Research Article
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Electrification in Urban Transport: A Case Study with Real-time Data

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 69 - 77, 30.01.2021

İsmail Can Dikmen Yunus Emre Ekici Teoman Karadağ Teymuraz Abbasov Serdar Ethem Hamamcı

https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.837248

Abstract

Electrification in urban transportation is becoming more popular, beside it is also becoming a necessity due to climate changes and sustainability issues. Trolleybuses are presenting an alternative for this purpose. Although their technology is a mature technology that has been used for decades, there are still some technical problems that need to be overcome. In this study, a technical method is presented for the conversion of trolleybus auxiliary power units. The electrification conversion demanded by the metropolitan public transportation company operating 22 trolleybuses in the province of Malatya is the replacement of diesel generators, used as auxiliary power units, with battery units capable of meeting the local operational requirements. For this purpose, a method is proposed and followed. At first step of the implementation, real-time data has gathered from a trolleybus and this one round tour data is used to run on a scaled experiment. The setup has prepared as hardware and software to simulate the consumption on a scaled battery pack. Experimental results were interpreted with capacity and voltage restrictions resulting the determination of battery chemistry and casing to be used. Then optimal battery placement was defined as a container loading problem and application was made with the first fit decreasing algorithm considering mass and volume restrictions. It was found that only two packing types out of six combinations is enough to form a battery pack within the mass and volumetric limitations. It is evaluated that the method adopted in this study can be used in conversion applications to be made in the future.

Keywords

Auxiliary power unit container loading problem conversion electrification first fit decreasing algorithm trolleybus electrical vehicles

Supporting Institution

İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Project Number

FOA-2018-1358

Thanks

Bu çalışma İnönü Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimince Desteklenmiştir. Proje Numarası:FOA-2018-1358. This work was supported by Research Fund of Inonu University. Project Number:FOA-2018-1358

References

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  • [7] L. J. Brunton, “Why not the trolleybus?,” IET Conf. Proc., pp. 5-5(1), 2000, [Online]. Available: https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20000265.
  • [8] C. ELMAS, U. GUVENC, and M. U. DOĞAN, “Tire-Road Friction Coefficient Estimation and Experimental Setup Design of Electric Vehicle,” Balk. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 202–207, Dec. 2015, Accessed: Dec. 06, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bajece/issue/36579/415720#article_cite.
  • [9] S. Barsali, A. Bechini, R. Giglioli, and D. Poli, “Storage in electrified transport systems,” in 2012 IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON), 2012, pp. 1003–1008, doi: 10.1109/EnergyCon.2012.6347716.
  • [10] S. Tica, S. Filipović, and Predrag!, “Development of Trolleybus Passenger Transport Subsystems in Terms of Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in Cities.”
  • [11] L. C. G. Freitas, G. B. Lima, F. A. S. Gonçalves, G. A. Melo, C. A. Canesin, and L. C. de Freitas, “A novel single-phase HPF hybrid rectifier suitable for front-end trolleybus systems,” in 2009 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, 2009, pp. 619–626, doi: 10.1109/COBEP.2009.5347751.
  • [12] T. Held and L. Gerrits, “On the road to electrification – A qualitative comparative analysis of urban e-mobility policies in 15 European cities,” Transp. Policy, vol. 81, pp. 12–23, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.014.
  • [13] M. Glotz-Richter and H. Koch, “Electrification of Public Transport in Cities (Horizon 2020 ELIPTIC Project),” Transp. Res. Procedia, vol. 14, pp. 2614–2619, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.416.
  • [14] N. Medimorec, “E-Mobility Trends and Targets.” [Online]. Available: https://slocat.net/e-mobility/.
  • [15] M. Bartłomiejczyk, J. Dombrowski, M. Połom, and O. Wyszomirski, Handbook Conversion of a Diesel Engine Bus. Gdyni: Gmina Miasta Gdyni, 2012.
  • [16] L. Bertoni, H. Gualous, D. Bouquain, D. Hissel, M.-. Pera, and J.-. Kauffmann, “Hybrid auxiliary power unit (APU) for automotive applications,” in Proceedings IEEE 56th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1840–1845 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/VETECF.2002.1040535.
  • [17] UNECE, General construction of buses and coaches. Europe, 2020.
  • [18] B. Ku and J. Liu, “Converter-Switching Surges: Railroad Vehicle Power Converter Impact Studies,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 57–66, 2012, doi: 10.1109/MVT.2012.2203409.
  • [19] K. Rajashekara and Y. Jia, “An induction generator based auxiliary power unit for power generation and management system for more electric aircraft,” in 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2016, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2016.7854849.
  • [20] D. Zhang, J. Jiang, L. Y. Wang, and W. Zhang, “Robust and Scalable Management of Power Networks in Dual-Source Trolleybus Systems: A Consensus Control Framework,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1029–1038, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2015.2492564.
  • [21] VT/RTSC - Rail Transportation Standards Committee, IEEE Recommended Practice for Terminology Used for Direct Current Electric Transit Overhead Contact Systems. 2019.
  • [22] J. Joyce, British Trolleybus Systems. London: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1986.
  • [23] C. S. Dunbar, Buses, Trolleys and Trams. Octopus Publishing Group, 2004.
  • [24] Wikipedia, “List of trolleybus systems,” 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trolleybus_systems.
  • [25] P. Stepanov, “Characteristics of construction and operation of trolleybus systems in the wo,” Pr. Kom. Geogr. Komun. PTG, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 64–72, 2019, doi: DOI 10.4467/2543859XPKG.19.018.11284.
  • [26] Wikipedia, “Public transport in Istanbul,” 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul.
  • [27] Rayhaber, “Malatya new Trambus line,” 2013. https://en.rayhaber.com/2013/04/malatya-yeni-trambus-hatti/.
  • [28] “Trolleybus usage by country.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus_usage_by_country#Turkey_2 (accessed Mar. 26, 2020).
  • [29] J. Choi, J. Jeong, Y. Park, and S. W. Cha, “Evaluation of regenerative braking effect for E-REV bus according to characteristic of driving cycle,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Technol., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 149–155, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s40684-015-0019-6.
  • [30] D. Perrotta, B. Ribeiro, R. J. F. Rossetti, and J. L. Afonso, “On the Potential of Regenerative Braking of Electric Buses as a Function of Their Itinerary,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 54, pp. 1156–1167, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.830.
  • [31] E. Sindi, L. Y. Wang, M. Polis, G. Yin, and L. Ding, “Distributed Optimal Power and Voltage Management in DC Microgrids: Applications to Dual-Source Trolleybus Systems,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 778–788, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2018.2844367.
  • [32] Opperhill, “Real-Time CAN bus data recorder with SD card,” 2019. https://copperhilltech.com/blog/realtime-can-bus-data-recorder-with-sd-card/.
  • [33] A. Bortfeldt and G. Wäscher, “Container Loading Problems - A State-of-the-Art Review,” Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Economics and Management, 2012.
  • [34] M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and Intractability; A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. USA: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1990. [35] E. Dube, “Optimizing Three-Dimensional Bin Packing Through Simulation,” 2006.
  • [36] R. Lewis, “A general-purpose hill-climbing method for order independent minimum grouping problems: A case study in graph colouring and bin packing,” Comput. Oper. Res., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 2295–2310, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1016/J.COR.2008.09.004.
  • [37] G. Fasano, “Cargo Analytical Integration in Space Engineering: A Three-dimensional Packing Model BT - Operational Research in Industry,” T. A. Ciriani, S. Gliozzi, E. L. Johnson, and R. Tadei, Eds. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999, pp. 232–246.
  • [38] M. Padberg, “Packing small boxes into a big box,” Math. Methods Oper. Res., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2000, doi: 10.1007/s001860000066.
  • [39] B. S. Baker, “A new proof for the first-fit decreasing bin-packing algorithm,” J. Algorithms, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 49–70, 1985, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6774(85)90018-5.
  • [40] W. T. Rhee, “Stochastic Analysis of a Modified First Fit Decreasing Packing,” Math. Oper. Res., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 162–175, Dec. 1991, [Online]. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3689854.
  • [41] G. Dósa, “The Tight Bound of First Fit Decreasing Bin-Packing Algorithm is FFD(I) ≤ 11/9OPT(I) + 6/9,” in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Combinatorics, Algorithms, Probabilistic and Experimental Methodologies, 2007, pp. 1–11.
  • [42] G. Erdoğan, “CLP Spreadsheet Solver.” https://people.bath.ac.uk/ge277/clp-spreadsheet-solver/.
  • [43] A. Ochoa Ortiz-Zezzatti, G. Rivera, C. Gómez-Santillán, and B. Sánchez–Lara, Eds., Handbook of Research on Metaheuristics for Order Picking Optimization in Warehouses to Smart Cities. IGI Global, 2019.

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 69 - 77, 30.01.2021

İsmail Can Dikmen Yunus Emre Ekici Teoman Karadağ Teymuraz Abbasov Serdar Ethem Hamamcı

https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.837248

Abstract

Project Number

FOA-2018-1358

References

  • [1] L. A. Manwaring, The Observer’s Book of Automobiles, 12th Ed. Library of Congress catalog card # 62-9807, 1966.
  • [2] M. Guarnieri, “The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog [Historical],” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 59-61,69, 2014, doi: 10.1109/MIE.2014.2361237.
  • [3] M. Guarnieri, “Looking back to electric cars,” in 2012 Third IEEE HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON), 2012, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487583.
  • [4] F. Maloberti and A. C. Davie, A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing. River Publishers, 2016.
  • [5] L. Brunton, “The trolleybus story,” IEE Rev., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 57-61(4), 1992, [Online]. Available: https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ir_19920024.
  • [6] U. Kreutzer and E. Blocher, “On the road – with electric power From the trolleybus to the eHighway.” https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/news/on-the-road-with-electric-power.html (accessed Mar. 26, 2020).
  • [7] L. J. Brunton, “Why not the trolleybus?,” IET Conf. Proc., pp. 5-5(1), 2000, [Online]. Available: https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20000265.
  • [8] C. ELMAS, U. GUVENC, and M. U. DOĞAN, “Tire-Road Friction Coefficient Estimation and Experimental Setup Design of Electric Vehicle,” Balk. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 202–207, Dec. 2015, Accessed: Dec. 06, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bajece/issue/36579/415720#article_cite.
  • [9] S. Barsali, A. Bechini, R. Giglioli, and D. Poli, “Storage in electrified transport systems,” in 2012 IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON), 2012, pp. 1003–1008, doi: 10.1109/EnergyCon.2012.6347716.
  • [10] S. Tica, S. Filipović, and Predrag!, “Development of Trolleybus Passenger Transport Subsystems in Terms of Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in Cities.”
  • [11] L. C. G. Freitas, G. B. Lima, F. A. S. Gonçalves, G. A. Melo, C. A. Canesin, and L. C. de Freitas, “A novel single-phase HPF hybrid rectifier suitable for front-end trolleybus systems,” in 2009 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, 2009, pp. 619–626, doi: 10.1109/COBEP.2009.5347751.
  • [12] T. Held and L. Gerrits, “On the road to electrification – A qualitative comparative analysis of urban e-mobility policies in 15 European cities,” Transp. Policy, vol. 81, pp. 12–23, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.014.
  • [13] M. Glotz-Richter and H. Koch, “Electrification of Public Transport in Cities (Horizon 2020 ELIPTIC Project),” Transp. Res. Procedia, vol. 14, pp. 2614–2619, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.416.
  • [14] N. Medimorec, “E-Mobility Trends and Targets.” [Online]. Available: https://slocat.net/e-mobility/.
  • [15] M. Bartłomiejczyk, J. Dombrowski, M. Połom, and O. Wyszomirski, Handbook Conversion of a Diesel Engine Bus. Gdyni: Gmina Miasta Gdyni, 2012.
  • [16] L. Bertoni, H. Gualous, D. Bouquain, D. Hissel, M.-. Pera, and J.-. Kauffmann, “Hybrid auxiliary power unit (APU) for automotive applications,” in Proceedings IEEE 56th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1840–1845 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/VETECF.2002.1040535.
  • [17] UNECE, General construction of buses and coaches. Europe, 2020.
  • [18] B. Ku and J. Liu, “Converter-Switching Surges: Railroad Vehicle Power Converter Impact Studies,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 57–66, 2012, doi: 10.1109/MVT.2012.2203409.
  • [19] K. Rajashekara and Y. Jia, “An induction generator based auxiliary power unit for power generation and management system for more electric aircraft,” in 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2016, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2016.7854849.
  • [20] D. Zhang, J. Jiang, L. Y. Wang, and W. Zhang, “Robust and Scalable Management of Power Networks in Dual-Source Trolleybus Systems: A Consensus Control Framework,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1029–1038, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2015.2492564.
  • [21] VT/RTSC - Rail Transportation Standards Committee, IEEE Recommended Practice for Terminology Used for Direct Current Electric Transit Overhead Contact Systems. 2019.
  • [22] J. Joyce, British Trolleybus Systems. London: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1986.
  • [23] C. S. Dunbar, Buses, Trolleys and Trams. Octopus Publishing Group, 2004.
  • [24] Wikipedia, “List of trolleybus systems,” 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trolleybus_systems.
  • [25] P. Stepanov, “Characteristics of construction and operation of trolleybus systems in the wo,” Pr. Kom. Geogr. Komun. PTG, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 64–72, 2019, doi: DOI 10.4467/2543859XPKG.19.018.11284.
  • [26] Wikipedia, “Public transport in Istanbul,” 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul.
  • [27] Rayhaber, “Malatya new Trambus line,” 2013. https://en.rayhaber.com/2013/04/malatya-yeni-trambus-hatti/.
  • [28] “Trolleybus usage by country.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus_usage_by_country#Turkey_2 (accessed Mar. 26, 2020).
  • [29] J. Choi, J. Jeong, Y. Park, and S. W. Cha, “Evaluation of regenerative braking effect for E-REV bus according to characteristic of driving cycle,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Technol., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 149–155, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s40684-015-0019-6.
  • [30] D. Perrotta, B. Ribeiro, R. J. F. Rossetti, and J. L. Afonso, “On the Potential of Regenerative Braking of Electric Buses as a Function of Their Itinerary,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 54, pp. 1156–1167, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.830.
  • [31] E. Sindi, L. Y. Wang, M. Polis, G. Yin, and L. Ding, “Distributed Optimal Power and Voltage Management in DC Microgrids: Applications to Dual-Source Trolleybus Systems,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 778–788, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2018.2844367.
  • [32] Opperhill, “Real-Time CAN bus data recorder with SD card,” 2019. https://copperhilltech.com/blog/realtime-can-bus-data-recorder-with-sd-card/.
  • [33] A. Bortfeldt and G. Wäscher, “Container Loading Problems - A State-of-the-Art Review,” Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Economics and Management, 2012.
  • [34] M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and Intractability; A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. USA: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1990. [35] E. Dube, “Optimizing Three-Dimensional Bin Packing Through Simulation,” 2006.
  • [36] R. Lewis, “A general-purpose hill-climbing method for order independent minimum grouping problems: A case study in graph colouring and bin packing,” Comput. Oper. Res., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 2295–2310, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1016/J.COR.2008.09.004.
  • [37] G. Fasano, “Cargo Analytical Integration in Space Engineering: A Three-dimensional Packing Model BT - Operational Research in Industry,” T. A. Ciriani, S. Gliozzi, E. L. Johnson, and R. Tadei, Eds. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999, pp. 232–246.
  • [38] M. Padberg, “Packing small boxes into a big box,” Math. Methods Oper. Res., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2000, doi: 10.1007/s001860000066.
  • [39] B. S. Baker, “A new proof for the first-fit decreasing bin-packing algorithm,” J. Algorithms, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 49–70, 1985, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6774(85)90018-5.
  • [40] W. T. Rhee, “Stochastic Analysis of a Modified First Fit Decreasing Packing,” Math. Oper. Res., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 162–175, Dec. 1991, [Online]. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3689854.
  • [41] G. Dósa, “The Tight Bound of First Fit Decreasing Bin-Packing Algorithm is FFD(I) ≤ 11/9OPT(I) + 6/9,” in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Combinatorics, Algorithms, Probabilistic and Experimental Methodologies, 2007, pp. 1–11.
  • [42] G. Erdoğan, “CLP Spreadsheet Solver.” https://people.bath.ac.uk/ge277/clp-spreadsheet-solver/.
  • [43] A. Ochoa Ortiz-Zezzatti, G. Rivera, C. Gómez-Santillán, and B. Sánchez–Lara, Eds., Handbook of Research on Metaheuristics for Order Picking Optimization in Warehouses to Smart Cities. IGI Global, 2019.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrical Engineering
Journal Section Araştırma Articlessi
Authors

İsmail Can Dikmen 0000-0002-7747-7777

Yunus Emre Ekici 0000-0001-7791-0473

Teoman Karadağ 0000-0002-7682-7771

Teymuraz Abbasov 0000-0002-0290-8333

Serdar Ethem Hamamcı 0000-0002-1868-6843

Project Number FOA-2018-1358
Publication Date January 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dikmen, İ. C., Ekici, Y. E., Karadağ, T., Abbasov, T., et al. (2021). Electrification in Urban Transport: A Case Study with Real-time Data. Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 9(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.837248
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