TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Nitrogen Doses on Growth, Quality and Physiological Parameters of Warm-season Turfgrasses
AU  - Bilgili, Ugur
AU  - Yönter, Fikret
AU  - Zere Taşkın, Sinem
AU  - Kesici, Müge
AU  - Candoğan, Burak Nazmi
AU  - Cansev, Asuman
PY  - 2023
DA  - January
Y2  - 2022
DO  - 10.15832/ankutbd.1029995
JF  - Journal of Agricultural Sciences
JO  - J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili
PB  - Ankara University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1300-7580
SP  - 272
EP  - 286
VL  - 29
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - This research was conducted to determine to effects of different irrigationlevels and nitrogen doses (ND) on the various warm-season turfgrasses at theAgricultural Training and Research Centre of the Bursa Uludag UniversityFaculty of Agriculture for two years in a row. The experimental design wasthe randomized blocks in a split-split plot design with three replications. Themain plot was irrigation levels (I1=25%, I2=50%, I3=75%, and I4=100% of panevaporation), subplots were turfgrass species [hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodontransvaalensis x Cynodon dactylon) cv. Tifdwarf, seashore paspalum (Paspalumvaginatum Sw.) cv. Seaspray, zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cv. Zenit],and sub subplots were ND’s (monthly 0.0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g N m-²). Visualturfgrass color and quality, clipping yield, leaf relative water content (RWC),loss of turgidity (LT), chlorophyll content (CC), and electrolyte leakage weremeasured. According to the results, significant differences were determinedamong irrigation levels, turfgrass species, and ND’s for color, quality, clippingyield and physiological parameters. Turfgrass visual color, quality and clippingyield were shown to decrease significantly with decreases in irrigation waterand N fertilizer. The study findings demonstrated that under a non-limitingwater supply, irrigation could be decreased by adjusting N fertilizer rates withI3N3 treatments can maintain acceptable turfgrass visual color and quality underMediterranean climatic conditions. In addition, at 25% (I1) deficit irrigationlevel, leaf RWC, CC decreased significantly, while an increase was determinedin LT. This research indicated that under 75% (I3) deficit irrigation and N3 ND,acceptable quality can be maintained with ‘seaspray’ seashore paspalum underMediterranean climate performed.
KW  - deficit irrigation
KW  - nitrogen fertilization
KW  - turf color
KW  - turf physiology
CR  - Ahmad R, Waraich E A, Ashraf M Y, Ahmad S & Aziz T (2014). Does nitrogen fertilization enhance drought tolerance in sunflower? A review. J. Plant Nutr. 37(6):942–963
CR  - Allen R G, Wright J L, Pruitt W O, Pereira L S & Jensen M E (2007). Water requirements. In Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, 2nd Edition (pp. 208-288). American society of agricultural and biological engineers
CR  - Amgain N R, Harris D K, Thapa S B, Martin D L, Wu Y & Moss J Q (2018). Evapotranspiration rates of turf bermudagrasses under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions in Oklahoma. Crop Science, 58(3), 1409-1415
CR  - Anonymous (2021). Turkey's Policy on Water Issues https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-policy-on-water-issues.en.mfa
CR  - Arora R, Wisniewski M E & Scorza R (1992). Cold acclimation in genetically related (sibling) deciduous and evergreen peach (Prunus persica [l.] Batsch) I: seasonal changes in cold hardiness and polypeptides of bark and xylem tissues. Plant Physiol 99: 1562-1568
CR  - Aydinsakir, K., Buyuktas, D., Bastug, R., & Yilmaz, S. (2016). Evapotranspiration and quality characteristics of some bermudagrass turf cultivars under deficit irrigation. Grassland science, 62(4), 224-232
CR  - Bastug R & Buyuktas D (2003). The effects of different irrigation levels applied in golf courses on some quality characteristics of turfgrass. Irrigation Science, 22(2), 87-93
CR  - Beard J B (1973). Turfgrass: science and culture Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey
CR  - Beard J B (1981). Water conservation and turfgrasses selection. TurfNews. 4:12
CR  - Beard, J.B. 2002. Turf management for golf courses. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea
CR  - Benett C G S, Buzetti S & Silva K (2008). Produtividade e composição bromatológica do Capim-Marandu a fontes e doses de nitrogênio. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.32, n.5, p.1629-1636
CR  - Bilgili U, Topac-Sagban F O, Surer I, Caliskan N, Uzun P & Acikgoz E. (2011). Effects of wastewater sludge topdressing on color, quality, and clipping yield of a turfgrass mixture. HortScience, 46(9), 1308-1313
CR  - Bilgili U & Acikgoz E (2011). Effects of slow-release fertilizers on turf quality in a turf mixture. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(2), 130-136
CR  - Bilgili U & Yonter F (2016). Effects of different sewage sludges on plant growth and turf quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, 30 (Special Issue), 395-400
CR  - Bilgili U, Zere S & Yonter F (2017). Farklı Azot Dozlarının Bermuda Çimi (Cynodon sp.)’nin Gelişimi ve Çim Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 20 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 52-59
CR  - Blackmer T M & Schepers J S (1995). Use of a chlorophyll meter to monitor nitrogen status and schedule fertigation for corn. Journal of production agriculture, 8(1), pp.56-60
CR  - Blum A & Ebercon A (1981). Cell membrane stability as a measurement of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Crop Science, 21:43–47
CR  - Bonos S & Murphy J A (1999). Growth responses and performance of Kentucky bluegrass under summer stress. Crop Science, 39: 770-774
CR  - Bowman D C (2003). Daily vs. periodic nitrogen addition affects growth and tissue nitrogen in perennial ryegrass turf. Crop science, 43(2), pp.631-638
CR  - Brown R H, Devitt D A & Morris R L (2004). Water use and physiological response of tall fescue turf to water deficit irrigation in an arid environment. HortScience. 39:388-393
CR  - Cassel D K & Nielsen D R (1986). Field capacity and available water capacity. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 901-926
CR  - Carrow R N (1996). Drought avoidance characteristics of diverse tall fescue cultivars. Crop Sci. 36:371-377
CR  - Carrow R N & Duncan R R (2003). Improving drought resistance and persistence in turf‐type tall fescue. Crop science, 43(3), 978-984
CR  - Carrow R N (2006). Can we maintain turf to customers’ satisfaction with less water? Agric. Water Manage. 80:117–131
CR  - Cereti C F, Rossini F & Ruggeri R (2009). Reduction of irrigation on tall fescue and Bermudagrass turfs in a Mediterranean environment
CR  - Chang Z, Liu Y, Dong H, Teng K, Han L & Zhang X (2016). Effects of Cytokinin and Nitrogen on Drought Tolerance of Creeping Bentgrass. Plos One. 11(4):1-19
CR  - Chylinski W K, Lukaszewska A J & Kutnit K (2007). Drought response of two bedding plants. Acta Physiology Plant, v.29, p.399-406
CR  - Colmer T D & Barton L (2017). A review of warm‐season turfgrass evapotranspiration, responses to deficit irrigation, and drought resistance. Crop Science, 57(S1), S-98
CR  - DaCosta M. & Huang B (2006). Deficit irrigation effects on water use characteristics of bentgrass species. Crop Science 46, 1779
CR  - Doty J A, Braunworth W S, Tan S, Lombard P B & William R D (1990). Evapotranspiration of cool-season grasses grown with minimal maintenance. HortScience, 25(5), 529-531
CR  - Ebdon J S, Petrovic A M & White R A (1999). Interaction of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on evapotranspiration rate and growth of Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science, 39(1), 209-218
CR  - Emekli Y, Bastug R, Buyuktas D & Emekli N Y (2007). Evaluation of a crop water stress index for irrigation scheduling of Bermudagrass. Agricultural water management, 90(3), 205-212
CR  - Ervin E H & Koski A J (1998). Drought avoidance aspects and crop coefficients of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue turfs in the semiarid west. Crop Science, 38(3), 788-795
CR  - Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N S M A, Fujita D B S M A & Basra S M A (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Sustainable agriculture, 153-188
CR  - Feldhake C M (1981). Turfgrass evapotranspiration and micro environment interaction: PhD. dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
CR  - Feldhake C M, Danielson R E & Butler J D (1983). Turfgrass evapotranspiration. I. factors influencing rate in urban environments 1. Agronomy Journal, 75(5), 824-830
CR  - Feldhake C M, Danielson R E & Butler J D (1984). Turfgrass evapotranspiration. 11. Responses to deficit irrigation 1. Agronomy Journal, 76(1), 85-89
CR  - Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2004). Minimum water requirements of four turfgrasses in the transition zone. HortScience, 39(7), 1740-1744
CR  - Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2007a). Growth and carbon metabolism of tall fescue and zoysiagrass as affected by deficit irrigation. HortScience, 42(2), 378-381
CR  - Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2007b). Tall fescue rooting as affected by deficit irrigation. HortScience, 42(3), 688-691
CR  - Fu J & Dernoeden P H (2009). Creeping bentgrass putting green turf responses to two summer irrigation practices: Rooting and soil temperature. Crop science, 49(3), 1063-1070
CR  - Gibeault V, Meyer J, Autio R & Strohman R (1989). Turfgrass alternatives with low water needs. California agriculture, 43(6), 20-22
CR  - Gulen H & Eris A (2003). Some physiological changes in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa ‘Camarosa’) plants under heat stress. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78(6), 894-898
CR  - Guo Z, Ou W, Lu S Y & Zhong Q (2006). Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(11-12), 828-836
CR  - Huang B, Duncan R R & Carrow R N (1997). Drought‐resistance mechanisms of seven warm‐season turfgrasses under surface soil drying: II. Root aspects. Crop science, 37(6), 1863-1869
CR  - Huang B, Liu X & Fry J D (1998). Shoot physiological responses of two bentgrass cultivars to high temperature and poor soil aeration. Crop Science, 38(5), 1219-1224
CR  - Huang B (2008). Mechanisms and strategies for improving drought resistance in turfgrass. Acta Horticulturae, 783, 221
CR  - Jespersen D, Leclerc M, Zhang G & Raymer P (2019). Drought Performance and Physiological Responses of Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum. Crop Sci. 59:778–786
CR  - Jiang Y & Huang B (2002). Protein alterations in tall fescue in response to drought stress and abscisic acid. Crop science, 42(1), 202-207
CR  - Jones H G (2004). Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. Journal of experimental botany, 55(407), 2427-2436
CR  - Kir B, Avcıoglu R, Demircioglu G & Simic A (2010). Performances of some cool season turfgrass species in mediterranean environment: I. Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., and Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2), 174-179
CR  - Kneebone W R, Kopec D M & Mancino C F (1992). Water requirements and irrigation. Turfgrass, 32, 441-472
CR  - Kopp K & Guillard K (2002). Clipping management and nitrogen fertilization of turfgrass: growth, nitrogen utilization, and quality. Crop Science, 42, 1225
CR  - Kussow W R (1987). Fall fertilization of turfgrass: Part II. The practice. Grass Roots, 14, 25-27
CR  - Lee J H, Trenholm L E & Unruh J B (2009). Physiological responses of warm-season turfgrasses under deficit irrigation. Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science, 23(1), 9-22
CR  - Leung J & Giraudat J (1998). Abscisic acid signal transduction. Annual review of plant biology, 49(1), 199-222
CR  - Levitt J (1980). Responses of plants to environmental stresses: Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Aca¬demic Press, New York
CR  - Liu J, Xie X, Du J, Sun J & Bai X (2008). Effects of simultaneous drought and heat stress on Kentucky bluegrass. Scientia Horticulturae, 115(2), 190-195
CR  - Minner D D & Butler J D (1985). Draught tolerance of cool season turfgrasses. In Proceedings of the 5th international turfgrass research conference, Avignon, 199-212
CR  - Moran R & Porath D (1980). Chlorophyll determination in intact tissues using N, N-dimethylformamide. Plant physiology, 65(3), 478-479
CR  - National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (2010). How is turfgrass quality evaluated? 1 Jan. 2010.  <http://www.ntep.org/reports/ ratings.htm#quality>.
CR  - Nilsen E T & Orcutt D M (1996). Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York
CR  - Pathan S M, Barton L & Colmer T D (2007). Evaluation of a soil moisture sensor to reduce water and nutrient leaching in turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47(2), 215-222
CR  - Penuelas J, Filella I, Biel C, Serrano L & Save R (1993). The reflectance at the 950–970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status. International journal of remote sensing, 14(10), 1887-1905
CR  - Pu R, Ge S, Kelly N M & Gong P (2003). Spectral absorption features as indicators of water status in coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(9), 1799-1810
CR  - Qian Y L, Fry J D & Upham W S (1997). Rooting and drought avoidance of warm‐season turfgrasses and tall fescue in Kansas. Crop Science, 37(3), 905-910
CR  - Salisbury F B & Ross C W (1992). Plant Physiology, Wadsworth Pub. Com., Inc., Belmont, California-USA
CR  - Salman A & Avcioglu R (2010). Bazı serin iklim çim bitkilerinin farklı gübre dozlarındaki yeşil alan performansları. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 47(3), 309-319
CR  - Saud S, Fahad S, Yajun C, Ihsan M Z, Hammad H M, Nasim W, Amanullah J, Arif M & Alharby H (2017). Effects of nitrogen supply on water stress and recovery mechanisms in Kentucky bluegrass plants. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 983
CR  - Sever Mutlu S, Mutlu N, Shearman R C, Gurbuz E, Gulsen O, Hocagil M, Karaguzel O, Heng-Moss T, Riordan T P & Gaussoin R E (2011). Establishment and Turf Qualities of Warm-season Turfgrasses in the Mediterranean Region, HortTechnology hortte, 21(1), 67-81
CR  - Shearman R C & Beard J B (1973). Environmental and Cultural Preconditioning Effects on the Water Use Rate of Agrostis palustris Huds., Cultivar Penncross 1. Crop Science, 13(4), 424-427
CR  - Snyder G H, Augustin B J, Davidson J M (1984). Moisture sensor-controlled irrigation for reducing N leaching in bermudagrass turf. Agronomy Journal 76, 964–969
CR  - Tuzuner A (1990). Toprak ve su analiz laboratuvarları el kitabı. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye
CR  - Uzun P & Bilgili U (2011). Possibilities of using sewage sludge in agriculture. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi 25.2, 135-146
CR  - Wang Z & Huang B (2004). Physiological recovery of Kentucky bluegrass from simultaneous drought and heat stress. Crop science, 44(5), 1729-1736
CR  - Wherley B, Dukes M D, Cathey S, Miller G & Sinclair T (2015). Consumptive water use and crop coefficients for warm-season turfgrass species in the Southeastern United States. Agricultural Water Management, 156, 10-18
CR  - White R H, Engelke, M C, Morton S J & Ruemmele B A (1992). Competitive turgor maintenance in tall fescue. Crop Science, 32:251-256
CR  - White R H, Engelke M C, Anderson S J, Ruemmele B A, Marcum K B & Taylor G R (2001). Zoysiagrass water relations. Crop Science, 41(1), 133-138
CR  - Zere S & Bilgili U (2016). Efficiency of different sewage sludge on growth and turf quality to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, 30(Special Issue), 430-435
CR  - Zhou Y, Lambrides, C J, Kearns R, Ye C & Fukai S. (2012). Water use, water use efficiency and drought resistance among warm-season turfgrasses in shallow soil profiles. Functional plant biology, 39(2), 116-125
UR  - https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1029995
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2105309
ER  -