TY - JOUR T1 - Cost/Performance Analysis of Battery Pack placed in Spare Tire Area for Extending the Range of Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles AU - Nurmuhammed, Mustafa AU - Karadağ, Teoman PY - 2024 DA - June Y2 - 2024 DO - 10.30939/ijastech..1337867 JF - International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology JO - IJASTECH PB - Otomotiv Mühendisleri Derneği WT - DergiPark SN - 2587-0963 SP - 252 EP - 259 VL - 8 IS - 2 LA - en AB - Electric vehicle sales are increasing rapidly beyond expectations offering many advantages over vehicles with internal combustion engines. The hybrid electric vehicles are often considered a transition between the two due to added advantages of both models. Out of hybrid models, plugin hybrid vehicles have more resemblance to the fully electric vehicles because of the electric range and lower cost per mile. This paper investigates placing a battery pack in the spare tire location to extend the range of any type of electric vehicle. Cost and extended range calculations are performed based on two top selling vehicles that use 16”, 17” and 18” size tires. The volumes of spare tires are calculated and battery packs built with various lithium battery dimensions and chemistries are fit into the calculated area. Results for combinations are demonstrated with battery pack capacity, cost and range. When compared with other chemistries, battery packs built with Li-Ion cells provided more range for the calculated spare tire volume. In addition, results indicate that a sufficient electric range could be achieved for daily driving using the battery pack placed in the spare tire location. Obtained results provide insights on the feasibility of installing battery packs in the spare tire location using various battery chemistries. KW - Battery Pack Location in Hybrid Vehicles KW - Hybrid Vehicle Conversion KW - Plugin Hybrid Vehicle Batter-ies KW - Spare Tire Location CR - [1] Bitencourt L, Abud T, Santos R, Borba B. Bass diffusion model adaptation considering public policies to improve electric vehicle sales—a Brazilian case study. Energies. 2021; 14(17): 5435. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175435 CR - [2] Sankaran G, Venkatesan S. Total cost of ownership for electric vehicles passenger cars in India and alternatives to reduce the operating cost. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2022; 1100(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1100/1/012008 CR - [3] Solmaz H, Kocakulak T. Determination of Lithium Ion battery characteristics for hybrid vehicle models. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020; 4(4): 264-71. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..723043 CR - [4] Ekici YE, Dikmen İC, Nurmuhammed M, Karadağ T. Efficiency analysis of various batteries with real-time data on a hybrid electric vehicle. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2021; 5(3): 214-223. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..946047 CR - [5] Scrosati B, Garche J. Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future. J Power Sources. 2010; 195(9): 2419–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048 CR - [6] Waldmann T, Scurtu RG, Richter K, Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M. 18650 vs. 21700 Li-ion cells – A direct comparison of electrochemical, thermal, and geometrical properties. J Power Sources. 2020; 472: 228614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228614 CR - [7] Rashid MIM, Danial H. ADVISOR simulation and performance test of split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle conversion. Energy Procedia. 2017; 105: 1408-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.524 CR - [8] Winstead V. Applied engineering with LabVIEW: Experiences from a plug-in hybrid project. 2008 Annual Conference & Exposition; 2008. CR - [9] Ghorbani R, Bibeau E, Filizadeh S. On conversion of hybrid electric vehicles to plug-in. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2010; 59(4): 2016-2020. CR - [10] Jenkins S, Ferdowsi M. HEV to PHEV conversion compatibility. 2008 IEEE Veh Power Propuls Conf VPPC 2008. 2008; 8–11. CR - [11] Sveum P, Kizilel R, Khader M, Al-Hallaj S. IIT plug-in conversion project with the City of Chicago. VPPC 2007 - Proc 2007 IEEE Veh Power Propuls Conf. 2007; 493–497. CR - [12] Aggarwal A, Chawla VK. A sustainable process for conversion of petrol engine vehicle to battery electric vehicle: A case study. Mater Today Proc. 2021; 38(1): 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.617 CR - [13] da Silva JE, Urbanetz J. Converting a conventional vehicle into an electric vehicle (EV). Brazilian Arch Biol Technol. 2019; 62(spe): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-smart-2019190007 CR - [14] Arora S, Shen W, Kapoor A. Review of mechanical design and strategic placement technique of a robust battery pack for electric vehicles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016; 60: 1319-1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.013 CR - [15] Suriyamoorthy S, Gupta S, Kumar DP, Subramanian SC. Analysis of hub motor configuration and battery placement on ride comfort of electric trucks. 2019 IEEE Veh Power Propuls Conf VPPC; 2019; Hanoi, Vietnam. CR - [16] Wang S, Chen Y. Effect of Battery Pack Connection on Vehicle Ride Comfort. Tehnički vjesnik. 2023; 30(2): 584–589. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20221109024651 CR - [17] Burnete, NicolaeMoldovanu Dan, Varga Bogdan, Mariasiu Florin, Iclodean Calin, Burnete Nicolae Vlad, Mihali Liviu OS. Van Dynamics Performance analysis for different battery pack placement. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering (AMMA 2018). Springer; 2018: 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94409-8_38 CR - [18] Mustaffa N, Tukiman MM, Fawzi M, Osman SA. Conversion of a gasoline engine into an LPG-fuelled engine. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2016; 11(14): 8568-8572. CR - [19] Goddard T, McDonald A, Wei R, Batra D. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems in Top-Selling Vehicles in the United States: Cost, Vehicle Type, and Trim Level Disparities. Findings. 2022;(Nhtsa 2021). https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.38291 CR - [20] Ciez RE, Whitacre JF. Comparison between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cell costs using a process based cost model. J Power Sources. 2017; 340: 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.054 CR - [21] Rajnish RK, Haq RU, Aggarwal AN, Verma N, Pandey R, Bhayana H. Four screws diamond configuration fixation for displaced, comminuted intracapsular fracture neck femur in young adults. Indian J Orthop. 2019; 53(1): 70-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_333_17 CR - [22] Bajolle H, Lagadic M, Louvet N. The future of lithium-ion batteries: Exploring expert conceptions, market trends, and price scenarios. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2022; 93: 102850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102850 CR - [23] Liu Y, Zhu J, Sang Y, Sahraei-Ardakani M, Jing T, Zhao Y, et al. An aggregator-based dynamic pricing mechanism and optimal scheduling scheme for the electric vehicle charging. Front Energy Res. 2023; 10: 1037253. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.1037253 UR - https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1337867 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3308748 ER -