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Deneysel Hayvan Çalışmalarında Etik İlke ve Kurallar: Kapsamlı Bir İnceleme

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: S1, 1 - 13, 30.06.2024

Kardelen Kocaman Kalkan , Meral Kekeçoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1497730

Abstract

Hayvan deneyleri de dahil olmak üzere bilimsel araştırma yaparken, birçok ahlaki, hukuki ve bilimsel yön nedeniyle etik konulara öncelik vermek çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma, hayvanlar kullanılarak yapılan deneysel araştırmaları yöneten temel etik kavramların ve düzenlemelerin derinlemesine bir analizini sunmaktadır. Özellikle bilimsel araştırmalarda hayvanlara etik muameleye öncelik veren 3R ilkesi (yer değiştirme, azaltma, iyileştirme) vurgulanmaktadır. Etik kuralların tarihsel gelişiminin izini sürerek önemli ilkelerin oluşumunu şekillendiren önemli olaylara ışık tutmaktadır. Bu derleme, hayvan bakımıyla ilgili bilgilendirilmiş onam fikrine odaklanarak bilimsel araştırma ile etik kaygılar arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Ayrıca, deneysel tekniklerden kaynaklanan etik ikilemleri araştırarak ve araştırmacıların ilgili hayvanların refahını nasıl sağladıklarına ışık tutulmaktadır. Etik kurulların, katı etik standartların garanti edilmesindeki hayati önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Belirli hayvan modelleriyle ilgili etik kaygıları inceleyerek bilim camiasındaki farklı bakış açılarını analiz etmektedir. Aynı zamanda, deneysel hayvan araştırmalarındaki en son gelişmeleri inceleyerek sürekli gelişen bu alandaki etik konuların geleceğine dair fikir verilmektedir..
Özetlemek gerekirse, bu derleme yalnızca deneysel hayvan çalışmalarındaki ana keşifleri ve etik kaygıları sentezlemekle kalmamakta, aynı zamanda gelecekteki potansiyel yolları da vurgulamaktadır. Ek araştırma ve etik inceleme alanları önererek, deneysel hayvan çalışmaları alanındaki bilimsel ilerlemeyi etik yükümlülüklerle dengelemeye devam etme fikrini desteklemektedir.

Keywords

Hayvan deneyleri etik yer değiştirme azaltma iyileştirme

References

  • Domínguez-Oliva A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D. The importance of animal models in biomedical research: current insights and applications. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(7):1223.
  • Houvenaghel A. Animal experiments: legal, scientific and ethical aspects. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2000;62(2):103-17. Dutch.
  • Kiani AK, Pheby D, Henehan G, Brown R, Sieving P, Sykora P, et al.; International Bioethics Study Group. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E255-66.
  • Fernandes MR, Pedroso AR. Animal experimentation: A look into ethics, welfare and alternative methods. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2017;63(11):923-8.
  • Monsó S, Benz-Schwarzburg J, Bremhorst A. Animal morality: what it means and why it matters. J Ethics. 2018;22(3):283-310.
  • Gluck JP, Bell J. Ethical issues in the use of animals in biomedical and psychopharmocological research. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003;171(1):6-12.
  • Petetta F, Ciccocioppo R. Public perception of laboratory animal testing: Historical, philosophical, and ethical view. Addict Biol. 2021;26(6):e12991.
  • Franco NH. Animal experiments in biomedical research: a historical perspective. Animals (Basel). 2013;3(1):238-73.
  • National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science, Medicine, and Animals. Science, medicine, and animals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004.
  • Arnason G. The emergence and development of animal research ethics: a review with a focus on nonhuman primates. Sci Eng Ethics. 2020;26(4):2277-93.
  • Finn MA, Stark JF. Medical science and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876: A re-examination of anti-vivisectionism in provincial Britain. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2015;49:12-23.
  • Tannenbaum J, Bennett BT. Russell and Burch's 3Rs then and now: the need for clarity in definition and purpose. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015;54(2):120-32.
  • Albus U. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (8th edn). Lab Anim. 2012;46(3):267-8.
  • Goodyear MD, Krleza-Jeric K, Lemmens T. The declaration of Helsinki. BMJ. 2007;335(7621):624-5.
  • Cardon AD, Bailey MR, Bennett BT. The animal welfare act: from enactment to enforcement. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2012;51(3):301-5.
  • Prentice ED, Blackburn ME, Dixon RS. Fostering collaborative roles and responsibilities for members of an IACUC or oversight body. In: Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN, editors. Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2018. Chapter 3.
  • Institute of Medicine (US); National Research Council (US). International animal research regulations: impact on neuroscience research: workshop summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012. 7, core principles for the care and use of animals in research.
  • Mahalmani V, Prakash A, Medhi B. Do alternatives to animal experimentation replace preclinical research? Indian J Pharmacol. 2023;55(2):71-5.
  • Richmond J. Refinement, reduction, and replacement of animal use for regulatory testing: future improvements and implementation within the regulatory framework. ILAR J. 2002;43 Suppl:S63-8.
  • Sneddon LU, Halsey LG, Bury NR. Considering aspects of the 3Rs principles within experimental animal biology. J Exp Biol. 2017;220(Pt 17):3007-16.
  • Díaz L, Zambrano E, Flores ME, Contreras M, Crispín JC, Alemán G, et al. Ethical considerations in animal research: the principle of 3R's. Rev Invest Clin. 2020;73(4):199-209.
  • Hubrecht RC, Carter E. The 3Rs and humane experimental technique: implementing change. Animals (Basel). 2019;9(10):754.
  • Husain A, Meenakshi DU, Ahmad A, Shrivastava N, Khan SA. A review on alternative methods to experimental animals in biological testing: recent advancement and current strategies. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2023;15(4):165-71.
  • Doke SK, Dhawale SC. Alternatives to animal testing: A review. Saudi Pharm J. 2015;23(3):223-9.
  • Badyal DK, Modgill V, Kaur J. Computer simulation models are implementable as replacements for animal experiments. Altern Lab Anim. 2009;37(2):191-5.
  • Ingber DE. Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23(8):467-91.
  • Lee H, Yoon DE, Kim K. Genome editing methods in animal models. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul). 2020;24(1):8-16.
  • Arora T, Mehta AK, Joshi V, Mehta KD, Rathor N, Mediratta PK, et al. Substitute of animals in drug research: an approach towards fulfillment of 4R's. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73(1):1-6.
  • Ohno Y, Koyama H, Lee HY, Yoshikawa T, Sugimura K. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI for lung cancer staging. J Thorac Imaging. 2016;31(4):215-27.
  • Catana C. Principles of simultaneous PET/MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2017;25(2):231-43.
  • Flecknell P. Replacement, reduction and refinement. ALTEX. 2002;19(2):73-8.
  • Lewis DI. Animal experimentation: implementation and application of the 3Rs. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019;3(6):675-9.
  • Tannenbaum J, Bennett BT. Russell and Burch's 3Rs then and now: the need for clarity in definition and purpose. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015;54(2):120-32.
  • de Boo J, Hendriksen C. Reduction strategies in animal research: a review of scientific approaches at the intra-experimental, supra-experimental and extra-experimental levels. Altern Lab Anim. 2005;33(4):369-77.
  • Goldberg L. Charting a course for cell culture alternatives to animal testing. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1986;6(4):607-17.
  • Musk GC. Refinements to animal models for biomedical research. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(12):2425.
  • Clutton RE. An anglocentric history of anaesthetics and analgesics in the refinement of animal experiments. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(10):1933.
  • Prescott MJ, Lidster K. Improving quality of science through better animal welfare: the NC3Rs strategy. Lab Anim (NY). 2017;46(4):152-6.
  • Ferry B, Gervasoni D. Improving stereotaxic neurosurgery techniques and procedures greatly reduces the number of rats used per experimental group-A practice report. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(9):2662.
  • Coleman K, Novak MA. Environmental enrichment in the 21st century. ILAR J. 2017;58(2):295-307.
  • Alejandro J, Yamanashi Y, Nemoto K, Mouri K, Huang CW, Bercovitch FB, et al. Reducing stress and stereotypic behaviors in captive female pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmeaus). Am J Primatol. 2023;85(7):e23495.
  • Movia D, Bruni-Favier S, Prina-Mello A. In vitro alternatives to acute inhalation toxicity studies in animal models-a perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:549.
  • NIMH Collaborative Data Synthesis for Adolescent Depression Trials Study Team including; Perrino T, Howe G, Sperling A, Beardslee W, Sandler I, et al. Advancing science through collaborative data sharing and synthesis. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013;8(4):433-44.
  • Mohan S, Huneke R. The role of IACUCs in responsible animal research. ILAR J. 2019;60(1):43-9.
  • Budda ML, Pritt SL. Evaluating IACUCs: Previous research and future directions. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(6):656-64.
  • Prager EM, Bergstrom HC, Grunberg NE, Johnson LR. The importance of reporting housing and husbandry in rat research. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011;5:38.
  • National Research Council (US) Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals. Recognition and alleviation of distress in laboratory animals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2008. 4, Avoiding, minimizing, and alleviating distress.
  • FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits; Mähler Convenor M, Berard M, Feinstein R, Gallagher A, Illgen-Wilcke B, et al. FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units. Lab Anim. 2014;48(3):178-92.
  • Carbone L. Open transparent communication about animals in laboratories: dialog for multiple voices and multiple audiences. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(2):368.
  • King WW, Paramastri YA, GuillÁ©n J. Compliance and regulatory programs. In: Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN, editors. Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2018. Chapter 7.
  • Wege-Rost T. Medical-ethical decision-making-contribution of the clinical ethics committee by ethics consultation and development of ethical guidelines. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed. 2023;118(3):175-9. German.
  • Hansen LA. Institution animal care and use committees need greater ethical diversity. J Med Ethics. 2013;39(3):188-90.
  • Ashall V, Millar K, Hobson-West P. Informed consent in veterinary medicine: Ethical implications for the profession and the animal 'patient'. Food Ethics. 2018;1(3):247-58.
  • Rollin BE. Animal research: a moral science. Talking point on the use of animals in scientific research. EMBO Rep. 2007;8(6):521-5.
  • Saraf SK, Kumaraswamy V. Basic research: Issues with animal experimentations. Indian J Orthop. 2013;47(1):6-9.
  • Ferdowsian HR, Beck N. Ethical and scientific considerations regarding animal testing and research. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24059.

Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: S1, 1 - 13, 30.06.2024

Kardelen Kocaman Kalkan , Meral Kekeçoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1497730

Abstract

When doing scientific research including animal experiments, it is crucial to prioritize ethical issues due to the many moral, legal, and scientific aspects involved. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the core ethical concepts and regulations that govern experimental investigations using animals. The 3R principle (replacement, reduction, refinement), which prioritizes the ethical treatment of animals especially in scientific research, is emphasized. Tracing the historical development of ethical rules sheds light on the important events that shaped the creation of important principles. The review examines the complex relationship between scientific investigation and ethical concerns, focusing on the idea of informed consent in relation to animal care. Also, this explores the ethical dilemmas that arise from experimental techniques and sheds light on how researchers ensure the well-being of the animals involved. The crucial importance of an ethical committee is emphasized in guaranteeing strict ethical standards. The examination of ethical concerns related to certain animal models, and analysis of differing perspectives among the scientific community is done. At the same time, it examines the latest developments in experimental animal research, providing insight into the future of ethical issues in this ever-evolving area. To summarize, this review not only synthesizes the main discoveries and ethical concerns in experimental animal studies but also highlights potential future paths. It supports the idea of continuing to balance scientific progress in the field of experimental animal studies with ethical obligations by suggesting additional areas of research and ethical review.

Keywords

Animal experimentation ethics replacement reduction refinement

References

  • Domínguez-Oliva A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D. The importance of animal models in biomedical research: current insights and applications. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(7):1223.
  • Houvenaghel A. Animal experiments: legal, scientific and ethical aspects. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2000;62(2):103-17. Dutch.
  • Kiani AK, Pheby D, Henehan G, Brown R, Sieving P, Sykora P, et al.; International Bioethics Study Group. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E255-66.
  • Fernandes MR, Pedroso AR. Animal experimentation: A look into ethics, welfare and alternative methods. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2017;63(11):923-8.
  • Monsó S, Benz-Schwarzburg J, Bremhorst A. Animal morality: what it means and why it matters. J Ethics. 2018;22(3):283-310.
  • Gluck JP, Bell J. Ethical issues in the use of animals in biomedical and psychopharmocological research. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003;171(1):6-12.
  • Petetta F, Ciccocioppo R. Public perception of laboratory animal testing: Historical, philosophical, and ethical view. Addict Biol. 2021;26(6):e12991.
  • Franco NH. Animal experiments in biomedical research: a historical perspective. Animals (Basel). 2013;3(1):238-73.
  • National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science, Medicine, and Animals. Science, medicine, and animals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004.
  • Arnason G. The emergence and development of animal research ethics: a review with a focus on nonhuman primates. Sci Eng Ethics. 2020;26(4):2277-93.
  • Finn MA, Stark JF. Medical science and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876: A re-examination of anti-vivisectionism in provincial Britain. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2015;49:12-23.
  • Tannenbaum J, Bennett BT. Russell and Burch's 3Rs then and now: the need for clarity in definition and purpose. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015;54(2):120-32.
  • Albus U. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (8th edn). Lab Anim. 2012;46(3):267-8.
  • Goodyear MD, Krleza-Jeric K, Lemmens T. The declaration of Helsinki. BMJ. 2007;335(7621):624-5.
  • Cardon AD, Bailey MR, Bennett BT. The animal welfare act: from enactment to enforcement. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2012;51(3):301-5.
  • Prentice ED, Blackburn ME, Dixon RS. Fostering collaborative roles and responsibilities for members of an IACUC or oversight body. In: Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN, editors. Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2018. Chapter 3.
  • Institute of Medicine (US); National Research Council (US). International animal research regulations: impact on neuroscience research: workshop summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012. 7, core principles for the care and use of animals in research.
  • Mahalmani V, Prakash A, Medhi B. Do alternatives to animal experimentation replace preclinical research? Indian J Pharmacol. 2023;55(2):71-5.
  • Richmond J. Refinement, reduction, and replacement of animal use for regulatory testing: future improvements and implementation within the regulatory framework. ILAR J. 2002;43 Suppl:S63-8.
  • Sneddon LU, Halsey LG, Bury NR. Considering aspects of the 3Rs principles within experimental animal biology. J Exp Biol. 2017;220(Pt 17):3007-16.
  • Díaz L, Zambrano E, Flores ME, Contreras M, Crispín JC, Alemán G, et al. Ethical considerations in animal research: the principle of 3R's. Rev Invest Clin. 2020;73(4):199-209.
  • Hubrecht RC, Carter E. The 3Rs and humane experimental technique: implementing change. Animals (Basel). 2019;9(10):754.
  • Husain A, Meenakshi DU, Ahmad A, Shrivastava N, Khan SA. A review on alternative methods to experimental animals in biological testing: recent advancement and current strategies. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2023;15(4):165-71.
  • Doke SK, Dhawale SC. Alternatives to animal testing: A review. Saudi Pharm J. 2015;23(3):223-9.
  • Badyal DK, Modgill V, Kaur J. Computer simulation models are implementable as replacements for animal experiments. Altern Lab Anim. 2009;37(2):191-5.
  • Ingber DE. Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23(8):467-91.
  • Lee H, Yoon DE, Kim K. Genome editing methods in animal models. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul). 2020;24(1):8-16.
  • Arora T, Mehta AK, Joshi V, Mehta KD, Rathor N, Mediratta PK, et al. Substitute of animals in drug research: an approach towards fulfillment of 4R's. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73(1):1-6.
  • Ohno Y, Koyama H, Lee HY, Yoshikawa T, Sugimura K. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI for lung cancer staging. J Thorac Imaging. 2016;31(4):215-27.
  • Catana C. Principles of simultaneous PET/MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2017;25(2):231-43.
  • Flecknell P. Replacement, reduction and refinement. ALTEX. 2002;19(2):73-8.
  • Lewis DI. Animal experimentation: implementation and application of the 3Rs. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019;3(6):675-9.
  • Tannenbaum J, Bennett BT. Russell and Burch's 3Rs then and now: the need for clarity in definition and purpose. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015;54(2):120-32.
  • de Boo J, Hendriksen C. Reduction strategies in animal research: a review of scientific approaches at the intra-experimental, supra-experimental and extra-experimental levels. Altern Lab Anim. 2005;33(4):369-77.
  • Goldberg L. Charting a course for cell culture alternatives to animal testing. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1986;6(4):607-17.
  • Musk GC. Refinements to animal models for biomedical research. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(12):2425.
  • Clutton RE. An anglocentric history of anaesthetics and analgesics in the refinement of animal experiments. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(10):1933.
  • Prescott MJ, Lidster K. Improving quality of science through better animal welfare: the NC3Rs strategy. Lab Anim (NY). 2017;46(4):152-6.
  • Ferry B, Gervasoni D. Improving stereotaxic neurosurgery techniques and procedures greatly reduces the number of rats used per experimental group-A practice report. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(9):2662.
  • Coleman K, Novak MA. Environmental enrichment in the 21st century. ILAR J. 2017;58(2):295-307.
  • Alejandro J, Yamanashi Y, Nemoto K, Mouri K, Huang CW, Bercovitch FB, et al. Reducing stress and stereotypic behaviors in captive female pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmeaus). Am J Primatol. 2023;85(7):e23495.
  • Movia D, Bruni-Favier S, Prina-Mello A. In vitro alternatives to acute inhalation toxicity studies in animal models-a perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:549.
  • NIMH Collaborative Data Synthesis for Adolescent Depression Trials Study Team including; Perrino T, Howe G, Sperling A, Beardslee W, Sandler I, et al. Advancing science through collaborative data sharing and synthesis. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013;8(4):433-44.
  • Mohan S, Huneke R. The role of IACUCs in responsible animal research. ILAR J. 2019;60(1):43-9.
  • Budda ML, Pritt SL. Evaluating IACUCs: Previous research and future directions. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(6):656-64.
  • Prager EM, Bergstrom HC, Grunberg NE, Johnson LR. The importance of reporting housing and husbandry in rat research. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011;5:38.
  • National Research Council (US) Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals. Recognition and alleviation of distress in laboratory animals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2008. 4, Avoiding, minimizing, and alleviating distress.
  • FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits; Mähler Convenor M, Berard M, Feinstein R, Gallagher A, Illgen-Wilcke B, et al. FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units. Lab Anim. 2014;48(3):178-92.
  • Carbone L. Open transparent communication about animals in laboratories: dialog for multiple voices and multiple audiences. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(2):368.
  • King WW, Paramastri YA, GuillÁ©n J. Compliance and regulatory programs. In: Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA, Norton JN, editors. Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2018. Chapter 7.
  • Wege-Rost T. Medical-ethical decision-making-contribution of the clinical ethics committee by ethics consultation and development of ethical guidelines. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed. 2023;118(3):175-9. German.
  • Hansen LA. Institution animal care and use committees need greater ethical diversity. J Med Ethics. 2013;39(3):188-90.
  • Ashall V, Millar K, Hobson-West P. Informed consent in veterinary medicine: Ethical implications for the profession and the animal 'patient'. Food Ethics. 2018;1(3):247-58.
  • Rollin BE. Animal research: a moral science. Talking point on the use of animals in scientific research. EMBO Rep. 2007;8(6):521-5.
  • Saraf SK, Kumaraswamy V. Basic research: Issues with animal experimentations. Indian J Orthop. 2013;47(1):6-9.
  • Ferdowsian HR, Beck N. Ethical and scientific considerations regarding animal testing and research. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24059.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Invited Review
Authors

Kardelen Kocaman Kalkan 0000-0002-5749-5687

Meral Kekeçoğlu 0000-0002-2564-8343

Early Pub Date June 7, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2024
Acceptance Date May 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: S1

Cite

APA Kocaman Kalkan, K., & Kekeçoğlu, M. (2024). Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review. Duzce Medical Journal, 26(S1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1497730
AMA Kocaman Kalkan K, Kekeçoğlu M. Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review. Duzce Med J. June 2024;26(S1):1-13. doi:10.18678/dtfd.1497730
Chicago Kocaman Kalkan, Kardelen, and Meral Kekeçoğlu. “Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review”. Duzce Medical Journal 26, no. S1 (June 2024): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1497730.
EndNote Kocaman Kalkan K, Kekeçoğlu M (June 1, 2024) Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review. Duzce Medical Journal 26 S1 1–13.
IEEE K. Kocaman Kalkan and M. Kekeçoğlu, “Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review”, Duzce Med J, vol. 26, no. S1, pp. 1–13, 2024, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.1497730.
ISNAD Kocaman Kalkan, Kardelen - Kekeçoğlu, Meral. “Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review”. Duzce Medical Journal 26/S1 (June 2024), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1497730.
JAMA Kocaman Kalkan K, Kekeçoğlu M. Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review. Duzce Med J. 2024;26:1–13.
MLA Kocaman Kalkan, Kardelen and Meral Kekeçoğlu. “Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review”. Duzce Medical Journal, vol. 26, no. S1, 2024, pp. 1-13, doi:10.18678/dtfd.1497730.
Vancouver Kocaman Kalkan K, Kekeçoğlu M. Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review. Duzce Med J. 2024;26(S1):1-13.
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