TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fen Bilimleri (Fizik-Kimya-Biyoloji) Eğitiminde Metaverse
TT  - Metaverse in Science (Physics-Chemistry-Biology) Education
AU  - Yağcı, Ali
AU  - Şentürk, Cihad
PY  - 2023
DA  - December
DO  - 10.58650/educatione.1299434
JF  - EDUCATIONE
PB  - Akdeniz University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2979-9678
SP  - 262
EP  - 288
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
LA  - tr
AB  - Metaverse, fiziksel gerçekliği dijital sanallıkla birleştiren sürekli ve kalıcı çok kullanıcılı bir ortam olan gerçeklik sonrası evren, eğitimde devrim meydana getirme potansiyeline sahiptir. Eğitimde metaverse kullanımı; öğrenci katılımını, etkileşimli öğrenmeyi, motivasyonu ve kalıcı izli öğrenmeyi sağlayabilir. Bir meta veri deposunda öğrenciler; sanal geziler, simülasyonlar, interaktif çalışmalar ve rol yapma, gibi sürükleyici öğrenme deneyimleri yaşayabilir. Bu durum,  öğrenciler için geleneksel sınıf ortamlarından daha etkileşimli ve ilgi çekici bir öğrenme ortamı sağlayabilir. Ayrıca metaverse, öğrencilerin projeler üzerinde birlikte çalışabilecekleri ve sanal bir ortamda fikir paylaşabilecekleri işbirliğine dayalı öğrenme fırsatları sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, eğitimde metaverse kullanımıyla ilgili bazı zorluklar da vardır. Başlıca zorluklardan bazıları; uygulama maliyetlerinin yüksek olması, iyi donanıma sahip bilişim araçlarına her bireyin ulaşım imkânının olmaması, teknik altyapı yetersizliği ve teknik desteğe ihtiyaç duyulmasıdır. Teknoloji gelişmeye devam ettikçe, eğitimcilerin öğretim uygulamalarında metaverse ve diğer sanal öğrenme ortamlarının kullanımını dikkate almaları ve öğretim süreçlerinde bu uygulamaları işe koşmaları önem kazanacaktır. Bu da öğrencilerin öğrenmelerine katkı sağlayacaktır. Genel olarak, eğitimde metaverse vb. diğer sanal uygulamaların, yakın gelecekte eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerinde önemli bir yer alacağı öngörülmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, fen bilimleri (fizik-kimya-biyoloji) eğitiminde metaverse uygulamaların ne durumda olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Bu araştırma nitel araştırma desenine dayalı “doküman analizi modeli” ile yapılandırılmıştır.
KW  - Fen eğitimi
KW  - metaverse
KW  - fen eğitiminde metaverse
KW  - sanal gerçeklik
KW  - artırılmış gerçeklik
N2  - The metaverse, the post-reality universe, a continuous and persistent multi-user environment that combines physical reality with digital virtuality, has the potential to revolutionize education. The use of the metaverse in education can ensure student participation, interactive learning, motivation, and permanent, perpetual learning. In a metadata repository, students can create immersive learning environments such as virtual field trips, simulations, interactive exercises and role-playing. This can provide students with a more interactive and absorbing learning experience than traditional classroom environments. Moreover, the metaverse offers students collaborative learning opportunities through which they can work together on projects and share ideas in a virtual environment. However, there are also some difficulties with the use of the metaverse in education. Some of the main challenges are implementation costs and the need for well-equipped IT tools, technical infrastructure and support. Although there are both benefits and challenges associated with the use of the metaverse in education, it has the potential to transform the teaching and learning process. As technology continues to develop, it will become important for educators to consider the use of the metaverse and other virtual learning environments in their teaching practices and to implement these practices in their teaching processes. This in turn will contribute to students’ learning. In general, it is predicted that the use of the metaverse and other virtual applications in education will play an important role in educational activities in the near future. The aim of the research is to reveal the status of metaverse practices in science (physics-chemistry-biology) education. This research was structured with “document analysis model” based on qualitative research design.
CR  - Abd Majid, N.A., & Abd Majid, N. (2018). Augmented reality to promote guided discovery learning for STEM learning. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology, 8(4-2), 1494-1500. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.8.4-2.6801
CR  - Akbari, W. A., Tukino, T., Huda, B., & Muslih, M. (2023). Sentiment analysis of twitter user opinions related to metaverse technology using lexicon based method. Sinkron: Jurnal dan Penelitian Teknik Informatika, 8(1), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v8i1.11992
CR  - Alkan, S., & Bolat, Y. (2022). Eğitimde metaverse: Bilgilendirici bir literatür taraması. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(32), 267-295.
CR  - Alsharif, A. M. (2022). Effect of using virtual lab simulations on student’s learning in online general physics courses. International Journal of Education (IJE), 14(3), 89-99. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v14i3.19931
CR  - Andembubtob, D. R., Keikhosrokiani, P., & Abdullah, N. L. (2023). A review on virtual reality and eduverse: History and technical perspectives. In P. Keikhosrokiani (Ed.), Handbook of research on consumer behavioral analytics in metaverse and the adoption of a virtual world (pp. 89-111). IGI Global Publishing.
CR  - Badilla-Quintana, M. G., Sepulveda-Valenzuela, E., & Salazar-Arias, M.  (2020). Augmented reality as a sustainable technology to improve academic achievement in students with and without special educational needs. Sustainability, 12(19), 8116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198116
CR  - Bayarsaikhan, A. (2022). Ерөнхий суурийн физикийн хичээлийн виртуал загвар бүтээж сургалтад ашиглах нь. Физик сэтгүүл , 562(33), 48-51. https://doi.org/10.22353/physics.v33i562.937
CR  - Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D., Savaliya, D., Sanghavi, S., Verma, A., Sakariya, V., Tanwar, S., Sharma, R., Raboaca, M. S., & Manea, D.L. (2023). Towards future ınternet: The metaverse perspective for diverse industrial applications. Mathematics, 4(11), 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11040941
CR  - Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
CR  - Brzezinski, M., & Krzeminska, I. (2023). The strategies for innovating with virtual reality and artificial intelligence: A literature review. Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 8, 72-83. https://doi.org/10.47577/technium.v8i.8671
CR  - Burnette, K. A. S. (2020). Drawing flowcharts of lab protocols helps students prepare for biology labs. Coursesource (CS), (7), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.24918/cs.2020.2
CR  - Byeon, J. (2022). The effect of biology ınquiry program using metaverse platform on the affective field of elementary science gifted student. Korean Assoc Learner-Centered Curric Instr, 13(22), 641-657. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.13.641
CR  - Canbay, Y., Utku, A., & Canbay, P. (2022). Privacy Concerns and Measures in Metaverse: A Review. In 2022 15th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptography (ISCTURKEY) (pp. 80-85). IEEE.
CR  - Chang, R-C., & Yu, Z-S. (2019). Using augmented reality technologies to enhance students’ engagement and achievement in science laboratories. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET) 16(4), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2018100104
CR  - Chen, D., & Zhang, R. (2022). Exploring research trends of emerging technologies in health metaverse: A bibliometric analysis. SSRN.
CR  - Chen, M. L., Yu, Y., Yang, T., Zhao, S. G., Yang, C., Bai, J., & Wang, J. H. (2021). Practices for constructing courses of analytical chemistry. University chemistry, 9(36), 2106039-0. https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx202106039
CR  - Chengoden, R., Victor, N., Huynh-The, T., Yenduri, G., Jhaveri, R.H., Alazab, M., Bhattacharya, S., Hegde, P., 
Maddikunta, P. K. R., & Gadekallu, T.R. (2023). Metaverse for healthcare: a survey on potential applications, challenges and future directions. IEEE Access, (11), 12765-12795. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3241628
CR  - Chernev, B. (2019). 21 Astonishing e-learning statistics for 2019. https://techjury.net/stats-about/elearning/#gref
CR  - Clauss, A. D., & Nelsen, S. F. (2009). Integrating computational molecular modeling into the undergraduate organic chemistry curriculum. Journal of Chemical Education, 86(8), 955-958. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed086p955
CR  - Cui, L. B., Zhu, C. Z., Hare, Z., & Ying, T. (2023). MetaEdu: A new framework for future education. 11 January 2023, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2432661/v1
CR  - Çepni, S. (2009). Araştırma ve projeye giriş (genişletilmiş 4. Baskı). Celepler Matbaacılık.
CR  - Damar, M. (2021). Metaverse shape of your life for future: A bibliometric snapshot. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 1-8.
CR  - Durak, G., & Çankaya, S. (2023). Metaverse technologies and applications in the future of online learning. In G. Durak & S. Cankaya (Eds.), Shaping the future of online learning: Education in the metaverse (pp. 1-16). IGI Global.
CR  - Fernandez de Canete J., & Martin-Aguilar J. (2020). Ship-course modeling and control using the SIMSCAPE physical modeling environment. SIMULATION, 97(4), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037549720974751
CR  - Fuchsova, M., & Lilla, K. (2019). Visualisation in basic science and engineering education of future primary school teachers in human biology education using augmented reality. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2019.1.92
CR  - Garcia‐Bonete, M. J., Jensen, M., & Katona, G. (2018). A practical guide to developing virtual and augmented reality exercises for teaching structural biology. Biochem Molecular Bio Educ, 47(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21188
CR  - Guo, H., & Gao, W. (2022). Metaverse-powered experiential situational english-teaching design: an emotion-based analysis method. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859159
CR  - Gupta, P. (2023). Understanding consumer behavior in virtual ecosystems: adoption of ımmersive technologies in metaverse among consumers. In P. Keikhosrokiani (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Consumer Behavioral Analytics in Metaverse and the Adoption of a Virtual World (pp. 130-152). IGI Global Publishing.
CR  - Grieco, P. (2022). Virtual and augmented reality applications in medicinal chemistry. Future Medicinal Chemistry, 14(20), 1417-1419. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2022-0213
CR  - Hatzilygeroudis, I. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
CR  - He, X. (2022). The innovative development of chinese vocational education from the perspective of the metaverse. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 2(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.54097/jeer.v1i2.3046
CR  - Herdman, E. A. (2006). Derleme makale yazımında, konferans ve bildiri sunumu hazırlamada pratik bilgiler (Çev., Z. Dörtbudak). Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 3(1), 2-4.
CR  - Hwang, G-J., & Chien, S-Y. (2022). Definition, roles, and potential research issues of the metaverse in education: An artificial intelligence perspective. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3(2022), 100082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100082
CR  - Ji, M., Xi, X., Kim, H., Zhou, Y., Kim, S., & Park, C. (2022). A comparative analysis of English language learning trends in Korea and China using the metaverse. Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange (APJCRI), 8(7), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2022.07.12
CR  - Jones, E. V., Shepler, C.G., & Evans, M. J. (2021). Synchronous online-delivery: A novel approach to online lab ınstruction. Journal of Chemical Education, 98(3), 850-857. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c01365
CR  - Kaddoura, S., & Al Husseiny, F. (2023). The rising trend of Metaverse in education: challenges, opportunities, and ethical considerations. Peerj Computer Science, 9, e1252. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1252
CR  - Kanematsu, H., Kobayashi, T., Barry, D. M., Fukumura, Y., Dharmawansa, A., & Ogawa, N. (2014). Virtual STEM class for nuclear safety education in metaverse. Procedia Computer Science, 35, 1255-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.08.224
CR  - Koçak, Ö., Yılmaz, T. K., & Göktaş, Y. (2018). Bir öğrenme ortamı olarak sanal dünyaların tasarımında karşılaşılan pedagojik zorluklar. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 8(2), 157-170.
CR  - Kye, B., Han, N., Kim, E., Park, Y., & Jo, S. (2021). Educational applications of metaverse: possibilities and limitations. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18(32), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.32
CR  - Lee, J. A. (2021).  Study on metaverse hype for sustainable growth. International Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence, 10(3), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.7236/IJASC.2021.10.3.72
CR  - Liu, W., & Liang, R. (2020). The application of virtual simulation software in university physics teaching. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Management Science and Engineering (IC-AMSE 2020).  https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200402.020
CR  - Lu, Y., Xu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2021). Designing and implementing VR2E2C, a virtual reality remote education for experimental chemistry system. Journal of Chemical Education, 8(98), 2720-2725. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00439
CR  - Madec, M., Lallement, C., & Haiech, J. (2017). Modeling and simulation of biological systems using SPICE language. PLoS ONE 12(8), e0182385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182385
CR  - Mitra, S. (2023). Metaverse: A potential virtual-physical ecosystem for ınnovative blended education and training. Journal of Metaverse, 3(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1168056
CR  - Mo, J., & Mo, F. (2023). A Study of online learning context optimization strategies under the metaverse perspective. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 36(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2023/v36i11201
CR  - Mustafa, A., & Kahan, S. (2022). Evaluating the potential of metaverse and its impact on primary and secondary school education in Jammu & Kashmir. Gap Bodhi Taru A Global Journal Of Humanities. V(IV) 145-155. https://doi.org/10.47968/gapbodhi.540032
CR  - Mustafa, B. (2022). Analyzing education based on metaverse technology. Technium Social Sciences Journal (TSSJ), 32, 278-295. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v32i1.6742
CR  - Narin, N. G. (2021). A content analysis of the metaverse articles. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 17-24.
CR  - Nechypurenko, P., Stoliarenko, V., Starova, T., Selivanova, T., Markova, O., Modlo, Y., & Shmeltser, E. (2020). Development and implementation of educational resources in chemistry with elements of augmented reality. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. 156-167.
CR  - O’Malley, P. J., Agger, J. R., & Anderson, M. W. (2015). Teaching acChemistry MOOC with a virtual laboratory: Lessons learned from an ıntroductory physical chemistry course. Journal of Chemical Education, 10(92), 1661-1666. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00118
CR  - Panis, I. C., & Ki’i, O.A. (2017). The utilizing of phet simulation as a computer-based learning media to ımprove the understanding of college student’s physics concepts. Proceedings of the 1st Yogyakarta International Conference on Educational Management/Administration and Pedagogy (YICEMAP 2017). https://doi.org/10.2991/yicemap-17.2017.10
CR  - Park, J. Y., & Kim S. Y.  (2022). An inquiry about how to practice convergent physical education class based on capabilities for introducing the 2022 revised physical education curriculum: Focusing on the utilization of educational space in the metaverse. Korean Assoc Learner-Centered Curric Instr, 20(22), 593-610. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.20.593
CR  - Park, S., & Kim, S. (2022). Identifying world types to deliver gaming experiences for sustainability learning in the metaverse. Sustainability, 14(3), 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031361
CR  - Peffer, M.E, Beckler, M.L, Schunn, C., Renken, M., & Revak, A. (2015). Science classroom inquiry (sci) simulations: A novel method to scaffold science learning. PLoS ONE 10(3), e0120638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120638
CR  - Pooyandeh, M., Han, K. J., & Sohn, I. (2022). Cybersecurity in the AI-Based Metaverse: A Survey. Applied Sciences, 12(24), 12993. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412993
CR  - Prakash, A., Haque, A., Islam, F., & Sonal, D. (2023). Exploring the potential of metaverse for higher education: Opportunities, challenges, and ımplications. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research, 2, 40. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr202340
CR  - Rahman, K. R., Shitol, S. K., Islam, M. S., Iftekhar, K. T., & Saha, P. (2023). Use of metaverse technology in education domain. Journal of Metaverse, 3(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1223704
CR  - Rai, B., Tan, H. S., & Leo, C. H. (2019). Bringing play back into the biology classroom with the use of gamified virtual lab simulations. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching (JALT), 2(2). https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2019.2.2.7
CR  - Rojas Concepción, A. A., & Guerra Chagime, R. (2022). World Metaverse Index (WMI): a necessary tool for assessing metaverse implementation and its impact globally. Metaverse Basic and Applied Research, 1, 5. https://doi.org/10.56294/mr
CR  - Sankofa, N. (2022). Critical method of document analysis. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, (online first), https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2022.2113664
CR  - Scalise, K., Timms, M., Moorjani, A. Clark, L. K., Holtermann, K., & Irvin, S. (2011). Student learning in science simulations: Design features that promote learning gains. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9(48), 1050-1078. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20437
CR  - Shim, K. C., Park, J. S, Kim, H. S., Kim, J. H., Park, Y. C., & Ryu, H. I. (2003). Application of virtual reality technology in biology education. Journal of Biological Education, 2(37), 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2003.9655854
CR  - Sivaraman, V., & Baker, E. J. (2018). Evaluation of students scientific and medical literacy after performing laboratory exercises in a microbiology laboratory for non-majors. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 6(2), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss2.956
CR  - Šlekienė, V., & Ragulienė, L.  (2011). The creation of information website “fullerenes” as an educational tool. Problems of Education in the 21st Century (PEC), 1(37), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.37.109
CR  - Smart, E. J., Cascio, J., & Paffendorf, J. (2007). Metaverse Roadmap Overview, Acceleration Studies Foundation.
CR  - Stojšić, I., & Ostojić, N. (2022). Students’ acceptance of mobile augmented reality applications in primary and secondary biology education. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 3(10), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2022-10-3-129-138
CR  - Stokes, L. C., & Selin, N. E. (2014). The mercury game: evaluating a negotiation simulation that teaches students about science-policy interactions. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 3(6), 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-014-0183-y
CR  - Swart, A. (2015). Student usage of a learning management system at an open distance learning institute: A case study in electrical engineering. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, 52(2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020720915575925
CR  - Talan, T. (2021). Augmented reality in STEM education: Bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 4(4), 605-623. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.136
CR  - Taş, N., & Bolat, Y. I. (2022). Bibliometric mapping of metaverse in education. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 5(3), 440-458. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.323
CR  - Taub, R., Armoni, M., & Ben-Ari, M. (2018). Physics conceptual understanding in a computational science course. The Journal of Computational Science Education (JOCSE), 2(9), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.22369/issn.2153-4136/9/2/1
CR  - Udin, W. N., & Ramli, M. (2020, April). Virtual laboratory for enhancing students’ understanding on abstract biology concepts and laboratory skills: a systematic review. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1521(4), 042025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/4/042025
CR  - van Dinther, R., de Putter, L., & Pepin, B. (2023). Features of immersive virtual reality to support meaningful chemistry education. Journal of Chemical Education. 100 (4), 1537-1546. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c01069
CR  - Venkatesan, M., Mohan, H., Ryan, J. R., Schürch, C. M., Nolan, G. P., Frakes, D. H., & Coşkun, A. F. (2021). Virtual and augmented reality for biomedical applications. Cell Reports Medicine, 7(2), 100348.1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100348
CR  - Vladimirov, I., Nenova, M., Nikolova, D., & Terneva, Z. (2022). Security and Privacy Protection Obstacles with 3D Reconstructed Models of People in Applications and the Metaverse: A Survey. 2022 57th International Scientific Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies (ICEST), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEST55168.2022.9828791
CR  - Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Liu, D., Xing, R., Luan, T. H., & Shen, X. (2022) A survey on metaverse: Fundamentals, security, and privacy.  IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 1(25), 319-352. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2022.3202047
CR  - White, B., & Bolker, E.D. (2008). Interactive computer simulations of genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Biochem. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 1(36), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.20152
CR  - Yang, S., Mei, B., & Yue, X. (2018). Mobile augmented reality assisted chemical education: Insights from Elements 4D. Journal of Chemical Education, 6(95), 1060-1062. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00017
CR  - Yenipınar, U., & Kardaş, K. (2019). Turizm Rehberliği bölümleri müfredat geliştirme önerisi. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 14, 1-26.
CR  - Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
CR  - Young, V. Y. (2011). Using Texas Instruments emulators as teaching tools in quantitative chemical analysis. Journal of Chemical Education, 10(88), 1442-1443. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed100706h
CR  - Yu, J. E. (2022). Exploration of educational possibilities by four metaverse types in physical education. Technologies, 5(10), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10050104
CR  - Zhao, R., Chu, Q., & Chen, D. (2022). Exploring chemical reactions in virtual reality. Journal of Chemical Education, 4(99), 1635-1641. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c01040
CR  - Zhou, B. (2022). Building a smart education ecosystem from a metaverse perspective. Mobile Information Systems, 1938329, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1938329
UR  - https://doi.org/10.58650/educatione.1299434
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3152728
ER  -