TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Mediator Role of Borderline Personality Features and Separation Anxiety in the Relationship between Childhood Traumas and Exposure to Abuse in Romantic Relationships
TT  - Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ile Romantik İlişkide İstismara Maruziyet Arasındaki İlişkide Borderline Kişilik Özellikleri ve Ayrılık Anksiyetesinin Aracı Rolü
AU  - Faraji, Haydeh
AU  - Demir, Deniz Senem
PY  - 2023
DA  - November
Y2  - 2023
DO  - 10.30613/curesosc.1168755
JF  - Current Research in Social Sciences
JO  - Curr Res Soc Sci
PB  - Beste TÜRKOĞLU
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2149-1488
SP  - 130
EP  - 149
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
LA  - en
AB  - The study aims to examine the mediating role of borderline personality pattern and separation anxiety in adults in the relationship between childhood traumas and exposure to abuse in romantic relationships, to emphasize some factors that may cause violence in relationships, and to support initiatives to prevent exposure to partner violence. For the research, 400 participants aged 18-55 residing in Istanbul were determined by a simple random sampling method. After that, a Socio-demographic Information Form, Childhood Traumas Questionnaire (CTQ-33), Romantic Relationship Assessment Inventory (RRAI), Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ), and Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASAQ) were given to them. The data obtained from the study were evaluated with the SPSS-25 statistical analysis program. Relationships between scales were evaluated with Pearson Correlation analysis, and mediating roles were evaluated with PROCESS 3.5 Macro. All analyses were based on a 95% confidence interval. When the research findings were examined, A positive correlation was found between the Childhood Traumas Questionnaire and all its subscales, the Borderline Personality Questionnaire and all its subscales, and the Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire and the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale. Research results show that childhood traumas predict exposure to abuse in romantic relationships and that borderline personality traits and adult separation anxiety play a partial mediating role in this relationship. It has also been determined that adult separation anxiety predicts borderline personality traits. As a result of the study, it is shown that in the case of abuse and neglect experiences in childhood, whether individuals are exposed to abuse in romantic relationships or not is related to borderline personality traits and low tolerance for separation. Study results reveal that separation anxiety significantly predicts borderline personality traits (34%), indicating that separation anxiety can be targeted as a key point in the repetitive abuse pattern. Another result of the study is that the increase in separation anxiety in borderline personality traits is associated with low economic levels. The current result reveals the importance of economic independence in exploitation patterns.
KW  - Childhood Trauma
KW  - Violence
KW  - Abuse
KW  - Borderline Personality Disorder
KW  - Separation Anxiety
N2  - Araştırmada çocukluk çağı travmalarıyla romantik ilişkilerde istismara maruziyet arasındaki ilişkide borderline kişilik örüntüsünün ve yetişkinlerde ayrılık anksiyetesinin aracı rolünün incelenmesiyle, ilişkilerde şiddet yaşantılarına sebep olabilecek bazı etmenlerin vurgulanması ve partner şiddetine maruziyeti engelleyici girişimlere destek olunması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmada, basit seçkisiz örnekleme metoduyla belirlenen ve İstanbul’da yaşayan 18-55 yaş arası 400 katılımcıya Sosyo-demografik Bilgi Formu, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları (CTQ-33), Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeği, Borderline Kişilik Ölçeği-Türkçe BPQ, Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Veriler, SPSS-25 istatistik analiz programıyla, ölçekler arası ilişkiler Pearson Korelasyon analiziyle, aracı roller PROCESS 3.5 Makrosuyla değerlendirilmiştir. Analizlerde %95 güven aralığı esas alınmıştır. Bulgular incelendiğinde Çocukluk Çağı Travma Ölçeği ve tüm alt ölçekleri ile Borderline Kişilik Ölçeği ve tüm alt ölçekleri; Yetişkin Ayrılık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği ve Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeği arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları çocukluk çağı travmalarının, romantik ilişkide istismara maruz kalmayı yordadığı ve borderline kişilik özelliklerinin ve yetişkin ayrılma anksiyetesinin bu ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolü olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesinin borderline kişilik özelliklerini yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda çocukluktaki istismar ve ihmal yaşantılarının söz konusu olduğu durumda bireylerin romantik ilişkilerde istismara maruz kalıp kalmamasının sergiledikleri borderline kişilik özellikleri, ayrılığa düşük tolerans ile ilişkili olduğu göstermektedir. Çalışma sonuçları ayrılık anksiyetesinin borderline kişilik özelliklerini önemli ölçüde (%34) yordadığını ortaya koyarak ayrılık anksiyetesinin tekrarlayan istismar örüntüsünde bir kilit nokta olarak hedeflenebileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bir diğer sonucu borderline kişilik özellikleri ayrılık anksiyetesindeki artışın düşük ekonomik düzeyle ilişkili olduğunun belirlenmesidir. Mevcut sonuç istismar örüntülerinde ekonomik bağımsızlığın önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
CR  - Ahmadabadi, Z., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., & Clavarino, A. M. (2020). Income, gender, and forms of intimate partner violence. Journal of interpersonal violence, 35(23-24), 5500-5525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517719541
CR  - Alexander, P.C. (2009). Childhood trauma, attachment, and abuse by multiple partners. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015254
CR  - Astuti, U., Hartono, H., & Sunawan, S. (2020). The ınfluence of parental attachment toward early childhood children's separation anxiety. Journal of Primary Education, 9(5), 501-510.
CR  - Baron, M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
CR  - Bassi, G., Mancinelli, E., Di Riso, D., Lis, A., & Salcuni, S. (2021). Separation anxiety in a community sample of Italian emerging adults and its relationship with dimensions of borderline personality. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process, and Outcome, 24(1), 506. 10.4081/ripppo.2021.506
CR  - Battle, C. L., Shea, M. T., Johnson, D. M., Yen, S., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M. C., Sanislow, C.A., Skodol, A.E., Gunderson, J.G., Grilo, C.M., McGlashan, T.H. & Morey, L. C. (2004). Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: Findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777
CR  - Baumeister, R.F., & Leary, M.R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529 https://doi.org//10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
CR  - Berber Çelik, Ç., & Odacı, H. (2019). Does child abuse have an impact on self-esteem, depression, anxiety and stress conditions of individuals? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(2),171–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764019894618
CR  - Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
CR  - Bögels, S. M., Knappe, S., & Clark, L. A. (2013). Adult separation anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(5), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.006
CR  - Bowlby, J. (1960). Separation anxiety: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 1(4), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1960.tb01999.x
CR  - Bradley, S. J. (1979). The relationship of early maternal separation to borderline personality in children and adolescents: A pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(4A), 424-426. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.1979.136.4a.424
CR  - Brownridge, D. A., & Tyler, K. A. (2022). Borderline personality and dating violence among college students: A path analysis. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 32(5), 784-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2089865
CR  - Butler, N., Quigg, Z., & Bellis, M. A. (2020). Cycles of violence in England and Wales: the contribution of childhood abuse to risk of violence revictimisation in adulthood. BMC Medicine, 18, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01788-3
CR  - Çakmak, B., (2016). Çocukluk çağı travmaları ile yetişkin ayrılma anksiyetesi arasındaki ilişki, (Tez No. 441617) [Master Thesis, Üsküdar University]. YÖK National Center of Thesis.
CR  - Cantürk, M., Faraji H. & Tezcan A.E. (2021). The relationship between childhood trauma and crime in male prisoners, Alpha Psychiatry, 22(1), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.111825
CR  - Capaldi, D.M., Knoble, N.B., Shortt, J.W., Kim, H.K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231–280. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231
CR  - Carotta, C.L., Bonomi, A.E., Lee, M.A., Terrell, L.A. (2018). It's (Not) over: relationship instability and recovery between victims and detained domestic abusers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33 (10), 1679–1699. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515619171
CR  - Carr, C. P., Martins, C. M., Stingel, A. M., Lemgruber, V. B, & Juruena, M. F. (2013). The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,201(12),1007-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000049
CR  - Ceylan, V. (2017). Borderline Kişilik Ölçeği (Türkçe BPQ): Geçerlik, güvenirliği, faktör yapısı. (Tez No. 454194) [Master Thesis, Çukurova University]. YÖK National Center of Thesis.
CR  - Chang, J.J., Ji, Y., Li, Y.H., Yuan, M.Y., & Su, P.Y. (2021). Childhood trauma and depression in college students: Mediating and moderating effects of psychological resilience. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 65, 102824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102824
CR  - Cirasola, A., Hillman, S., Fonagy, P., & Chiesa, M. (2017). Mapping the road from childhood adversity to personality disorder: The role of unresolved states of mind. Personality and Mental Health, 11(2), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1365
CR  - Cohen, P., Chen, H., Gordon, K., Johnson, J., Brook, J., & Kasen, S. (2008). Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and psychopathology, 20(2), 633-650.
CR  - Coolidge, F.L., Anderson, L.W., (2002). Personality profiles of women in multiple abusive relationships. J. Fam. Violence, 17 (2), 117–131.
CR  - Cyr, M., McDuff, P., & Wright, J. (2006). Prevalence and predictors of dating violence among adolescent female victims of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(8), 1000–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506290201
CR  - Daley, S. E., Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (2000). Borderline personality disorder symptoms as predictors of 4-year romantic relationship dysfunction in young women: Addressing issues of specificity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.451
CR  - Diriöz, M., Alkin, T., Yemez, B., Onur, E., & Eminağaoğlu, P. N. (2012). Ayrılma anksiyetesi belirti envanteri ile yetişkin ayrılma anksiyetesi anketinin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(2), 108-116.
CR  - Downey, C., & Crummy, A. (2022). The impact of childhood trauma on children's wellbeing and adult behavior. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(1), 100237.
CR  - Faraji, H & Tezcan A.E. (2022). Borderline Kişilik Bozukluğu. Nobel Academic Publications.
CR  - Faraji, H. (2021). Borderline kişilik bozukluğunun ergenlik döneminde belirlenmesine dair bir değerlendirme. OPUS Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(43), 7141-7166. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.898571
CR  - Faraji, H., Özen, Z. D. (2022). Yetişkin ayrılık anksiyetesinin, ayrılık anksiyetesi ile beliren yetişkinlikte bireyleşme düzeyi arasındaki aracı rolü, Mavi Atlas, 10(1), 47-69.
CR  - Frias, S. M., & Angel, R. J. (2005). The risk of partner violence among low‐income Hispanic subgroups. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3), 552-564.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00153.x
CR  - Gabbard, G. O. (2011). Uzun süreli psikodinamik terapi. (Trans. H. Atalay). Publications. (First publication date: 2005)
CR  - Gürbüz, S., & Bayık, M. E. (2021). Aracılık Modellerinin Analizinde Yeni Yaklaşım: Baron ve Kenny'nin Yöntemi Hâlâ Geçerli mi?. Turkish Journal of Psychology/Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 37(88), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpd1300443320191125m000031
CR  - Hahs-Vaughn, D.L.& Lomax, R.G. (2020), Multiple linear regression. In Statistical Concepts, 527–599 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429277825-8
CR  - Helvacı Çelik, F. G., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2018). Çocukluk çağı travmaları: Bir gözden geçirme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 8(4), 695-711. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.454535
CR  - Hepp, J., Lane, S. P., Carpenter, R. W., Niedtfeld, I., Brown, W. C., & Trull, T. J. (2017). Interpersonal problems and negative affect in borderline personality and depressive disorders in daily life. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(3), 470–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616677312
CR  - Hepp, J., Lane, S. P., Wycoff, A. M., Carpenter, R. W., & Trull, T. J. (2018). Interpersonal stressors and negative affect in individuals with borderline personality disorder and community adults in daily life: A replication and extension. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(2), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000318
CR  - Houben, M., Claes, L., Sleuwaegen, E., Berens, A., & Vansteelandt, K. (2018). Emotional reactivity to appraisals in patients with a borderline personality disorder: A daily life study. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-018-0095-7
CR  - Ibrahim, J., Cosgrave, N., & Woolgar, M. (2018). Childhood maltreatment and its link to borderline personality disorder features in children: A systematic review approach. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 23(1),57–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104517712778
CR  - Igarashi, H., Hasui, C., Uji, M., Shono, M., Nagata, T., & Kitamura, T. (2010). Effects of child abuse history on borderline personality traits, negative life events, and depression: A study among a university student population in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 180(2-3), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.029
CR  - Karaytuğ, M. O., Tamam, L., Demirkol, M. E., Namlı, Z., Gürbüz, M., & Yeşiloğlu, C. (2023). Impact of childhood trauma and adult separation anxiety disorder on quality of life in ındividuals with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 19,181-196. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S391897
CR  - Kayha, Y., & Taskale, N. (2019). Difficulties in emotion regulation, separation anxiety, and impulsivity as predictors of women's intimate partner violence experiences. Dusunen Adam-Journal Of Psychıatry And Neurologıcal Scıences, 32(2), 101-112.  https://doi.org/10.14744/dajpns.2019.00016
CR  - Kılınçer, A. S., & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2013). Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 4(1), 15-32.
CR  - Kutlu, A. M. (2018). Borderline kişilik bozukluğu: Bir gözden geçirme. Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(5),11-20.
CR  - Lelaurain, S., Fonte, D., Giger, J. C., Guignard, S., & Lo Monaco, G. (2021). Legitimizing intimate partner violence: The role of romantic love and the mediating effect of patriarchal ideologies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13-14), 6351-6368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518818427
CR  - Levy, K. N., Kivity, Y., Johnson B. N., & Gooch, C.V. (2018). Adult attachment as a predictor and moderator of psychotherapy outcome: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11),1996-2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22685
CR  - Loas, G., Cormier, J., & Perez-Diaz, F. (2011). Dependent personality disorder and physical abuse. Psychiatry Research, 185(1-2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.011
CR  - Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Allgulander, C., Kidd, M., Stein, D., & Gerdner, A. (2010). Childhood trauma in adults with social anxiety disorder and panic disorder: A cross-national study. African Journal of Psychiatry, 13(5), 376-381. https://doi.org/ 10.4314/ajpsy.v13i5.63103
CR  - Manicavasagar, V., & Silove, D. (2016). Why are we still missing adult separation anxiety disorder in clinical practice? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(8), 807–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867416655875
CR  - Manicavasagar, V., Marnane, C., Pini, S., Abelli, M., Rees, S., Eapen, V., & Silove, D. (2010). Adult: A disorder comes of age. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(4), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-010-0131-9
CR  - Manicavasagar, V., Silove, D., Wagner, R., & Drobny, J. (2003). A self-report questionnaire for measuring separation anxiety in adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44(2), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2003.50024
CR  - Matthies, S., Schiele, M. A., Koentges, C., Pini, S., Schmahl, C., & Domschke, K. (2018). Please don’t leave me—Separation anxiety and related traits in borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 1-10.
CR  - McClure, M. M., & Parmenter, M. (2020). Childhood trauma, trait anxiety, and anxious attachment as predictors of intimate partner violence in college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(23-24), 6067-6082.
CR  - Namlı, Z., Özbay, A., & Tamam, L. (2022). Adult separation anxiety disorder: A review. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 14(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.940071
CR  - Nemeroff, C. B. (2016). Paradise Lost: The neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect. Neuron, 89(5),892-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019
CR  - Newhill, C. E., Eack, S. M., & Mulvey, E. P. (2009). Violent behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(6), 541–554. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2009.23.6.541
CR  - Newhill, C. E., Eack, S. M., & Mulvey, E. P. (2012). A growth curve analysis of emotion dysregulation as a mediator for violence in individuals with and without borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.3.452
CR  - Osone, A., Takahashi, S. (2006) Possible link between childhood separation anxiety and adulthood personality disorder in patients with anxiety disorders in Japan. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(9),1451-1457. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v67n0918
CR  - Öztürk E. (2021). Psikotarih, travma ve dissosiyasyon: Çocukluk çağı travmaları, savaşlar ve dissosiyasyonun anamnezi. (Vol. 1.). Turkey Clinics.
CR  - Paris, J., & Zweig-Frank, H. (2001). A 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 42(6), 482-487.
CR  - Persano, H. L. (2022). Self-harm. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 103(6), 1089-1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207578.2022.2133093
CR  - Pichon, M., Treves-Kagan, S., Stern, E., Kyegombe, N., Stöckl, H., & Buller, A. M. (2020). A mixed-methods systematic review: Infidelity, romantic jealousy and intimate partner violence against women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5682. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165682
CR  - Poreh, A. M., Rawlings, D., Claridge, G., Freeman, J. L., Faulkner, C., & Shelton, C. (2006). The BPQ: A scale for the assessment of borderline personality based on DSM-IV Criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(3), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.3.247
CR  - Quattrini, G., Pini, L., Pievani, M., Magni, L. R., Lanfredi, M., Ferrari, C., Boccardi, M., Bignotti, S., Magnaldi, S., Cobelli, M., Rillosi, L., Beneduce, R., Rossi, G., Frisoni, G., & Rossi, R. (2019). Abnormalities in functional connectivity in borderline personality disorder: Correlations with metacognition and emotion dysregulation. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 30(283),118-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.12.010
CR  - Reuter, T. R., Sharp, C., Temple, J. R., & Babcock, J. C. (2015). The relation between borderline personality disorder features and teen dating violence. Psychology of Violence, 5(2), 163-173.
CR  - Salome, G., Vignaud, P., Galia, P., Prieto, N., & Chauliac, N. (2023). Determinants of care pathways for C-PTSD patients in French psychotrauma centers: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(13), 6278.
CR  - Sansone, R. A., Reddington, A., Sky, K., & Wiederman, M. W. (2007). Borderline personality symptomatology and history of domestic violence among women in an internal medicine setting. Violence and Victims, 22(1), 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a008
CR  - Sansone, R. A., Songer, D. A., & Miller, K. A. (2005). Childhood abuse, mental healthcare utilization, self-harm behavior, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses among inpatients with and without a borderline diagnosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46(2), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.033
CR  - Şar V, Öztürk E ve İkikardeş E, (2012). Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4),1054-1063 https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
CR  - Şar, V., Necef, I., Mutluer, T., Fatih P., & Türk-Kurtça, T. (2021). A revised and expanded version of the Turkish Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-33): Overprotection-overcontrol as additional factor. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1760171
CR  - Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., Wagner, R., Manicavasagar, V. L., & Rees, S. (2010) The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic. BMC Psychiatry, 10(21), 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-21
CR  - Silove, D. M., Tay, A. K., Tol, W. A., Tam, N., dos Reis, N., da Costa, Z., Soares, C., & Rees, S. (2016). Patterns of separation anxiety symptoms amongst pregnant women in conflict-affected Timor-Leste: Associations with traumatic loss, family conflict, and intimate partner violence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.052
CR  - Sinai, C., Hirvikoski, T., Wiklander, M., Nordström, A. L., Nordström, P., Nilsonne, Å., Wilczek, A., Asberg, M., & Jokinen, J. (2018). Exposure to interpersonal violence and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder among women with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 262, 311-315.
CR  - Staebler, K., Helbing, E., Rosenbach, C., & Renneberg B., (2011). Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18(4), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.705
CR  - Stepp, S. D., Smith, T. D., Morse, J. Q., Hallquist, M. N., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2012). Prospective associations among borderline personality disorder symptoms, interpersonal problems, and aggressive behaviors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(1), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511416468
CR  - Taillieu, T. L., Brownridge, D. A., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2016). Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child Abuse & Neglect, 59, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.005
CR  - Tekin, M. (2021). Borderline kişilik bozukluğunun nedensellik ve psikolojik kuramlar açısından değerlendirilmesine dair bir gözden geçirme. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 07(04), 100-105
CR  - van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). The compulsion to repeat the trauma: Reenactment, revictimization, and masochism. Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 12(2), 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30439-8
CR  - Vanwoerden, S., Leavitt, J., Gallagher, M. W., Temple, J. R., & Sharp, C. (2019). Dating violence victimization and borderline personality pathology: Temporal associations from late adolescence to early adulthood. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10(2), 132 –142. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000324
CR  - Westphal, M., Olfson, M., Bravova, M., Gameroff, M. J., Gross, R., Wickramaratne, P., Pilowsky, D.J., Neugebauer, R., Shea, S., Lantigua, R., Weissman, M., & Neria, Y. (2013). Borderline personality disorder, exposure to interpersonal trauma, and psychiatric comorbidity in urban primary care patients. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 76(4), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.4.365
CR  - Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Paris, J. (2009). A prospective investigation of borderline personality disorder in abused and neglected children followed up into adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(5), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2009.23.5.433
CR  - Wojciechowski, T. (2019). Borderline personality disorder symptoms and exposure to violence as risk factors for opioid use in adulthood. Psychiatry Research, 281, 112549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112549
CR  - World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Executive summary. World Health Organization.
CR  - Xie, G. D., Chang, J. J., Yuan, M. Y., Wang, G. F., He, Y., Chen, S. S., & Su, P. Y. (2021). Childhood abuse and borderline personality disorder features in Chinese undergraduates: the role of self-esteem and resilience. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03332-w
CR  - Zerubavel, N., Messman-Moore, T. L., DiLillo, D., & Gratz, K. L. (2018). Childhood sexual abuse and fear of abandonment moderate the relation of intimate partner violence to severity of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1289491
UR  - https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1168755
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2623425
ER  -