TY - JOUR T1 - EMPATİK LİDERLİĞİN İŞ TATMİNİ VE ÇALIŞAN PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ TT - THE IMPACT OF EMPATHIC LEADERSHIP ON JOB SATISFACTION AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AU - Tortumlu, Muhammet PY - 2023 DA - December DO - 10.14520/adyusbd.1298546 JF - Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi PB - Adıyaman University WT - DergiPark SN - 1308-9196 SP - 535 EP - 565 VL - 0 IS - 45 LA - tr AB - Liderlik konusu, yaşam tarzları, iş süreçleri, teknoloji, alışkanlıklar ve dolayısıyla insanın davranış ve tutumunun değişimine ayak uydurarak evrilmekte ve farklı bakış açıları ve teoriler doğurmaktadır. Bu yeni teorilerden biri de Empatik Liderlik Teorisidir. Bu araştırmanın da amacı ilk defa Kock ve arkadaşları (2019) tarafında ortaya çıkarılan empatik liderlik kavramını ve ölçeğini Türkçe alan yazına kazandırmak ve empatik liderliğin iş tatmini ve çalışan performansına etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu İstanbul’da kamu kurumlarında idari birimlerde çalışan 294 devlet memuru oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin yaş ortalaması 36,2’dir. Araştırma verileri, araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan demografik bilgi formu, Empatik Liderlik Ölçeği, İş tatmini Ölçeği, Çalışan performansı Ölçeği kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Kullanılan ölçeklerin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlikleri için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma hipotezlerini test etmek için ise Korelasyon ve Regresyon analizi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Türk kültüründe ilk defa kullanılan Empatik liderlik ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik analizleri sonucu Türkçe formu oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda empatik liderliğin çalışanların iş tatmini düzeylerini pozitif orta düzeyde, çalışan performansını ise pozitif düşük düzeyde etkilediği görülmüştür. KW - Empatik liderlik KW - İş tatmini KW - Çalışan performansı KW - Liderlik KW - Örgüt N2 - The phenomenon of leadership evolves by adapting to changes in lifestyles, business processes, technology, habits, and thus, human behavior and attitudes. This evolution leads to the emergence of various perspectives and theories. One of these new theories is the Empathetic Leadership Theory. The aim of this study is to introduce for the first time the concept of empathetic leadership and its scale proposed by Kock and colleagues (2019) into the Turkish literature and to examine the impact of empathetic leadership on job satisfaction and employee performance. The sample of the study consists of 294 civil servants working in administrative units of public institutions in Istanbul. Research data were obtained using a demographic information form, Empathetic Leadership Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, and Employee Performance Scale created. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient analysis were conducted for the validity and reliability of the scales used. Correlation and regression analysis were preferred to test the research hypotheses. As a result of the study, the validity and reliability analyses of the Empathetic Leadership Scale, which is used for the first time in Turkish culture, resulted in the formation of its Turkish version. The study revealed that empathetic leadership positively influences employees' levels of job satisfaction at a moderate level and employee performance at a positive low level. CR - Adhariani, D., Sciulli, N. & Clift, R. (2017). Corporate governance practices from the ethics of care perspective. In Financial management and corporate governance from the feminist ethics of care perspective (pp. 49-80). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. CR - Axelrod, R. (2009). The evolution of cooperation (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. CR - Bakar, H. A. & McCann, R. M. (2018). An examination of leadermember dyadic politeness of exchange and servant leadership on group member performance. International Journal of Business Communication, 55, 501-525. doi:10.1177/2329488415597517 CR - Barbuto, J. E., Gottfredson, R. K. & Searle, T. P. (2014). An examination of emotional intelligence as an antecedent of servant leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21, 315-323. CR - Barbuto, J. E., Jr. & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31, 300-326. doi:10.1177/1059601106287091 CR - Baron, L. & Parent, É. (2015). Developing authentic leadership within a training context: Three phenomena supporting the individual development process. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22, 37-53. doi:10.1177/1548051813519501 CR - Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum CR - Bono J. E., Foldes H. J., Vinson G. & Muros J. P. (2007). Workplace emotions: The role of supervision and leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1357-1367. CR - Borgatta, E. F., Bales, R. F. & Couch, A. S. (1954). Some findings relevant to the great man theory of leadership. American Sociological Review, 19, 755–759. CR - Bowles, S. & Gintis, H. (2011). A cooperative species: Human reciprocity and its evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. CR - Brayfield, A. H. & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of applied psychology, 35(5), 307. CR - Brislin, R. W. (1976). Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies. International journal of psychology, 11(3), 215-229. CR - Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (21.Basım). Pegem Akademi. CR - Cornelis, I., Van Hiel, A., De Cremer, D. & Mayer, D. M. (2013). When leaders choose to be fair: Follower belongingness needs and leader empathy influences leaders’ adherence to procedural fairness rules. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 605-613. CR - Çöl G (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin işgören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 9(1):35-46. CR - Dunbar, R., Barrett, L. & Lycett, J. (2005). Evolutionary psychology: A beginner’s guide (Oneworld). CR - Edmondson, A. C. & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10. 1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305 CR - Fayers, P. M., & Hand, D. J. (1997). Factor Analysis, Causal İndicators and Quality OfLife. QualityofLifeResearch, 6(2): 139-150. CR - Gilet, A. L., Mella, N., Studer, J., Griihn, D. & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2013). Assessing dispositional empathy in Adults: A french validation of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030425 CR - Gilstrap, J. B. & Collins, B. J. (2012). The importance of being trustworthy: Trust as a mediator of the relationship between leader behaviors and employee job satisfaction. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19, 152-163. doi:10.1177/1548051811431827 CR - Goldstein, A. P. & Michaels, G. Y. (1985). Empathy: development, training and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CR - Graen, G. B. & Cashman, J. (1975). A role-making model of leadership in formal organizations: A development approach. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership frontiers (pp. 143-165). Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. CR - Grant, A. M. (2013). Rocking the boat but keeping it steady: The role of emotion regulation in employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 56, 1703-1723. CR - Gutierrez-Wirsching, S., Mayfield, J., Mayfield, M. & Wang, W. (2015). Motivating language as a moderator between servant leadership and employee outcomes. Management Research Review, 38, 1234-1250. CR - Holmes, W. T. (2012). The motivating language of principals: A sequential transformative strategy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nevada, Las Vegas. CR - Holmes, W. T. & Parker, M. A. (2017). Empirically testing behavioral integrity and credibility as antecedents for the effective implementation of motivating language. International Journal of Business Communication, 54, 70-82. doi:10.1177/2329488416675450 CR - Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria For Fit İndexes İn Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1): 1-55. CR - Hughes, D. (2015). Will millennials ruin the workplace? Statesman Journal. https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/opi nion/columnists/dickhughes/2015/11/14/millennials-ruinworkplace/75767920/ CR - Ilies, R., Arvey, R. D. & Bouchard, T. J. (2006). Darwinism, behavioral genetics, and organizational behavior: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.351 CR - Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C. & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: the role of core evaluations. Journal of applied psychology, 83(1), 17. CR - Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F. & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 36-51. CR - Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (24.Basım). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. CR - Keser, A. & Bilir, K. B. Ö. (2019). İş Tatmini Ölçeğinin Türkçe Güvenilirlik Ve Geçerlilik Çalişmasi. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 229-239. CR - Kirkman, B. L. & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management journal, 42(1), 58-74. CR - Kock, N., Mayfield, M., Mayfield, J., Sexton, S. & De La Garza, L. M. (2019). Empathetic leadership: How leader emotional support and understanding influences follower performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(2), 217-236. CR - Kuzucu, Y. (2008). Duygusal Farkındalık Düzeyi Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(29): 51-64. CR - Liu, M. & Buzzanell, P. M. (2004). Negotiating maternity leave expectations: Perceived tensions between ethics of justice and care. Journal of Business Communication, 41, 323-349. doi:10.1177/0021943604268174 CR - Lloyd, K. J., Boer, D. & Voelpel, S. C. (2017). From listening to leading: Toward an understanding of supervisor listening within the framework of leader-member exchange theory. International Journal of Business Communication, 54, 431- 451. doi:10.1177/2329488415572778 CR - Long, T. J. & Schultz, E. W. (1973). Empathy: A quality of an effective group leader. Psychological Reports, 32, 699-705. CR - Luca, E. & Gray, J. H. (2004). Validating the motivating language scale among Australian knowledge workers. Paper presented at the ANZCA (Australian & New Zealand Communication Association), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. CR - Madlock, P. E. (2008). The link between leadership style, communicator competence, and employee satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication, 45, 61-78. CR - Madlock, P. E. & Sexton, S. (2015). An application of motivating language theory in Mexican organizations. International Journal of Business Communication, 52, 255-272. CR - Mayfield, J. & Mayfield, M. (2006). The benefits of leader communication on part-time worker outcomes: A comparison between part-time and full-time employees using motivating language. Journal of Business Strategies, 23, 131-153. CR - Mayfield, J., Mayfield, M. & Kopf, J. (1998). The effects of leader motivating language on subordinate performance and satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 37, 235-248. CR - Mayfield, M. & Mayfield, J. (2004). The effects of leader communication on worker innovation. American Business Review, 22, 46-51. CR - Mayfield, M. & Mayfield, J. (2009). The role of leader-follower relationships in leader communication: A test using the LMX and motivating language models. Journal of Business Inquiry, 8, 6-85. CR - Mayfield, M. & Mayfield, J. (2015). The effects of leader motivating language use on employee decision making. International Journal of Business Communication, 53(4), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488415572787 CR - Mayfield, M. & Mayfield, J. (2017a). Leader talk and the creative spark: A research note on how leader motivating language use influences follower creative environment perceptions. International Journal of Business Communication, 54, 210- 225. CR - Mayfield, M. & Mayfield, J. (2017b). “What’s past is prologue”: A look at past leadership communication research with a view toward the future. International Journal of Business Communication, 54, 107-114. doi:10.1177/2329488416687050 CR - Mcıntıre, S. A. & Mıller, L. A. (2005). Foundations Of Psychological Testing (2.Basım). New York: Sage Publishing Co. CR - Mertler, C. A. & Vannatta, R. A. (2016). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. (6. Basım). New York: Taylor & Francis. CR - Miner, J. B. (2002). Organizational behavior (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. CR - Miner, J. B. (2003). The rated importance, scientific validity, and practical usefulness of organizational behavior theories: A quantitative review. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2, 250-268. CR - Miner, J. B. (2005). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. CR - Negoro, M. C. W. & Wibowo, A. (2021). Empathetıc leadershıp, job satısfactıon and ıntentıon to leave among mıllennıals ın a start-up ındustry: needs'satısfactıon as a medıatıng varıable. Journal of Indonesian Economy & Business, 36(2). CR - Novicevic, M. M., Harvey, M. G., Ronald, M. & Brown-Radford, J. A. (2006). Authentic leadership: A historical perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13, 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130010901 CR - Organ, D. W. (1996). Leadership: The great man theory revisited. Business horizons, 39(3), 1-4. CR - Parris, D. L. & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113, 377-393. doi:10.1007/ s10551-012-1322-6 CR - Petry, T. (2018). Digital leadership. Knowledge management in digital change: New findings and practical cases, 209-218. CR - Reisel, W. D., Chia, S.-L., Maloles, C. M. & Slocum, J. W. (2007). The effects of job insecurity on satisfaction and perceived organizational performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14, 106-116. doi:10.1177/1071791907308055 CR - Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. Measures Of Personality And Social Psychological Attitudes, 1, 1-16. CR - Russell, R. F. (2001). The role of values in servant leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 22(2), 76-84. CR - Sharbrough, W. C., Simmons, S. A. & Cantrill, D. A. (2006). Motivating language in industry: Its impact on job satisfaction and perceived supervisor effectiveness. Journal of Business Communication, 43, 322-343. doi:10.1177/0021943606291712 CR - Stevenson, A. (Ed.). (2010). Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. CR - Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6): 49- 74. CR - Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. Edition). Boston, MA: Pearson. CR - Thomas, G. F., Zolin, R. & Hartman, J. L. (2009). The central role of communication in developing trust and its effect on employee involvement. Journal of Business Communication, 46, 287-310. doi:10.1177/0021943609333522 CR - Tuomo, T. (2006). How to be an effective charismatic leader: Lessons for leadership development. Development and Learning in Organizations, 20(4), 19-21. doi:10.1108/14777280610676963 CR - Wibowo, A. & Paramita, W. (2022). Resilience and turnover intention: the role of mindful leadership, empathetic leadership, and self-regulation. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 29(3), 325-341. CR - Winkler, E., Busch, C., Clasen, J. & Vowinkel, J. (2015). Changes in leadership behaviors predict changes in job satisfaction and well-being in low-skilled workers: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22, 72- 87. doi:10.1177/1548051814527771 CR - Yrie, A. C., Hartman, S. J. & Galle, W. P., Jr. (2003). Examining communication style and leader-member exchange: Considerations and concerns for managers. International Journal of Management, 20, 92-99. UR - https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1298546 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3148918 ER -