Journal of Educational Management, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 1, ss. 27-38.
  • SHAH, S. (2005), “Challenges in the Education Sector in Pakistan”, Education Reform in Pakistan, (ed. R. M. Hathaway), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Press, Washington DC, ss. 46-53.
  • SİDDIQUI, S. (2010), Rethinking Education in Pakistan, Paramount Publishing Enterprise, Karachi.
  • SİDDIQUI, Z. S. (2009), “Faculty Development: A Step Towards Quality and Excellence”, Journal of Quality and Technology Management, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 2, ss. 17-26.
  • TALATI, J. (Ed.). (1998), Higher Education: A Pathway to Development, Oxford University Presss, Karachi. UNIVERSITY GRAND COMMISION. (1975), Report on Improvement of Education and Research, University Grand Commision, Islamabad.
  • USMANI, M. A. W., KHATOON, S., SHAMMOT, M. M. ve ZAMIL, A. M. (2012), “Towards a Network of Quality Assurance in Higher Education: A Pakistani Model”, Archives Des Sciences, Cilt: 65, Sayı: 7, ss. 224-229.
  • WORLD BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DATA GROUP. (1991), Task Force Report 1990 on Higher Education in Pakistan. World Development Indicators, World Bank.
  • WORLD BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DATA GROUP. (2001), Task Force Report 2000 on Higher Education in Pakistan. World Development Indicators, World Bank.

PAKİSTAN’DA YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMİN TEMEL SORUNLARI

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 34 - 49, 21.01.2015

Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Nur Pakdemirli

https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.83830

Öz

Pakistan’da yükseköğretimin sorunlu bir sektör olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bağımlı kurumsal ve yönetsel yapılanma, politik müdahaleler, akademik programların güncellenememesi ve modernize edilememesi, yükseköğretime katılım oranının düşüklüğü, öğretim elemanlarını ücretlendirmede eşitsizlik, yetersiz devlet ödenekleri ve finansal açık temel sorunları oluşturur. Federal Eğitim Bakanlığı, Eyalet Eğitim Bakanlığı, Yükseköğretim Kurulu ve üniversiteler arasındaki karmaşık bağlantılara ve hatalı kurumsal yapılanmaya kötü yönetim, yolsuzluklar, zayıf politikalar, mevcut ödeneklerin verimli kullanılmaması da eklenince durum içinden çıkılmaz bir hal almıştır. Ülkede yükseköğretim kurumları sayısındaki artışın nüfus artış oranına kıyasla yetersiz kalması ve yükseköğretime giriş oranının düşüklüğü bir yana, bu kurumlara girmeyi başarabilen öğrencilerin öğrenim harçları başta olmak üzere kendilerini aşan ekonomik sorunlarla karşılaşmaları onları politize olmaya ve ülke siyasetiyle gereğinde fazla meşgul olarak olumsuz eylemler içerisine girmeye yöneltmektedir. Öğretim elemanlarının sorunları da öğrencilerden farklı boyutta değildir. Düşük ücretle çalışmak durumunda bırakılan öğretim elemanlarının işlerine motive olamamaları ve akademik çalışmalar yerine çeşitli kurumlarda ek iş yapmaya yönelmeleri artık sıradanlaşmıştır. Devlet ödeneklerinin kısıtlılığı nedeniyle kendi finans kaynaklarını bulmak zorunda bırakılan üniversiteler, bilgiyi askerî ve endüstriyel alanlara uygulayarak gelir elde etmeye çalışsalar da, ülke şartları açısından bu sektörlerle kurumsal işbirliği imkânlarının sınırlılığı ve araştırma ortamlarının yetersizliği nedeniyle çoğu zaman sonuç alamamaktadırlar. Çalışmamızda Pakistan’ın yükseköğretim sisteminde ve kurumlarında yaşanan bu sorunlar irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pakistan Yükseköğretim Yükseköğretimin Sorunları

Kaynakça

  • ABBAS, S. G., ROGER, A. ve QURESHI, M. I. (2012), Causes and Consequences of Occupational Stress Among University Teachers in Pakistan, 3rd International Conference on Business Strategies on Global Markets, (ed. Iveta Němečková and Ondřej Machek), Prague-Czech Republic ve Lyon- France, ss. 314-336.
  • AFTAB, K. ve AHSON, U. (2009), “Financial Sustainability of Higher Education in Pakistan”, SAARC Journal of Human Resource Development, ss. 67-87.
  • AHMAD, M. ve SHAFIQUE, M. (2011), “Does Ownership of Higher Education Institute Influence Its HRM Patterns? The Case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 10, ss. 230- 241.
  • AKHTAR, M. M. S. ve KALSOOM, T. (2012), “Issues of Universities’ Governance in Pakistan”, Journal of Elementary Education, Cilt: 22, Sayı: 2, ss. 81-94.
  • ANWAR, M. N., YOUSUF, M. I. ve SARWAR, M. (2008), “Decision Making Practices in Universities of Pakistan”, Journal of Diversity Management, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 4, ss. 19-26.
  • ARSHAD, M. ve RAHMANI, S. H. (2013), “Customers’ Satisfaction on Teaching Facility at University Level in Pakistan”, Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, Cilt: 11, Sayı: 1, ss. 51-59.
  • ASLAM, H. D. (2011), “Analyzing Professional Development Practices for Teachers in Public Universities of Pakistan”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 4, ss. 97-106.
  • AURANGZEB, K. A. (2012), “Good Governance in Universities, and Prospects of Employment for the Students: Evidence from Pakistan”, Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 11, ss. 86-103.
  • BUTT, I. H. (2009), Revisiting Student Politics in Pakistan, Gujranwala: Bargad Publications.
  • BUZDAR, M. A., ALI, A., AKHTAR, J. H., MAQBOOL, S. ve NADEEM, M. (2013), “Assessment of Students’ Learning Achievements Under Semester System in Pakistan”, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 6, ss. 79-86.
  • CLARK, G. (2005), “Reform in Higher Education in Pakistan”, Education Reform in Pakistan, (ed. R. M. Hathaway), Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Press, ss. 55-70.
  • FATIMA A. ve NASR, M. (2010), “Financial Aid as Support for Student Accessibility to Higher Education in Pakistan”, International Review of Business Research Papers, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 3, ss. 205-218.
  • HAIDER, S. Z. (2008), “Challenges in Higher Education: Special Reference to Pakistan and South Asian Developing Countries”, Nonpartisan Education Review/Essays, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 2, ss. 1-12.
  • HAYES, Louis D, (1987), The Crisis of Education in Pakistan, Vanguard Books Press, Lahore.
  • HOODBHOY, P. (1998), “Pakistani Universities: Which Way Out? Education and the State: Fifty Years of Pakistan, (ed. P. Hoodbhoy), Oxford University Press. Karachi, ss. 251-286.
  • HUSSAIN, T. (2008), Dilemma of Higher Education in Pakistan and Role of World Bank, Participatory Learning, Citizenship and Identity, Roskilde University, Denmark.
  • IQBAL, A. (2004), Problems and Prospects of Higher Education in Pakistan, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Arid Agriculture Institute of Educationand Research, Rawalpindi.
  • ISANI, U. A. ve VIRK, M. L. (2005), Higher Education in Pakistan, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
  • JAFRI, A. R. (2001), The State of Public Administration in Pakistan, The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan, (ed. S. H. Hashmi), Council of Social Sciences Press, Islamabad, ss. 164-167.
  • KASHAN, A. (2012), “Measuring Student Satisfaction of Master Level Students; Evidence from University of Sargodha, Pakistan”, School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal, ss. 216-222.
  • KASHIF, N., ALI, Akhtar ve KELLY,T. B. (2013), “Perceptions and Practices of Social Behaviors Among University Students in Pakistan”, Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 3, ss. 59-73.
  • KHALID, S. M. ve KHAN M. F. (2006), “Pakistan: The State of Education”, The Muslim World, 96, ss. 305-322.
  • KHAN, A. M. (2008), “Quality of Various Aspects of Higher Education in Private Sector of Pakistan as Viewed by Administrator, Teacher and Students”, Bullettin of Education and Research, Cilt: 30, Sayı: 2, ss. 2-27.
  • KHAN, M. ve MANSOOR, H. T. (2013), “Factors Influencing Motivation Level of Academic Staff in Education Sector of Pakistan”, Global Journal of Human Resource Management, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, ss. 41-48.
  • KHAN, S. R. (1991), “Financing Higher Education in Pakistan”, Higher Education, Sayı: 21, ss. 207-222.
  • KHATTAK, S. G. (2011), The Challenges of Population Policy and Planning in Pakistan, Reaping the Divident: Overcoming Pakistan’s Demographic Challenges, (ed. M. Kugelman ve R. M. Hahaway), Woodrow Wilson International Center Press, Washington DC, ss. 145-159.
  • LISTER, S., BANO, M., CARR-HILL R. ve MACAUSLAN, I. (2010), Country Case study: Pakistan, Cambridge-Mokoro-Oxford Press.
  • MAHMOOD, K. ve SHAFIQUE, F. (2010), “Changing Research Scenario in Pakistan and Demand for Research Qualified LIS Professionals”, Library Review, Cilt: 59, Sayı: 4, ss. 291-303.
  • MALIK, A. B. (2003), The Higher Education in Pakistan, Makbul Academy Press, Lahor.
  • MALIK, N. A. (2013), The Genesis of OER at The Virtual University of Pakistan”, Open Educational Resources: An Asian perspective, (ed. G. Dhanarajan ve D. Porter), Commonwealth of Learning and OER Asia Publishing, Vancouver, ss. 133-140.
  • MEMON, R. ve BADGER, R. (2007), “Purposeful change? Changing the Teaching of Reading in a Regional University in Pakistan”, System, Sayı: 35, ss. 551-565.
  • MINISTRY OF EDUCATION. (2013), Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12, No: 252, AEPAM Publication, Islamabad.
  • MUBARAK, R. Z., WAHAB, Z. ve KHAN, N. R. (2012), “Faculty Retention in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan”, Journal of Theories and Research in Education, Cilt: 7, Sayı: 2, ss. 65-78.
  • MUNSHI P. ve BHATTI, T. (2007), “An Appraisal of the Results of Examination’s Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education in the Province of Sindh, Pakistan”, Journal of Educational Research, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 1, ss. 6-20.
  • NASREEN, A. ve MIRZA, M. S. (2013), “Faculty Management Practices at Public Universities of the Puncap: Planning and Strategies Adopted by Top Administrators”, Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, Cilt: 9, Sayı: 1, ss. 22-42.
  • NIAZI, H. K. ve MACE, J. (2006), “The Contribution of the Private Sector to Higher Education in Pakistan with Particular Reference to Efficiency and Equity”, Bulletin of Education and Research, Cilt: 28, Sayı: 2, ss. 17-42. OBAID, Zia. (2006), Reforming Political Universities: An Organizational Analysis of University of Peshawar. Master Dissertation, University of Bergen.
  • PARVEEN, A., RASHID, K., IQBAL, M. Z. ve KHAN, S. (2011), “System and Reforms of Higher Education in Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 20, ss. 260-267.
  • QURESHI, A. A. (2012), How do Perceptions of the Importance of Service-Quality Determinants Differ Across Key Stakeholder Groups in the Pakistan Higher Education Sector? Master Dissertation, Loughborough University.
  • QURESHI, I. H. (1975), Education in Pakistan, Maaref Press, Karachi.
  • RAHMAN, Tariq, (2006), Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi.
  • RANA, R. A. ve REID, N. (2008), “Dimensions of Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Challenges for Future”, 2. International Conference on Assesing Quality in Higher Education, Lahore.
  • REHMAN S., GUJJAR, A. A., KHAN, S. A. ve IQBAL, J. (2009), “Quality of Teaching Faculty in Public Sector Universities of Pakistan”, International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, ss. 48-63.
  • REID, N. (2008), “Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Pakistan”. 2. International Conference on Assesing Quality in Higher Education, Lahore.
  • SAEED, M. (2007), “Education System of Pakistan and the UK: Comparisons in Context to Inter-Provincial and Inter-Countries Reflections”, Bulletin of Education and Research, Cilt: 29, Sayı: 2, ss. 43-57.
  • SARWAR, S. (2010), “Hindering Factors of Beginning Teachers’ High Performance in Higher Education Pakistan”, International Journal of Education, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 1, ss. 1-12.
  • SARWAR, S., ASLAM, H. D. ve RASHEED, M. I. (2012), “Hindering Factors of Beginning Teachers’ High Performance in Higher Education Pakistan”, International Journal of Educational Management, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 1, ss. 27-38.
  • SHAH, S. (2005), “Challenges in the Education Sector in Pakistan”, Education Reform in Pakistan, (ed. R. M. Hathaway), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Press, Washington DC, ss. 46-53.
  • SİDDIQUI, S. (2010), Rethinking Education in Pakistan, Paramount Publishing Enterprise, Karachi.
  • SİDDIQUI, Z. S. (2009), “Faculty Development: A Step Towards Quality and Excellence”, Journal of Quality and Technology Management, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 2, ss. 17-26.
  • TALATI, J. (Ed.). (1998), Higher Education: A Pathway to Development, Oxford University Presss, Karachi. UNIVERSITY GRAND COMMISION. (1975), Report on Improvement of Education and Research, University Grand Commision, Islamabad.
  • USMANI, M. A. W., KHATOON, S., SHAMMOT, M. M. ve ZAMIL, A. M. (2012), “Towards a Network of Quality Assurance in Higher Education: A Pakistani Model”, Archives Des Sciences, Cilt: 65, Sayı: 7, ss. 224-229.
  • WORLD BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DATA GROUP. (1991), Task Force Report 1990 on Higher Education in Pakistan. World Development Indicators, World Bank.
  • WORLD BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DATA GROUP. (2001), Task Force Report 2000 on Higher Education in Pakistan. World Development Indicators, World Bank.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Nur Pakdemirli Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ocak 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Pakdemirli, Y. D. D. M. N. (2015). PAKİSTAN’DA YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMİN TEMEL SORUNLARI. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(4), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.83830
 Kapak Resmi İndir

https://orcid.org/