TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of virtual reality usage on kappa angle, accommodation, pupil, depth perception, and examination of the relationship of these parameters with discomfort perception
AU  - Dericioğlu, Volkan
AU  - Kubat, Betul
PY  - 2024
DA  - January
DO  - 10.5472/marumj.1378508
JF  - Marmara Medical Journal
JO  - Marmara Med J
PB  - Marmara University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1019-1941
SP  - 59
EP  - 62
VL  - 37
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of virtual reality (VR) usage on the eyes and investigate the parameters responsiblefor the subsequent discomfort sensation.Materials and Methods: This prospective study enrolled 20 healthy volunteers who were engaged in a 10-minute VR game session.Refractive errors, kappa angles, phoria presence, accommodative responses, and scotopic, mesopic, and photopic pupillometry valueswere recorded before and after using VR. A Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ) was applied to assess discomfort, and therelation with evaluated parameters was investigated.Results: Twenty volunteers (mean age 29.80±0.57 years) included 11 females (55%) and 9 males (45%). The mean spherical equivalentrefractive error was – 1.94±0.28 diopters and 5 (25%) volunteers had phoria. Average kappa angles were 0.23±0.02 mm (x-axis) and0.11±0.01 mm (y-axis). Post-VR, the median [(interquartile range (IQR)] stereopsis decreased from 30 (30-60) to 60 (60-60) arcseconds (P<0.001). Pupil sizes increased significantly across all lighting conditions (P<0.001). Accommodation did not significantlychange post-VR (P>0.05). VRSQ scores correlated positively with phoria and kappa-x angle (r=0.458, P=0.003 and r=0.330, P=0.038)while negatively with stereopsis and kappa-y angle (r=-0.375, P=0.017 and r=-0.326, P=0.04).Conclusion: Virtual reality use reduces depth perception and induces significant mydriasis across lighting conditions. Post-VRdiscomfort feeling may be related to phoria, kappa angle, and stereopsis.
KW  - Virtual reality
KW  - Accommodation
KW  - Kappa
KW  - Stereopsis
KW  - Pupillometry
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.5472/marumj.1378508
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3498804
ER  -