TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Hydrotherapy on Muscle Activities and Running Kinetics in Adult Males with Pronated Foot: A Randomized Clinical Trial AU - Fatollahi, Amir AU - Barghamadi, Mohsen AU - Abdollahpor Darvishani, Mohammad PY - 2023 DA - December DO - 10.54141/psbd.1350754 JF - Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences JO - Pamukkale J Sport Sci PB - Pamukkale University WT - DergiPark SN - 1309-0356 SP - 297 EP - 313 VL - 14 IS - 3 LA - en AB - The potential risk factor for injuries resulting from a pronated foot (PF) has been discussed. The water properties can be used to improve the biomechanics of the lower limb. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate hydrotherapy's effect on muscle activities and running kinetics in adult males with PF. This study was a randomized clinical trial type. Thirty adult males with PF were divided into two equally sized groups. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were collected by a force plate on the runway. Muscle activities were recorded using a surface electromyography system. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVAs. The significance level was established at p KW - Electromyography KW - Ground reaction forces KW - Hydrotherapy KW - Pronated foot CR - Adams, D., Pozzi, F., Willy, R. W. Carrol, A., and Zeni, J. (2018). "Altering cadence or vertical oscillation during running: effects on running related injury factors." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 13(4): 633. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180633 CR - Angin, S., Crofts, G., Mickle, K. J., and Nester, C. J. (2014). "Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus." Gait & posture 40(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.02.008 CR - Ay, A. and Yurtkuran, M., (2005). "Influence of aquatic and weight-bearing exercises on quantitative ultrasound variables in postmenopausal women." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 84(1): 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000146500.85850.be CR - Barrett, R. S., Neal, R. J., and Roberts, L. J. (1998). "The dynamic loading response of surfaces encountered in beach running." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 1(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80003-0 CR - Beelen, P. E., Kingma, I., Nolte P. A., and van Dieën, J. H. (2020). "The effect of foot type, body length and mass on postural stability." Gait & Posture 81: 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.148 CR - Brody, D. M. (1982). "Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner." The orthopedic clinics of North America 13(3): 541-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0030-5898(20)30252-2 CR - Bruening, D. A., Frimenko, R. E., Goodyear, C. D., Bowden D. R., and Fullenkamp, A. M. (2015). "Sex differences in whole body gait kinematics at preferred speeds." Gait & posture 41(2): 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.12.011 CR - Clark, M. and Lucett S. (2010). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. CR - Crowell, H. P., Milner, C. E., Hamill J., and Davis, I. S. (2010). "Reducing impact loading during running with the use of real-time visual feedback." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 40(4): 206-213. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.3166 CR - Farahpour, N., Jafarnezhadgero, A., Allard, P., and Majlesi, M. (2018). "Muscle activity and kinetics of lower limbs during walking in pronated feet individuals with and without low back pain." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 39: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.01.006 CR - Farrell, P. A., Joyner, M. J., and Caiozzo, V. (2011). ACSM's advanced exercise physiology, Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP). CR - Grey, T., Redguard, D., Wengle, R., and Wegscheider, P. (2013). "Effect of plantar flexor muscle fatigue on postural control." Western Undergraduate Research Journal: Health and Natural Sciences 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5206/wurjhns.2013-14.1 CR - Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., Disselhorst-Klug, C. and Hägg, G. J. R. r. (1999). European recommendations for surface electromyography. 8(2): 13-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00027-4 CR - Horwood, A. M., and Chockalingam, N. (2017). "Defining excessive, over, or hyper-pronation: A quandary." The Foot 31: 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2017.03.001 CR - Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Amirzadeh, N., Siahkouhian, M., and Granacher, U. (2019). "Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls." PloS one 14(9): e0223219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223219 CR - Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Sheykholeslami, A., Dionisio, V. C., and Akrami, M. (2021). "Long-term training on sand changes lower limb muscle activities during running in runners with over-pronated feet." Biomedical engineering online 20: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-021-00955-8 CR - Jafarnezhadgero, A., Ghorbanloo, F., Fatollahi, A., Dionisio, V. C., and Granacher, U. (2021). "Effects of an elastic resistance band exercise program on kinetics and muscle activities during walking in young adults with genu valgus: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial." Clinical Biomechanics 81: 105215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105215 CR - Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Oliveira, A. S., Mousavi, S. H., Madadi-Shad, M. J. G., and posture (2018). "Combining valgus knee brace and lateral foot wedges reduces external forces and moments in osteoarthritis patients." Gait & posture 59: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.09.040 CR - Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Shad, M. M., and Majlesi, M. (2017). "Effect of foot orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch in children with flexible flatfoot deformity: A three-dimensional moment analysis." Gait & posture 55: 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.011 CR - Javorac, D., Stajer, V., and Ostojic, S. (2020). "Case report: Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain in a professional athlete." F1000Research 9. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22850.1 CR - Kirkby Shaw, K., Alvarez, L., Foster, S. A., Tomlinson, J. E., Shaw A. J., and Pozzi, A. (2020). "Fundamental principles of rehabilitation and musculoskeletal tissue healing." Veterinary Surgery 49(1): 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13270 CR - Letafatkar, A., Zandi, S., Khodayi, M., and Vashmesara, J. B. (2013). "Flat foot deformity, Q angle and knee pain are interrelated in wrestlers." J Nov Physiother 3(2): 138. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7025.1000138 CR - LeVeau, B. F. and Rogers, C. (1980). "Selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using EMG biofeedback." Physical Therapy 60(11): 1410-1415. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/60.11.1410 CR - McLean, S. G., Su, A., and van den Bogert, A. J. (2003). "Development and validation of a 3-D model to predict knee joint loading during dynamic movement." J. Biomech. Eng. 125(6): 864-874. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1634282 CR - Milner, C. E., Davis, I. S., and Hamill, J. (2006). "Free moment as a predictor of tibial stress fracture in distance runners." Journal of Biomechanics 39(15): 2819-2825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.022 CR - Moore, I. S. (2016). "Is there an economical running technique? A review of modifiable biomechanical factors affecting running economy." Sports Medicine 46(6): 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0474-4 CR - Mooventhan, A. and Nivethitha, L. (2014). "Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body." North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6(5): 199. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.132935 CR - Park, K.-M., Kim, S.-Y., and Oh, D.-W. (2010). "Effects of the pelvic compression belt on gluteus medius, quadratus lumborum, and lumbar multifidus activities during side-lying hip abduction." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 20(6): 1141–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.05.009 CR - Redmond, A. C., Crosbie, J., and Ouvrier, R. A. (2006). "Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: The Foot Posture Index." Clinical Biomechanics 21(1): 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002 CR - Ukoha, U., Egwu, O., Okafor, I., Ogugua, P., and Igwenagu, V. (2012). "Pes planus: incidence among an adult population in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria." Int J Biomed Adv Res 3(3): 166-168. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbar.v3i3.286 CR - Wu, A. C., Rauh, M. J., DeLuca, S., Lewis, M., Ackerman, K. E., Barrack, M. T., Heiderscheit, B., Krabak, B. J., Roberts, W. O., and Tenforde, A. S. (2022). "Running‐related injuries in middle school cross‐country runners: Prevalence and characteristics of common injuries." PM&R 14(7): 793-801. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12649 CR - Yazdani, F., Razeghi, M., and Ebrahimi, S. (2020). "A comparison of the free moment pattern between normal and hyper-pronated aligned feet in female subjects during the stance phase of gait." Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering 10(1): 93. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.639 CR - Zhang, X., Aeles, J., and Vanwanseele, B. (2017). "Comparison of foot muscle morphology and foot kinematics between recreational runners with normal feet and with asymptomatic over-pronated feet." Gait & posture 54: 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.03.030 CR - Zhang, X., and Vanwanseele, B. (2023). "Immediate effects of forefoot wedges on multi-segment foot kinematics during jogging in recreational runners with a symptomatic pronated foot." Frontiers in Physiology 13: 2763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1064240 UR - https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1350754 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3365856 ER -