TY - JOUR T1 - Blockchain-Based E-Commerce: An Evaluation TT - Blokzincir Tabanlı E-Ticaret: Bir Değerlendirme AU - Aydoğan, Ebru AU - Aydemir, Muhammed Fatih PY - 2022 DA - December DO - 10.37093/ijsi.1166643 JF - International Journal of Social Inquiry JO - ijsi PB - Bursa Uludağ University WT - DergiPark SN - 1307-8364 SP - 649 EP - 666 VL - 15 IS - 2 LA - en AB - The e-commerce sector has grown beyond predictions with the help of the most recent technological developments, changes in consumer preferences, and the COVID-19 pandemic. E-commerce activities assume a subsidiary role of brick-and-mortar shops with the benefits it offers to all parties, which have also resulted in new problems such as privacy, security, transparency, and costs, unlike traditional businesses. Blockchain technology is among the promising technologies in solving the problems of the e-commerce sector with its decentralized structure that does not require third-party intermediaries, and its features (such as privacy, immutability, security, transparency, and auditability). In this study—which examines, under five titles, the benefits that blockchain can offer to e-commerce—it is concluded that blockchain can reshape e-commerce activities by enabling integrated e-commerce systems that include all parties and offering low transaction costs, high transaction speed, traceability of transactions, strong security standards, and low risks. In this direction, blockchain-based e-commerce platforms can push existing e-commerce platforms into the background. KW - Blockchain KW - E-Commerce KW - Distributed Systems KW - Cross Border E-Commerce N2 - Elektronik ticaret, son yıllarda yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler, tüketici tercihlerindeki değişimler ve COVID 19 salgınının etkisi nedeniyle öngörülerin çok daha ötesinde büyüme yaşayan bir sektör haline gelmiştir. E-ticaret, taraflara sunduğu faydalar ile fiziki mağazaları ikinci plana atarken, geleneksel işletmelerden farklı olarak kendine özgü yeni problemlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Blok zincir teknolojisi, adem-i merkezi ve üçüncü taraf aracılara ihtiyaç duymayan yapısı ve gizlilik, değişmezlik, güvenlik, şeffaflık, denetlenebilirlik gibi özellikleri ile e-ticaret sektöründe karşılaşılan sorunların çözümünde umut vaat eden önemli bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Blokzincirin e-ticarete sunabileceği faydalar, daha düşük maliyetler, daha şeffaf ve güvenilir ödeme süreçleri, daha yüksek veri gizliliği ve güvenliği, daha etkin tedarik zinciri ve itibar sistemleri olmak üzere beş başlık altında incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma ile blokzincirin sahip olduğu bu özellikleri sayesinde e-ticaret faaliyetlerini yeniden şekillendirebileceği ve e-ticaret sektörünün gelişimini hızlandırarak kârlılığını arttırabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda blokzincir tabanlı e-ticaret platformlarının mevcut e-ticaret platformlarını arka plana itebileceği düşünülmektedir. CR - Abduljabbar, T. A., Tao, X., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Li, L., & Cai, Y. (2021). A survey of privacy solutions using blockchain for recommender systems: Current status, classification and open ıssues. The Computer Journal, 64(7), 1104–1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab065 CR - Akroush, M. N., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2015). An integrated model of factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Business Process Management Journal, 21(6), 1353–1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2015-0022 CR - Alabi, K. (2020). A 2020 perspective on “Digital blockchain networks appear to be following Metcalfe’s Law”. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 40, Article 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2020.100939 CR - Alam, M. Z., & Elaasi, S. A. (2016). A Study on consumer perception towards e-shopping in KSA. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(7), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n7p202 CR - Anbar, A. (2001). E-Ticarette karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 1(2), 18–32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auiibfd/issue/54586/744082 CR - AWS. (2022). Blockchain for supply chain: Track and trace. https://aws.amazon.com/tr/blockchain/blockchain-for-supply-chain-track-and-trace/?nc1=h_ls CR - Bação, P., Duarte, A. P., Sebastião, H., & Redzepagic, S. (2018). Information transmission between cryptocurrencies: Does Bitcoin rule the cryptocurrency world? Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 65(2), 97–117. http://saeb.feaa.uaic.ro/index.php/saeb/article/view/1090 CR - Back, A. (2002, August 01). Hashcash - A denial of service counter-measure (Tech Report). http://www.hashcash.org/hashcash.pdf CR - Bălan, C. (2018). Blockchain: China’s leading e-commerce players innovate in traceability. International Conference on Marketing and Business Development, 1(2), 14–32. http://www.mbd.ase.ro/RePEc/aes/icmbdj/2018/ICMBDJ_V2_2018_59.pdf CR - Belinky, M., Rennick, E., & Veitch, A. (2015). The Fintech 2.0 paper: Rebooting financial services. Santander Innoventures Oliver Wyman Anthemis Group. https://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/global/en/2015/jun/The_Fintech_2_0_Paper_Final_PV.pdf CR - Bulsara, H. P., & Vaghela, P. S. (2020). Blockchain technology for e-commerce industry. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 3793–3798. http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/12292 CR - Casino, F., Dasaklis, T. K., & Patsakis, C. (2019). A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues. Telematics and Informatics, 36(2019), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006 CR - Catalini, C., & Gans, J. S. (2020). Some simple economics of the blockchain. Communications of the ACM, 63(7), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359552 CR - Chang, Y.-W., Lin, K.-P., & Shen, C.-Y. (2019). Blockchain technology for e-marketplace. 2019 IEEE International Conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops, PerCom workshops 2019, 429–430. https://doi.org/10.1109/PERCOMW.2019.8730733 CR - Chen, Y. (2018). Blockchain tokens and the potential democratization of entrepreneurship and innovation. Business Horizons, 61(4), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.006 CR - Ciaian, P., Rajcaniova, M., & Kancs, d’Artis. (2018). Virtual relationships: Short- and long-run evidence from BitCoin and altcoin markets. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 52, 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.11.001 CR - Cocco, L., Pinna, A., & Marchesi, M. (2017). Banking on blockchain: Costs savings thanks to the blockchain technology. Future Internet, 9(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9030025 CR - Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). BlockChain technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review, 2, 6–19. http://scet.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/AIR-2016-Blockchain.pdf CR - Decker, C., & Wattenhofer, R. (2013). Information propagation in the Bitcoin network. 13th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE P2P 2013 - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/P2P.2013.6688704 CR - Deepa, N., Pham, Q.-V., Nguyen, D. C., Bhattacharya, S., Prabadevi, B., Gadekallu, T. R., Maddikunta, P. K. R., Fang, F., & Pathirana, P. N. (2022). A survey on blockchain for big data: Approaches, opportunities, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 131, 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2022.01.017 CR - Delgado-Mohatar, O., Felis-Rota, M., & Fernández-Herraiz, C. (2019). The Bitcoin mining breakdown: Is mining still profitable? Economics Letters, 184, 108492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.05.044 CR - Deloitte. (2016). Cross-border payments on Blockchain. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/grid/cross-border-payments.pdf CR - Deng, S., Cheng, G., Zhao, H., Gao, H., & Yin, J. (2021). Incentive-driven computation offloading in blockchain-enabled e-commerce. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 21(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397160 CR - Dennis, R., & Owen, G. (2016). Rep on the block: A next generation reputation system based on the blockchain. 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST 2015, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITST.2015.7412073 CR - Dunn, J. E. (2020, March 12). Data of millions of eBay and Amazon shoppers exposed. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/03/12/data-of-millions-of-ebay-and-amazon-shoppers-exposed CR - Dwork, C., & Naor, M. (1992). Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail. In E. F. Brickell (Ed.), Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 740 (pp. 139–147). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10 CR - Frey, R. M., Wörner, D., & Ilic, A. (2016). Collaborative filtering on the blockchain: A secure recommender system for e-commerce. AMCIS 2016: Surfing the IT Innovation Wave - 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2016/ISSec/Presentations/36 CR - Ghanbary, H., Doosty, G., & Fathian, M. (2020). Combination SWOT-AHP analysis for using Blockchain in E-Commerce. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 3(1), 237-253. http://www.jeasweb.org/jeas/Vol_S3_No_1_Oct_2020/SJEAS20201237253.pdf CR - Gorkhali, A., Li, L., & Shrestha, A. (2020). Blockchain: A literature review. Journal of Management Analytics, 7(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2020.1801529 CR - Göl, H., Kantarcı, Ö., Erdem, İ., Ot, İ., Döm, İ., & Çakır, İ., (2019). E-ticaretin gelişimi, sınırların aşılması ve yeni normlar. Deloitte Digital. https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/consumer-business/articles/e-ticaretin-gelisimi-sinirlarin-asilmasi-ve-yeni-normlar.html CR - Guadamuz, A., & Marsden, C. (2015). Blockchains and Bitcoin: Regulatory responses to cryptocurrencies. First Monday, 20(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198 CR - Guo, Y., & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9 CR - Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. S. (1997). Secure names for bit-strings. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on computer and communications security, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/266420.266430 CR - Halaburda, H., Sarvary, M., & Haeringer, G. (2022). Beyond bitcoin economics of digital currencies and blockchain technologies (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v26.n1.12 CR - Hoy, M. B. (2017). An introduction to the blockchain and its implications for libraries and medicine. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 36(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.1332261 CR - Hughes, A., Park, A., Kietzmann, J., & Archer-Brown, C. (2019). Beyond Bitcoin: What blockchain and distributed ledger technologies mean for firms. Business Horizons, 62(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.002 CR - IBM. (2017). Forward together - IBM Blockchain Study. IBM Institute for Business Value. https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/OX1JGX65 CR - Ismanto, L., Ar, H. S., Fajar, A. N., Sfenrianto, & Bachtiar, S. (2019). Blockchain as e-commerce platform in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1179(1), 012114. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1179/1/012114 CR - Jaag, C., & Bach, C. (2015). The effect of payment reversibility on e-commerce and postal quality. In D. L. K. Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of digital currency: Bitcoin, innovation, financial instruments, and big data (pp. 139–151). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802117-0.09989-6 CR - Johnson, J. (2020). Annual number of data breaches and exposed records in the United States from 2005 to 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/273550/data-breaches-recorded-in-the-united-states-by-number-of-breaches-and-records-exposed CR - Jun, G., & Jaafar, N. I. (2011). A study on consumers’ attitude towards online shopping in China. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 122–132. http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_22_December_2011/15.pdf CR - Kabi, O. R., & Franqueira, V. N. L. (2019). Blockchain-based distributed marketplace. In Abramowicz, W., Paschke, A. (Eds.), Business Information Systems Workshops. BIS 2018. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (pp. 197–210). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04849-5_17 CR - Khan, M. A., Zubair, S. S., & Malik, M. (2019). An assessment of e-service quality, e-satisfaction and e-loyalty: Case of online shopping in Pakistan. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-01-2019-0016 CR - Kim, S. I., & Kim, S. H. (2020). E-commerce payment model using blockchain. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13, 1673–1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02519-5 CR - Kumar, G., Saha, R., Buchanan, W. J., Geetha, G., Thomas, R., Rai, M. K., Kim, T.-H., & Alazab, M. (2020). Decentralized accessibility of e-commerce products through blockchain technology. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102361 CR - Lafarre, A., & Van der Elst, C. (2018, March). Blockchain technology for corporate governance and shareholder activism (Law Working Paper No. 390/2018). European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135209 CR - Lee, J. Y. (2019). A decentralized token economy: How blockchain and cryptocurrency can revolutionize business. Business Horizons, 62(6), 773–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.08.003 CR - Lee, M. K. O., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227 CR - Lee, S. (2018, August 13). A decentralized reputation system: How blockchain can restore trust in online markets. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/shermanlee/2018/08/13/a-decentralized-reputation-system-how-blockchain-can-restore-trust-in-online-markets/?sh=128cb1f481ab CR - Lehmacher, W., & Mcwaters, J. (2017, February 01). How blockchain can restore trust in trade. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/blockchain-trade-trust-transparency CR - Leiner, M. B., Cerf, G. V., Clark, D. D., Kahn, E. K., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, C. D., Postel, J., Roberts, G. L., & Wolff, S. (1997). A brief history of internet. Internet Society. https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ISOC-History-of-the-Internet_1997.pdf CR - Li, M., Shao, S., Ye, Q., Xu, G., & Huang, G. Q. (2020). Blockchain-enabled logistics finance execution platform for capital-constrained E-commerce retail. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 65(April), 101962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2020.101962 CR - Li, X., & Wang, C. A. (2017). The technology and economic determinants of cryptocurrency exchange rates: The case of Bitcoin. Decision Support Systems, 95, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.12.001 CR - Liao, Q., & Shao, M. (2021). Discussion on payment application in cross-border e-commerce platform from the perspective of blockchain. E3S Web of Conferences, 235, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123503020 CR - Lim, Y. H., Hashim, H., Poo, N., Poo, D. C. C., & Nguyen, H. D. (2019). Blockchain technologies in e-commerce: Social shopping and loyalty program applications. In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social Media: Comunication and social communities (pp. 403–416). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21905-5_31 CR - Liu, Z., & Li, Z. (2020). A blockchain-based framework of cross-border e-commerce supply chain. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102059 CR - MarketsandMarkets. (2022). Big Data Market worth $273.4 billion by 2026 (Press Releases). https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/big-data.asp CR - Monetha. (2017). Monetha White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.allcryptowhitepapers.com/monetha-whitepaper CR - Nærland, K., Beck, R., Müller-Bloch, C., & Palmund, S. (2018). Blockchain to rule the waves - nascent design principles for reducing risk and uncertainty in decentralized environments. In ICIS 2017: Transforming Society with Digital Innovation (pp. 1–16). https://pure.itu.dk/ws/files/82337540/N_rland_et_al._2017.pdf CR - Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/training/annual-national-training-seminar/2018/Emerging_Tech_Bitcoin_Crypto.pdf CR - O’Dwyer, K. J., & Malone, D. (2014). Bitcoin Mining and its Energy Footprint. In 25th IET Irish Signals & Systems Conference 2014 and 2014 China-Ireland International Conference on Information and Communities Technologies (ISSC 2014/CIICT 2014), (CP639), 280–285. Institution of Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0699 CR - OECD. (2019). Unpacking e-commerce: Business models, trends and policies. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/23561431-en CR - Ølnes, S., Ubacht, J., & Janssen, M. (2017). Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.007 CR - Pinna, A., Tonelli, R., Orrú, M., & Marchesi, M. (2018). A petri nets model for blockchain analysis. The Computer Journal, 61(9), 1374–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy001 CR - Polasik, M., Piotrowska, A. I., Wisniewski, T. P., Kotkowski, R., & Lightfoot, G. (2015). Price Fluctuations and the Use of Bitcoin: An Empirical Inquiry. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 20(1), 9–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2016.1061413 CR - Ramachandiran, R. (2018, May). Using blockchain technology to improve trust in ecommerce reviews. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325302001 CR - ReportLinker. (2022, November). Global blockchain market in supply chain industry market 2022-2026. https://www.reportlinker.com/p05603982/Global-Blockchain-Market-in-Supply-Chain-Industry.html?utm_source=GNW CR - Research and Markets. (2022, October). Supply chain management market research report by component, organization size, deployment, industry, region - global forecast to 2027 - cumulative impact of COVID-19. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5337793/supply-chain-management-market-research-report-by CR - Ryan, P. (2017). Smart contract relations in e-commerce: Legal implications of exchanges conducted on the blockchain. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(10), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1110 CR - Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261 CR - Schaub, A., Bazin, R., Hasan, O., & Brunie, L. (2016). A trustless privacy-preserving reputation system. In J.-H. Hoepman & S. Katzenbeisser (Eds.), ICT systems security and privacy protection (pp. 398–411). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33630-5_27 CR - Scheer, W. van der. (2018, October 29). Establishing trust in reputation systems: Challenges for blockchain-based reviews (. https://godatadriven.com/blog/establishing-trust-in-reputation-systems-challenges-for-blockchain-based-reviews CR - Shome, A. (2019, March 19). Digitec galaxus introduces crypto payment option. Finance Magnates. https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/digitec-galaxus-introduces-crypto-payment-option CR - Shorman, S., Allaymoun, M., & Hamid, O. (2019). Developing the e-commerce model a consumer to consumer using blockchain network technique. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 11(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijmit.2019.11204 CR - Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2016, December 19). Online shopping and e-commerce. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/12/19/online-reviews CR - Sovbetov, Y. (2018). Factors influencing cryptocurrency prices: Evidence from Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dash, Litcoin, and Monero. Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, 2(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1991/jefa.v2i2.a16 CR - Statista. (2021). Digital market outlook: Retail ecommerce sales CAGR in selected markets 2021-2025. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/220177/b2c-e-commerce-sales-cagr-forecast-for-selected-countries CR - Statista. (2022). Retail e-commerce sales worldwide from 2014 to 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/worldwide-retail-e-commerce-sales CR - Su, X., Liu, Y., & Choi, C. (2020). A blockchain-based p2p transaction method and sensitive data encoding for e-commerce transactions. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 9(4), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2020.2969198 CR - Subramanian, H. (2018). Decentralized blockchain-based electronic marketplaces. Communications of the ACM, 61(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/3158333 CR - Treiblmaier, H., & Sillaber, C. (2021). The impact of blockchain on e-commerce: A framework for salient research topics. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 48, 101054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101054 CR - University of Cambridge. (2020). Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index/comparison CR - Vigna, P., & Casey, M. J. (2017). Kriptopara çağı: Bitcoin ve dijital paranın küresel ekonomik sisteme meydan okuması [The age of cryptocurrency: How bitcoin and digital money are challenging the global economic order] (A. Atav, Çev.; 2. bs.). Buzdağı Yayınevi (Original work published 2015). CR - Voshmgir, S. (2020). Token Economy: How the Web3 reinvents the internet (2nd Ed.). Token Kitchen. CR - Vranken, H. (2017). Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 28, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.011 CR - Wang, C.-C., & Chen, C.-C. (2010). Electronic commerce research in latest decade: A literature review. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 1(1), 1–14. CR - Wood, G. (2022, January 04). What is Web 3? Here’s how future Polkadot founder Gavin Wood explained it in 2014. https://www.coindesk.com/layer2/2022/01/04/what-is-web-3-heres-how-future-polkadot-founder-gavin-wood-explained-it-in-2014 CR - Xu, J., & Gao, X. (2021). E-Business in the 21st Century: Essential topics and studies (2nd ed.). World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. CR - Xuan, T. M., Alrashdan, M. T., Al-Maatouk, Q., & Alrashdan, M. T. (2020). Blockchain technology in e-commerce platform. International Journal of Management, 11(10), 1688–1697. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.10.2020.154 CR - Yang, C. N., Chen, Y. C., Chen, S. Y., & Wu, S. Y. (2019). A reliable e-commerce business model using blockchain based product grading system. 2019 4th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Analytics, ICBDA 2019, 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBDA.2019.8713204 CR - Yang, C. S. (2019). Maritime shipping digitalization: Blockchain-based technology applications, future improvements, and intention to use. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 131, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.09.020 CR - Yoo, S. (2017). Blockchain based financial case analysis and its implications. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2017-036 CR - Zhou, Z., Wang, M., Yang, C.-N., Fu, Z., Sun, X., & Wu, Q. M. J. (2021). Blockchain-based decentralized reputation system in E-commerce environment. Future Generation Computer Systems, 124, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.05.035 CR - Zhu, X., & Wang, D. (2019). Research on blockchain application for e-commerce, finance and energy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 252(4), 042126. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/252/4/042126 UR - https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1166643 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2614646 ER -