Abstract
Deney hayvanları uzun süredir araştırma ve eğitim amaçlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda hayvanların yaşam haklarına ilişkin etik tartışmalar da önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Uzun vadede insan ve hayvan refahına katkı sağlayabilecek bilimsel amaçlar doğrultusunda ve alternatif yöntemlerin bulunmadığı durumlarda hayvan deneylerinin yapılabileceği savunulmaktadır. 3R kuralı olarak bilinen replacement (değiştirme), reduction (azaltma) ve refinement (iyileştirme) ilkeleri, responsibility (sorumluluk) ilkesinin de eklenmesiyle 4R olarak güncellenmiştir. Bu ilkeler, hayvanların bilimsel deneylerde etik kullanımına ilişkin temel rehberlik sağlar. Sentezlenen ilaç adayı bileşiklerin ve çeşitli kimyasalların test edilmesine yönelik araştırma ve biyolojik etki çalışmalarında hayvan deneylerine alternatif olabilecek teknikler geliştirilmiştir. İn vitro hücre kültürü teknikleri ve biyogörüntüleme yöntemleri, in vivo hayvan deneylerine çok önemli alternatiflerdir. Mikro-doz tekniği ise ilaç adayı bileşiklerin gönüllü bireyler üzerindeki etkilerini hayvan kullanılmadan çok düşük dozlarda ortaya koyan bir diğer alternatif yöntemdir. Yazılım veritabanları ve in silico bilgisayar simülasyonları da araştırma kurumlarında hayvan deneylerine alternatif olarak önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, hayvan araştırma etiğinin temelleri ve tıbbi deneylerde hayvan kullanımını azaltmak için geliştirilen alternatif yöntemler tartışılmıştır.
Keywords
References
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- Kiani AK, Pheby D, Henehan G, Brown R, Sieving P, Sykora P, et al. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E255-66.
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- Forni M. Laboratory animal science: a resource to improve the quality of science. Vet Res Commun. 2007;31(Suppl 1):43-7.
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- Olfert ED, Cross BM, McWilliam AA. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, vol 1. 2nd ed. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Council on Animal Care; 1993.
- Pizzoferrato A, Ciapetti G, Stea S, Cenni E, Arciola CR, Granchi D, et al. Cell culture methods for testing biocompatibility. Clin Mater. 1994;15(3):173-90.
- Shay JW, Wright WE. The use of telomerized cells for tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 2000;18(1):22-3.
- Steinhoff G, Stock U, Karim N, Mertsching H, Timke A, Meliss RR, et al. Tissue engineering of pulmonary heart valves on allogenic acellular matrix conduits: in vivo restoration of valve tissue. Circulation. 2000;102(19 Suppl 3):III50-5.
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- Rai J, Kaushik K. Reduction of animal sacrifice in biomedical science & research through alternative design of animal experiments. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(6):896-902.
- Huh D, Torisawa YS, Hamilton GA, Kim HJ, Ingber DE. Microengineered physiological biomimicry: organs-on-chips. Lab Chip. 2012;12(12):2156-64.
- Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L. Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2014;12(4):207-18.
- Roncaglioni A, Benfenati E. In silico-aided prediction of biological properties of chemicals: oestrogen receptor-mediated effects. Chem Soc Rev. 2008;37(3):441-50.
- Arora T, Mehta AK, Joshi V, Mehta KD, Rathor N, Mediratta PK, et al. Substitute of animals in drug research: an approach towards fulfilment of 4R’s. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73(1):1-6.
- Washio T, Okada J, Takahashi A, Yoneda K, Kadooka Y, Sugiura S, et al. Multiscale heart simulation with cooperative stochastic cross-bridge dynamics and cellular structures. Multiscale Model Sim. 2013;11(4):965-99.
- Azer SA, Azer S. 3D anatomy models and impact on learning: a review of the quality of the literature. Health Prof Educ. 2016;2(2):80-98.
- Tewari T, Mukherjee S. Microdosing: concept, application and relevance. Perspect Clin Res. 2010;1(2):61-3.
- Hussain S, Mubeen I, Ullah N, Shah SSUD, Khan BA, Zahoor M, et al. Modern diagnostic imaging technique applications and risk factors in the medical field: A review. BioMed Res Int. 2022;2022:5164970.
- Tremoleda JL, Sosabowski J. Imaging technologies and basic considerations for welfare of laboratory rodents. Lab Anim (NY). 2015;44(3):97-105.
- Lauber DT, Fülöp A, Kovács T, Szigeti K, Máthé D, Szijártó A. State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals. Lab Anim. 2017;51(5):465-78.
Abstract
Experimental animals have long been used for research and educational purposes. However, in recent years, ethical debates regarding the rights of animals to life have also become important. It is advocated that animal experiments can be carried out for scientific goals that can contribute to human and animal welfare in the long term and in cases where there are no alternative methods. The principles of “replacement”, “reduction”, and “refinement”, known as the 3R rule, have been updated as 4R with the addition of the “responsibility” principle. These principles provide basic guidance for the ethical use of animals in scientific experiments. Techniques that can be alternatives to animal experiments in research and biological effect studies to test synthesized drug candidate compounds and various chemicals have been developed. In vitro cell culture techniques and bioimaging methods are very important alternatives to in vivo animal experiments. The micro-dose technique is another alternative method that reveals the effects of drug candidate compounds on volunteer individuals at very low doses without using animals. Software databases and in silico computer simulations are also gaining importance in research institutions as an alternative to animal experiments. In this review, the fundamentals of animal research ethics and emerging alternatives to reduce animal use in medical experiments were discussed.
References
- Festing MFW, Altman DG. Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals. ILAR J. 2002;43(4):244-58.
- Kiani AK, Pheby D, Henehan G, Brown R, Sieving P, Sykora P, et al. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E255-66.
- Franco AL, Nogueira MNM, Kalatzis Sousa NG, da Frota MF, Fernandes CMS, da Costa Serra M. Animal research. A bioethical reflection. Acta Bioethica. 2014;20(2):247-53. Portuguese.
- de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Fundamental steps in experimental design for animal studies. Acta Cir Bras. 2005;20(1):2-8.
- Forni M. Laboratory animal science: a resource to improve the quality of science. Vet Res Commun. 2007;31(Suppl 1):43-7.
- Russell WMS, Burch RL (1959). The principles of humane experimental technique - Special edition published by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), London, UK: Methuen & Co.; 1992.
- Olfert ED, Cross BM, McWilliam AA. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, vol 1. 2nd ed. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Council on Animal Care; 1993.
- Pizzoferrato A, Ciapetti G, Stea S, Cenni E, Arciola CR, Granchi D, et al. Cell culture methods for testing biocompatibility. Clin Mater. 1994;15(3):173-90.
- Shay JW, Wright WE. The use of telomerized cells for tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol. 2000;18(1):22-3.
- Steinhoff G, Stock U, Karim N, Mertsching H, Timke A, Meliss RR, et al. Tissue engineering of pulmonary heart valves on allogenic acellular matrix conduits: in vivo restoration of valve tissue. Circulation. 2000;102(19 Suppl 3):III50-5.
- Sharma S, Bhatt M, Dahiya N, Gupta AK, Brashier DBS, Sharma AK. Alternatives to animal experiments: an overview. Asian J Pharm Toxicol. 2015;3(7):1-6.
- Rai J, Kaushik K. Reduction of animal sacrifice in biomedical science & research through alternative design of animal experiments. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(6):896-902.
- Huh D, Torisawa YS, Hamilton GA, Kim HJ, Ingber DE. Microengineered physiological biomimicry: organs-on-chips. Lab Chip. 2012;12(12):2156-64.
- Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L. Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2014;12(4):207-18.
- Roncaglioni A, Benfenati E. In silico-aided prediction of biological properties of chemicals: oestrogen receptor-mediated effects. Chem Soc Rev. 2008;37(3):441-50.
- Arora T, Mehta AK, Joshi V, Mehta KD, Rathor N, Mediratta PK, et al. Substitute of animals in drug research: an approach towards fulfilment of 4R’s. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73(1):1-6.
- Washio T, Okada J, Takahashi A, Yoneda K, Kadooka Y, Sugiura S, et al. Multiscale heart simulation with cooperative stochastic cross-bridge dynamics and cellular structures. Multiscale Model Sim. 2013;11(4):965-99.
- Azer SA, Azer S. 3D anatomy models and impact on learning: a review of the quality of the literature. Health Prof Educ. 2016;2(2):80-98.
- Tewari T, Mukherjee S. Microdosing: concept, application and relevance. Perspect Clin Res. 2010;1(2):61-3.
- Hussain S, Mubeen I, Ullah N, Shah SSUD, Khan BA, Zahoor M, et al. Modern diagnostic imaging technique applications and risk factors in the medical field: A review. BioMed Res Int. 2022;2022:5164970.
- Tremoleda JL, Sosabowski J. Imaging technologies and basic considerations for welfare of laboratory rodents. Lab Anim (NY). 2015;44(3):97-105.
- Lauber DT, Fülöp A, Kovács T, Szigeti K, Máthé D, Szijártó A. State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals. Lab Anim. 2017;51(5):465-78.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences (Other) |
| Journal Section | Invited Review |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 6, 2024 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2024 |
| Submission Date | March 26, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | May 13, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: S1 |
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