TY - JOUR T1 - Diş Hekimliğinde Kullanılan CAD/CAM Materyalleri TT - CAD/CAM Materials Used in Dentistry AU - Ergezen, Erkin AU - Aslan, Yılmaz Umut AU - Özkan, Yasemin PY - 2025 DA - August JF - European Journal of Research in Dentistry JO - Eur. J. res. Dent. (ERD) PB - Marmara University WT - DergiPark SN - 2630-6247 SP - 125 EP - 133 VL - 9 IS - 2 LA - tr AB - CAD/CAM, computer aided design ve computer aimed manufacturing kelimelerin baş harfleri ile elde edilmiş kısaltmadır. Türkçesi, bilgisayar destekli dizayn ve bilgisayar destekli üretim anlamına gelmektedir. CAD/CAM sağlık sektöründe, fizyoterapi ve ortez-protez alanında protez soketi ve ortezleme ölçü alımı ve üretiminde, ayak basınç analizine bağlı bireysel tabanlık uygulamalarında ve diş hekimliğinde çeşitli alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Diş hekimliğinde CAD/CAM ilk defa 1970’li yıllarda kullanılmıştır. Diş hekimliğinde CAD/CAM dijital ortodonti, cerrahi kılavuz ve modellerde, dental implantlarda ve protetik diş tedavilerinde kullanılmaktadır. CAD/CAM ile protetik restorasyonların üretilmesi alternatif bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. CAD/CAM geleneksel yöntemler ile kıyaslandığında mum modelaj, döküm gibi hataya yol açabilen basamakları atlayabilme avantajına sahiptir. CAD/CAM sistemlerinin gelişmesi ile estetik ve fonksiyonel beklentiler de artmıştır. Bu beklentileri karşılamak için yeni materyaller geliştirilmiştir. Üretimde kullanılan materyaller özetle şu şekilde sınıflandırılmaktadır; kompozitler, metaller, polimerler, polimetilmetakrilatlar ve seramiklerdir. KW - CAD/CAM KW - SERAMİK KW - PROTEZ KW - diş hekimliği KW - MATERYAL N2 - CAD/CAM is the abbreviation obtained with the initials of the words computer aided design and computer aimed manufacturing. In Turkish, it means computer-aided design and computer-aided production. CAD/CAM is used in the health sector, in the field of physiotherapy and orthosis-prosthesis, in the measurement and production of prosthetic sockets and orthoses, in individual insoles based on foot pressure analysis, and in various fields in dentistry. CAD/CAM was first used in dentistry in the 1970s. In dentistry, CAD/CAM is used in digital orthodontics, surgical guides and models, dental implants and prosthetic dental treatments. The production of prosthetic restorations with CAD/CAM offers an alternative approach. Compared to traditional CAD/CAM methods, it has the advantage of skipping steps that can cause errors such as wax modeling and casting. With the development of CAD/CAM systems, aesthetic and functional expectations have also increased. New materials have been developed to meet these expectations. The materials used in CAD/CAM production are briefly classified as follows; composites, metals, polymers, polymethylmethacrylates and ceramics. CR - 1. Albakry M, Guazzato M, Swain MV. Biaxial flexural strenghth and microstructure changes of two recycled pressable glass ceramics. J Prosthodont. 2004;13:141-9. CR - 2. Alp G, Johnston WM, Yilmaz B. Optical properties and surface roughness of prepolymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;121(2):347-352. CR - 3. Ayman AD. The residual monomer content and mechanical properties of CAD\CAM resins used in the fabrication of complete dentures as compared to heat cured resins. Electron Physician 2017;9(7):4766-4772. CR - 4. Belli R, Wendler M, Ligny DD, Cicconi MR, Petschelt A, Peterlik H, Lohbauer U. Chairside CAD/CAM materials. Part 1: Me- asurement of elastic contants and microstructural charac- terization. Dent Mater. 2017;33(1): 84-98. CR - 5. Beuer F, Schweiger J, Edelhoff D. Digital dentistry: an overview of recent developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations, Br Dent J. 2008;204: 505- 11. CR - 6. Bilgin MS, Erdem A, Aglarci OS, Dilber E. Fabricating complete dentures with cad/cam and rp technologies. J Prosthodont. 2015;24: 576-79. CR - 7. Bornfather KDP, Brunton PA. Restoration of the upper dental arch using Lava allceramic crown and bridgework. British Dental Journal. 2007;202(12):731-735. CR - 8. Bindl A, Lüthy H, Mörmann WH. Strength and fracture pattern of monolithic CAD/CAM-generated posterior crowns. Dent Mater. 2006;22:29-36. CR - 9. Brunton P. A. Procera all-ceramic crowns: a new approach to an old problem? British Dental Journal. 1999; 186(9):430-434. CR - 10. Burke EJ, Qualtrough AJ. Aesthetic inlays: composite or ceramic? Br Dent J. 1994; 176: 53-6. CR - 11. Chen J, Zhang Z, Chen X, Zhang C, Zhang G, Xu Z. Design and manufacture of customized dental implants by using reverse engineering and selective laser melting technology. J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 112: 1088-95. CR - 12. Christensen GJ. Computerized restorative dentistry: State of the art. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001; 132: 1301- 3. CR - 13. Conrad HJ, Seong WJ, Pesun IJ. Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical rec- ommendations: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2007;98(5):389-404. CR - 14. Dawood A, Marti BM, Sauret-Jackson V, Darwood A. 3d printing in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2015; 219: 521. CR - 15. Denry I, Kelly JR. Emerging ceramic-based materials for dentistry. J Dent Res. 2014; 93: 1235-1242. CR - 16. Digholkar S, Madhav V, Palaskar J. Evaluation of the flexural strength and microhardness of provisional crown and bridge materials fabricated by different methods. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2016; 16: 328. CR - 17. Duret F, Blouin JL, Duret B. CAD-CAM in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988;117(6):715-20. CR - 18. Eggbeer D, Bibb R, Williams R. The computer aided design and rapid prototyping fabrication of removable partial denture frameworks. P I Mech Eng H. 2005; 219: 195-202. CR - 19. Evans J, Desai P. Applications for three-dimensional printing in dentistry. Decisions in Dent. 2016; 1: 28- 30. CR - 20. Fasbinder DJ. Materials for chairside CAD/CAM restorations. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2010; 31: 702-704, 706-9. CR - 21. Fasbinder DJ. Chairside CAD/CAM: an overview of restorative material options. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2012; 33: 50, 52-8. CR - 22. Feng Z, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Bai S, Zhou B, Bi Y, Wu G. Computer-assisted technique for the design and manufacture of realistic facial prostheses. Brit J Oral Max Surger. 2010; 48: 105-09. CR - 23. Feuerstein P. Can technology help dentists deliver better patient care? J Am Dent Assoc. 2004; 135; 11-6. CR - 24. Fischer H, Marx R. Fracture toughness of dental ceramics: comparison of bending and indentation method. Dent Mater. 2002; 18(1):12-9. CR - 25. Fradeani M, D‟Amelio M, Redemagni M, Corrado M. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns. Quintessesence Int. 2005; 36: 105-113. CR - 26. Griffin JD Jr. Tooth in a bag: same-day monolithic zirconia crown. Dent Today. 2013;32(1): 126-31. CR - 27. Guazzato M, Albakry M, Ringer SP, Swain MV, Strenght. Fracture toughness and microstructure of a selection of all-ceramic materials, Part II, Zirconia based dental ceramics. Dent Mater. 2004; 20: 449-56. CR - 28. Guess PC, Zavanelli RA, Silva NR, Bonfante EA, Coelho PG, Thompson VP. Monolithic CAD/CAM lihium disilicate versus veneered YTZ-P crowns: comparison of failure modes and reliability after fatigue. Int J Prosthodont. 2010; 23: 434-42. CR - 29. Güth JF, Zuch T, Zwinge S, Engels J, Stimmelmayr M, Edelhoff D. Optical properties of manually and CAD/CAM-fabricated polymers. Dent Mater J. 2013; 32: 865-71. CR - 30. Gür E, Kesim B. Porselen Laminate Veneerler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2004; 1 (7); 72-79. CR - 31. Healy, A., Dunning, D.N.,Chockalingam, N. Effect of insole material on lower limb kinematics and plantar pressures during treadmill walking. Prosthetics and Orthotics International. 2012;36 (1), 53-62. CR - 32. Hickel R, Dasch W, Mehl A, Kremers L. CAD/CAM--fillings of the future? Int Dent J. 1997; 47: 247-58. CR - 33. Höland W, Schweiger M, Frank M, Rheinberger V. A comparison of the microstructure and properties of the IPS Empress glass ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000; 53: 297-303. CR - 34. Inokoshi M, Kanazawa M, Minakuchi S. Evaluation of a complete denture trial method applying rapid prototyping. Dent Mater J. 2012; 31:40-6. CR - 35. Jedynakiewicz NM, Martin N. CEREC: science, research, and clinical application. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2001; 22:7-13. CR - 36. Jeong Y-G, Lee W-S, Lee K-B. Accuracy evaluation of dental models manufactured by cad/cam milling method and 3d printing method. Journal of Adv Prosthodont. 2018; 10: 245-51. CR - 37. Karaalioğlu OF, Duymuş ZY. Diş hekimliğinde uygulanan CAD/CAM sistemleri. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2008; 18: 25-32. CR - 38. Kasparova M, Grafova L, Dvorak P, Dostalova T, Prochazka A, Eliasova H, et al. Possibility of reconstruction of dental plaster cast from 3d digital study models. Biomed Eng online. 2013; 12: 49. CR - 39. Kelly JR. Dental ceramics: what is this stuff anyway? J Am Dent Assoc. 2008; 139: 4S-7S CR - 40. Kelly JR, Nishimura I, Campbell SD. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives. J Prosthet Dent. 1996; 75: 18-32. CR - 41. Krey K-F, Darkazanly N, Kühnert R, Ruge S. 3dprinted orthodontic brackets-proof of concept. Int J Comput Dent. 2016; 19: 351-62. CR - 42. P. Kyratsis, K.G. Kakoulis, A.P. Markopoulos. “Advances in CAD/CAM/CAE Technologies. 2020; ISBN:978-3-03928-741-3. CR - 43. Lauvahutanon S, Takahashi H, Shiozawa M, Iwasaki N, Asakawa Y, Oki M, et al. Mechanical properties of composite resin blocks for CAD/CAM. Dent Mater J. 2014; 33: 705-10. CR - 44. Leinfelder KF, Isenberg BP, Essig ME. A new method for generating ceramic restorations: A CAD/CAM system. Am Dent Assoc. 1989; 118: 703-707. CR - 45. Lin W-S, Harris BT, Pellerito J, Morton D. Fabrication of an interim complete removable dental prosthesis with an in-office digital light processing threedimensional printer: A proof-of-concept technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2018; 120: 331-34. CR - 46. Liu PR. A panorama of dental CAD/CAM restorative systems. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2005;26(7):507-12. CR - 47. Magne P, Belser U. Esthetic improvements and in vitro testing of In-Ceram Alumina and Spinell ceramic. Int J Prosthodont. 1997; 10: 459-466. CR - 48. Malkoç MA, Sevimay M. Protetik diş hekimliğinde zirkonyum ve kullanım alanları. SÜ Dişhek Fak Derg. 2009; 18: 208-216. CR - 49. Mehl C, Harder S, Byrne A, Kern M. Prosthodontics in digital times: a case report. Quintessence Int. 2013; 44: 29-36. CR - 50. Miyazaki T, Hotta Y. Cad/cam systems available for the fabrication of crown and bridge restorations. Aust Dent J. 2011; 56: 97-106. CR - 51. Mörmann WH, Bindl A. All-ceramic, chair-side computer-aided design/computer-aided machining restorations. Dent Clin North Am. 2002;46(2):405-26. CR - 52. Otto T, de Nisko S. Computer-aided direct ceramic restorations: a 10-year prospective clinical study of Cerec CAD/CAM inlays and onlays. Int J Prosthodont. 2002; 15: 122-8. CR - 53. Özkurt Z, Iseri U, Kazazoglu E. Zirconia ceramic post systems: a literature review and a case report. Dental Materials Journal. 2010; 29(3): 233-245 CR - 54. Palin W, Burke FJ. Trends in indirect dentistry: Cad/Cam Technology. Dent Update. 2005; 32: 566–72. CR - 55. Papadimitriou A, Mousoules S, Gkantidis N, Kloukos D. Clinical effectiveness of invisalign orhodontic treatment: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2018; 19: 37. CR - 56. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial: a review. Biomaterials. 1999; 20: 1-25. CR - 57. Pjetursson BE, Sailer I, Zwahlen M, Hämmerle CH. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of all-ceramic and metal-ceramic reconstructions after an observation period of at least 3 years. Part I: Single crowns. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;(18 Suppl 3):73-85. CR - 58. Preis V, Weiser F, Handel G, Rosentritt M. Wear performance of monolithic dental ceramics with different surface treatments. Quintessence Int. 2013;44(5):393-405. CR - 59. Pröbster L, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Kirchner E, Kanjantra P. In vitro evaluation of a glass-ceramic restorative material. J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24: 636-645. CR - 60. Pugalendhi A, Ranganathan R, Chandrasekaran M. Novel fabrication method for clear and hard tooth aligner through additive manufacturing technology: A pilot study. Mater Today. 2020; 28: 551-55. CR - 61. Raigrodski AJ. Contemporary all ceramic fixed partial dentures:a review. Dent Clin North Am. 2004; 48: 531-44. CR - 62. Ramasamy M, Giri RR, Subramonian K, Narendrakumar R. Implant surgical guides: From the past to the present. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2013; 5: 98. CR - 63. Revilla‐León M, Meyers MJ, Zandinejad A, Özcan M. A review on chemical composition, mechanical properties, and manufacturing work flow of additively manufactured current polymers for interim dental restorations. J Esthet Restot Dent 2019; 31: 51-7. CR - 64. Rosenblum M.A., Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restoration. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997, 128: 297-307. CR - 65. Silva N.R.F.A, Bonfante E.A, Martins L.M, Valverde G.B, Thompson V.P, Ferencz J. L, Coelho P.G. Reliability of Reduced-thickness and Thinly Veneered Lithium Disilicate Crowns. Journal of Dental Research. 2012; 91(3); 305-310. CR - 66. Sorensen JA, Torres TJ. In Ceram ceramic bridge technology. Quint Dent Technol. 1992; 15: 41-46. CR - 67. Şahin Z, Ergün G, Ataol A.Ş. CAD/CAM ile üretilmiş PEEK ve PMMA ile geleneksel protez kaide materyallerinin bazı fiziksel özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması. Mersin Univ Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2021; 14(3):484- 494. CR - 68. Xiong Y, Qian C, Sun J. Fabrication of porous titanium implants by three-dimensional printing and sintering at different temperatures. Dent Mater J. 2012; 31: 815-20. CR - 69. Taskonak B, Mecholsky JJ Jr, Anusavice KJ. Residual stress in bilayer dental seramics. Biomaterials. 2005; 26: 3235-41. CR - 70. Tinschert J, Zwez D, Marx R, Anusavice KJ. Structural reliability of alümina-feldspar-leucite- mica and zirconia-based ceramics. J Dent. 2000; 28: 529-35. CR - 71. Tinschert J, Natt G, Hassenpflug S, Spieker- mann H. Status of current CAD/CAM technology in dental medicine. Int J Comput Dent. 2004;7(1):25-45. CR - 72. Torabi K, Farjood E, Hamedani S. Rapid prototyping technologies and their applications in prosthodontics, a review of literature. J Dent. 2015; 16: 1. CR - 73. Traini T, Sinjari B, Pascetta R, Serafini N, Perfetti G, et al. The zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic: lights and shadows of a new material. Dent Mater J. 2012; 35(5): 748- 755. CR - 74. Vagkopoulou T, Koutayas SO, Koidis P, Strub JR. Zirconia in dentistry: Part 1. Discovering the nature of an upcoming bioceramic. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2009;4(2):130-51 CR - 75. Van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater J. 2012; 28: 3-12. CR - 76. Wendler M, Belli R, Petshchelt A, Mevec D, Harrer W, et al. Chairside CAD/CAM materials. Part 2: Flexural strength testing. Dent Mater. 2017; 33(1): 99-109. CR - 77. Wong MS, Cheng JCY, Lo KH. A comparison oftreatment effectiveness between the CAD/CAM method and the manual method for managing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2005; 29(1): 105-111. CR - 78. Young JM, Altschuler BR. Laser holography in dentistry. J Prosthet Dent. 1977;38(2):216- 25. CR - 79. Zhang Y, Lee JJ, Srikanth R, Lawn BR. Edge chipping and flexural resistance of monolithic ceramics, Dent Mater. 2013; 29: 1201-8. CR - 80. Zimmermann M, Mehl A, Reich S. New CAD/CAM materials and blocks for chairside procedures. Int J Comp Dent. 2013; 16: 173-81. CR - 81. Zocca A, Colombo P, Gomes CM, Günster J. Additive manufacturing of ceramics: Issues, potentialities, and opportunities. J Am Ceram Soc. 2015; 98: 1983-2001. UR - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/erd/issue//1200823 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2757278 ER -