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Deney Hayvanı Çalışmalarında Genel Prensipler, Tasarımlar ve İstatistiksel Analizler

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: S1, 14 - 18, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1481602

Abstract

Hayvanların kullanıldığı araştırmalar, özellikle biyomedikal alanda birçok araştırma ve geliştirme çalışmalarına önemli düzeyde katkı sağlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında hayvan deneylerinin bilimsel prensiplere uygun yürütülmesi, hayvanların etik kullanımı ve refahının sağlanması dikkate alınması gereken hususlardır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmaların bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uygun yürütülmesiyle elde edilecek bilimsel katkı doğru orantılı olacaktır. Birçok çalışmada biyolojik önemliliğinin veya sorunun araştırılmasında bazı faktörlerin etkisinin göz ardı edilerek basit deney tasarımlarıyla biyolojik cevabın araştırıldığı ya da doğru istatistiksel analizlerin seçilmediği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada hayvan çalışması planlayan bir araştırmacının araştırma kapsamında uyması gereken prensiplerden (hayvan etiği, 3R ve diğer R kuralları, örneklem genişliğinin belirlenmesi, randomizasyon ve körleme yaklaşımları) kısaca bahsedilmiştir. Ardından da bu araştırmalarda faydalı olduğu düşünülen tamamen rasgele tasarım, regresyon tasarımı, split-unit tasarım, hiyerarşik (iç içe) tasarım, karma etkili tasarım ve bu tasarımlara uygulanacak istatistiksel analizler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu derlemenin hayvan çalışmaları planlayan tüm araştırmacıları doğru ve hızlı yönlendirecek önemli özetleyici bilgiler içermesi nedeniyle faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Leist M, Hartung T. Inflammatory findings on species extrapolations: humans are definitely no 70-kg mice. Arch Toxicol. 2013;87(4):563-7.
  • Sorzano COS. Statistical experiment design for animal research. OSF Preprints e9s25, Center for Open Science; 2023. doi: 10.31219/osf.io/e9s25.
  • Smith MM, Clarke EC, Little CB. Considerations for the design and execution of protocols for animal research and treatment to improve reproducibility and standardization: DEPART well-prepared and ARRIVE safely. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017;25(3):354-63.
  • Smith AJ, Clutton RE, Lilley E, Hansen KEA, Brattelid T. PREPARE: guidelines for planning animal research and testing. Lab Anim. 2018;52(2):135-41.
  • Smith AJ. Guidelines for planning and conducting high-quality research and testing on animals. Lab Anim Res. 2020;36:21.
  • Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):242.
  • de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Fundamental steps in experimental design for animal studies. Acta Cir Bras. 2005;20(1):2-8.
  • Festing MFW. Experimental design and statistical analysis. In: Hau J, Schapiro SJ, editors. Handbook of laboratory animal science. Volume 1: Essential principles and practices. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011. p.369-400.
  • Cangur S, Ankarali H, Ankarali S. Special experimental designs using laboratory animals and sample size: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2013;5(2):75-88. Turkish.
  • Karp NA, Fry D. What is the optimum design for my animal experiment? BMJ Open Sci. 2021;5(1):e100126.
  • Beauchamp TL, Frey RG, editors. The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011.
  • Shim J, Kim J. Considerations for experimental animal ethics in the research planning and evaluation process. Kosin Med J. 2022;37(4):271-7.
  • Brink CB, Lewis DI. The 12 Rs framework as a comprehensive, unifying construct for principles guiding animal research ethics. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(7):1128.
  • Festing MF, Baumans V, Combes RD, Halder M, Hendriksen CF, Howard BR, et al. Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: Problems and possible solutions. Altern Lab Anim. 1998;26(3):283-301.
  • Festing MFW. How to reduce the number of animals used in research by improving experimental design and statistics. Australian & New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART) Fact Sheet 2011;T10:1-11.
  • Ankaralı H, Ankaralı S. Experimental designs and sample sizes for increased efficiency in animal experimentation. Anatol Clin. 2019;24(3):248-59. Turkish.
  • Doğan İ, Doğan N. Estimation of sample size with resource equation method in experimental animal studies. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2020;12(2):211-7. Turkish.
  • Ankarali H, Cangur S, Ankarali S. A new Seyhan’s approach in case of heterogeneity of regression slopes in ANCOVA. Interdiscip Sci. 2018;10(2):282-90.
  • Cangur S, Sungur MA, Ankaralı H. The methods used in nonparametric covariance analysis. Duzce Med J. 2018;20(1):1-6.
  • Wang YA, Sparks J, Gonzales JE, Hess YD, Ledgerwood A. Using independent covariates in experimental designs: quantifying the trade-off between power boost and type I error inflation. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2017;72:118-24.
  • Kaltenbach HM. Statistical design and analysis of biological experiments. Cham: Springer; 2021.

General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: S1, 14 - 18, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1481602

Abstract

Research using animals contributes significantly to many research and development studies, especially in the biomedical field. Within the scope of the study, conducting animal experiments in accordance with scientific principles and ensuring the ethical use and welfare of animals are issues that should be taken into consideration. In this context, the scientific contribution to be achieved by conducting these studies in line with scientific and ethical principles will be directly proportional. In many studies, while investigating the biological significance, it is seen that the effects of many factors are ignored, the answer to the biological question is investigated with simple experimental designs, or the accurate statistical analyses are not chosen. Therefore, in this study, the principles that a researcher planning an animal study should follow within the scope of the research (animal ethics, 3R, and other R rules, determination of sample size, randomization, and blinding) are briefly mentioned. Then, completely randomized design, regression design, split-unit design, hierarchical (nested) design, mixed effects design, and appropriate statistical analyses for these designs, which are thought to be useful in these studies, are discussed. It is thought that this review will be useful as it contains important summative information that will guide all researchers in planning animal studies accurately and quickly.

References

  • Leist M, Hartung T. Inflammatory findings on species extrapolations: humans are definitely no 70-kg mice. Arch Toxicol. 2013;87(4):563-7.
  • Sorzano COS. Statistical experiment design for animal research. OSF Preprints e9s25, Center for Open Science; 2023. doi: 10.31219/osf.io/e9s25.
  • Smith MM, Clarke EC, Little CB. Considerations for the design and execution of protocols for animal research and treatment to improve reproducibility and standardization: DEPART well-prepared and ARRIVE safely. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017;25(3):354-63.
  • Smith AJ, Clutton RE, Lilley E, Hansen KEA, Brattelid T. PREPARE: guidelines for planning animal research and testing. Lab Anim. 2018;52(2):135-41.
  • Smith AJ. Guidelines for planning and conducting high-quality research and testing on animals. Lab Anim Res. 2020;36:21.
  • Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16(1):242.
  • de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Fundamental steps in experimental design for animal studies. Acta Cir Bras. 2005;20(1):2-8.
  • Festing MFW. Experimental design and statistical analysis. In: Hau J, Schapiro SJ, editors. Handbook of laboratory animal science. Volume 1: Essential principles and practices. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011. p.369-400.
  • Cangur S, Ankarali H, Ankarali S. Special experimental designs using laboratory animals and sample size: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2013;5(2):75-88. Turkish.
  • Karp NA, Fry D. What is the optimum design for my animal experiment? BMJ Open Sci. 2021;5(1):e100126.
  • Beauchamp TL, Frey RG, editors. The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011.
  • Shim J, Kim J. Considerations for experimental animal ethics in the research planning and evaluation process. Kosin Med J. 2022;37(4):271-7.
  • Brink CB, Lewis DI. The 12 Rs framework as a comprehensive, unifying construct for principles guiding animal research ethics. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(7):1128.
  • Festing MF, Baumans V, Combes RD, Halder M, Hendriksen CF, Howard BR, et al. Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: Problems and possible solutions. Altern Lab Anim. 1998;26(3):283-301.
  • Festing MFW. How to reduce the number of animals used in research by improving experimental design and statistics. Australian & New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART) Fact Sheet 2011;T10:1-11.
  • Ankaralı H, Ankaralı S. Experimental designs and sample sizes for increased efficiency in animal experimentation. Anatol Clin. 2019;24(3):248-59. Turkish.
  • Doğan İ, Doğan N. Estimation of sample size with resource equation method in experimental animal studies. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2020;12(2):211-7. Turkish.
  • Ankarali H, Cangur S, Ankarali S. A new Seyhan’s approach in case of heterogeneity of regression slopes in ANCOVA. Interdiscip Sci. 2018;10(2):282-90.
  • Cangur S, Sungur MA, Ankaralı H. The methods used in nonparametric covariance analysis. Duzce Med J. 2018;20(1):1-6.
  • Wang YA, Sparks J, Gonzales JE, Hess YD, Ledgerwood A. Using independent covariates in experimental designs: quantifying the trade-off between power boost and type I error inflation. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2017;72:118-24.
  • Kaltenbach HM. Statistical design and analysis of biological experiments. Cham: Springer; 2021.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences (Other), Biostatistics
Journal Section Invited Review
Authors

Şengül Cangür 0000-0002-0732-8952

Early Pub Date May 10, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 23, 2024
Acceptance Date April 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: S1

Cite

APA Cangür, Ş. (2024). General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies. Duzce Medical Journal, 26(S1), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1481602
AMA Cangür Ş. General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies. Duzce Med J. June 2024;26(S1):14-18. doi:10.18678/dtfd.1481602
Chicago Cangür, Şengül. “General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies”. Duzce Medical Journal 26, no. S1 (June 2024): 14-18. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1481602.
EndNote Cangür Ş (June 1, 2024) General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies. Duzce Medical Journal 26 S1 14–18.
IEEE Ş. Cangür, “General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies”, Duzce Med J, vol. 26, no. S1, pp. 14–18, 2024, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.1481602.
ISNAD Cangür, Şengül. “General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies”. Duzce Medical Journal 26/S1 (June 2024), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1481602.
JAMA Cangür Ş. General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies. Duzce Med J. 2024;26:14–18.
MLA Cangür, Şengül. “General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies”. Duzce Medical Journal, vol. 26, no. S1, 2024, pp. 14-18, doi:10.18678/dtfd.1481602.
Vancouver Cangür Ş. General Principles, Designs, and Statistical Analyses in Experimental Animal Studies. Duzce Med J. 2024;26(S1):14-8.