TY  - JOUR
T1  - LIFELONG LEARNING BARRIERS: A THEORETICAL RESEARCH
AU  - Günen, Mehmet Serdar
AU  - Vural, Ömer Faruk
PY  - 2023
DA  - December
Y2  - 2023
JF  - Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Education
JO  - JMSE
PB  - Eğitim Araştırmaları ve Yayınları Derneği (ERPA)
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2645-9205
SP  - 164
EP  - 180
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
LA  - en
AB  - Being a lifelong learner for the whole life is an essential objective for an adult. However, it is not easy to achieve because of certain factors. These factors are defined as "barriers" in the literature. Every adult may have encountered some of these barriers to some extent in their life. Types of these barriers or the level of effect may show differences. This study is a theoretical research that aims to present these barriers in the light of related literature. In other words, the current research discusses the obstacles to lifelong learning identified in the literature. It provides an overview of the factors preventing adults from participating in lifelong learning activities. As a result, the barriers mentioned in the related literature were listed as lack of interest and motivation, lack of time, being too old, cost, family constraints, socio-economic group, and lack of self-confidence.
KW  - Lifelong learning
KW  - lifelong learning barriers
KW  - theoretical research
CR  - Abroms, L. C. ve Goldscheider, F. K. (2002). More work for mother: How spouses, cohabiting partners and relatives affect the hours mothers work. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 23(2), 147-166.
CR  - Aksoy, M. (2008). Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Ve Kariyer Rehberliği İlkelerinin İstihdam Edilebilirliğe Etkileri: Otel İşletmeleri 	Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Doktora tezi: Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü: Ankara.
CR  - Archibald, J. & Urion, C. (1995). Ourselves, our knowledge. Establishing pathways to excellence in Indian education implementation: Challenges and solutions. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 21 (1).
CR  - Boeren, E. (2011). Gender differences in formal, non-formal and informal adult learning. Studies in Continuing Education, 33, 333-346.
CR  - Boeren, E., Nicaise, I., & Baert, H. (2010). Theoretical models of participation in adult education: The need for an integrated model. International journal of lifelong education, 29(1), 45-61.
CR  - Bohle, D. and Greskovits, B. (2007a) The state, internationalization, and capitalist diversity in Eastern Europe. Competition & Change, 11, 90-115.
CR  - Boudioni, M., McLaren, S., Woods, L., & Lemma, F. (2007). Lifelong learning, its facilitators and barriers in primary care settings: A qualitative study. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 8(2), 157-169. doi:10.1017/S1463423607000187
CR  - Brookfield, S. (1986). Understanding and facilitating adult learning: A comprehensive analysis of principles and effective practices. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
CR  - Bryce, J. (2004). Different ways that secondary schools orient to lifelong learning. Educational Studies,30(1).
Bull, C., Byrnes, J., Hettiarachchi Bull, R., & Downes, M. (2019). A systematic review of the validity and reliability of patient‐reported experience measures. Health services research, 54(5), 1023-1035.
CR  - Carlén, M. (1999). Kunskapslyft eller avbytarbänk? Möten med industriarbetare om utbildning för arbetet [A knowledge jump or a substitute back up plan? Meeting with industry workers about work training.] Dissertation, Acta universitatis Gothoburgensis, Göteborg
CR  - Chisolm, L., Larson, A., & Mossoux, A. F. (2004). Lifelong learning: Citizens' views in close-up. Thessaloniki: European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training.
CR  - Chuang, S.-F. (2015). Deterrents to Women's Participation in Continuing Professional Development. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 27(2), 28–37. doi:10.1002/nha3.20104
CR  - Cihangir Tetik, D. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde teorik makale yazımı ve uluslararası ilişkiler disiplinindeki yansımaları. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (42), 31-48.
CR  - Courtenay, B. C., Suhart, M. P., McConatha, D. Ve  Stevenson, R. T. (1983). Assessing the educational needs of undereducated older adults: A case for the service provider. Educational Gerontology: An International Quarterly, 9(2-3), 205-216.
CR  - Cross, K. P. (1981). Adults as Learners: Increasing Participation and Facilitating Learning (1st Ed). San Francisco, USA, Jossey-Bass publishing.
CR  - Cumming, A. (1992). Access to literacy for language minority adults. ERIC Digest. ERIC Document ED 350 886
CR  - Demirel, M. (2009). Lifelong learning and schools in the twenty-first century. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 	1(1), 1709-1716.
CR  - Demirel, O. (Ed.) (2005). Egitimde yeni yonelimler (New trends in education). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
CR  - Dench, S. & Regan, J. (2000) Learning in later life: Motivation and impact. DfEE Resesarch Brief No. 183. Nottingham, UK: Department for Education and Employment Publications. Accessed November21,2005,fromhttp://www.employmentstudies.co.uk/summary/summary.php?id=rr183 Educational Sciences, Ankara.
CR  - Egglestone, C., Stevens, C., Jones, E., & Aldridge, F. (2018). Adult participation in learning survey 2017. Learningandwork. org.
CR  - Eldred, J., James, K., & Mansour, J. (2017). Healthy, wealthy and wise: the impact of adult learning across the UK. Erişim linki: https://www.learningandwork.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/LW-EU-Report-Nov-2017-V8-1.pdf
CR  - Ersoy, A. (2009). Lifelong learning and Public libraries in Turkey. Master's thesis, Hacettepe University, the Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
CR  - Erwin, T. D., & Kelly, K. (1985). Changes in students' self-confidence in college. Journal of College Student Personnel.
CR  - Eurostat (2022). Adult learning statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Adult_learning_statistics
CR  - Falasca, M. (2011). Barriers to adult learning: Bridging the gap. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 51(3), 583-590.
CR  - Fleming, T. (2021). Models of Lifelong Learning 3. The Oxford Handbook of Lifelong Learning, 2, 35.
CR  - Gaikezheyongai, S. (2000) Aboriginal-enhanced access to Native learning: A literacy project of the Native Women's Resource Centre. Toronto: Native Women's Resource Centre. Access November 15, 2005, from http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/natlearn/
CR  - Gorard, S. & Selwyn, N. (2005) What makes a lifelong learner? Teachers College Record, 107 (6) 1193-1216.
CR  - Gorard, S., & Smith, E. (2007). Do barriers get in the way? A review of the determinants of post‐16 participation. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 12(2), 141–158. doi:10.1080/13596740701387437
CR  - Hall, Jones, & Evans. (2021, November). Adult Participation in Learning Survey 2021. National Learning and Work Institute. Retrieved November 17, 2023, from https://learningandwork.org.uk/
CR  - Hand, A., Gambles, J. & Cooper, E. (1994) Individual commitment to learning: individuals' decisionmaking about lifelong learning (London, Employment Department).
CR  - Hanson, A. L., Bruskiewitz, R. H., & Demuth, J. E. (2007). Pharmacists' perceptions of facilitators and barriers to lifelong learning. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 71(4), 67. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj710467  
   
Hart, D., Long, E., Breslauer, H. & Slosser, C. (2002) Why aren't they calling? Summary of results on the national study: Nonparticipation in literacy and upgrading programs. Toronto: ABC Canada. Accessed November 21. 2005, from http://www.abc-canada.org/research/
CR  - Hillage, J. & Aston, J. (2001, July). Attracting new learners – a literature review. Learning and Skills Development Agency (LSDA), London, UK. Retrieved 15 June 2011 from: http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/pubs/summary.php?id=1436learn.
CR  - Hunter-Johnson, Y. (2017). Demystifying educational resilience: Barriers of Bahamian nontraditional adult learners in higher education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 65(3), 175-186.
CR  - Jackson, S. (2003). Lifelong earning: working-class women and lifelong learning. Gender and Education, 15(4).
Kaplan, A. (2016). Lifelong learning: conclusions from a literature review. International Online Journal of Primary Education, 5(2), 43-50.
CR  - Kaplan, A. (2016). Lifelong learning: conclusions from a literature review. International Online Journal of Primary Education, 5(2), 43-50.
CR  - Kennedy, H. (1997). Learning Works: widening participation in further education. The Council.
CR  - Knud, I. (2005). Lifelong Learning and the low-skilled. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(1), 15-28.
CR  - Koper, R., & Tattersall, C. (2004). New directions for lifelong learning using network technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology, 35(6), 689-700.
CR  - Leclerc, G. J. (1985). Understandıng the educatıonal needs of older adults: a new approach. Educational Gerontology, 11(2-3), 137–144. doi:10.1080/0380127850110206
CR  - Livingstone, D.W. (2002) Mapping the iceberg. NALL Working Paper. Toronto: OISE/UT. ERIC Reproduction Document ED 478 439
CR  - Longworth, N. (2003). Lifelong learning in action: Transforming education in the 21st century. Routledge.
CR  - Lowe, G.S. (2001) Learning in the 21st century: Key issues and questions. Background paper for the National Roundtable on Learning, 19-20 March 2001, Edmonton, AB. Available from http://www.cprn.org
CR  - MacKeracher, D., Suart, T. ve Potter, J. (2006). State of the field report: Barriers to participation in adult learning. Canadian Council on Learning.
CR  - McClusky, H.Y. (1970) An approach to a differential psychology of the adult potential. In S.M. Grabowski (Ed.), Adult learning and instruction (pp. 80-95). Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Education. ERIC Reproduction Document ED 045 867.
CR  - McGivney, V. (1993). Women, Education and Training. Barriers to Access, Informal Starting Points and Progression Routes. National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, 21 De Montfort Street, Leicester LE1 7GE, England, United Kingdom
CR  - McGivney, V. (1996). Staying or Leaving the Course: Non-Completion and Retention of Mature Students in Further and Higher Education. National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, 21 De Montfort Street, Leicester LE1 7GE, England, United Kingdom.
CR  - McGivney, V. (1999). Returning Women. Their Training and Employment Choices and Needs.
CR  - McGivney, V. (2014). Participation and non-participation: a review of the literature. Adult learners, education and training, 11-30.
CR  - Merriam, S.B. & Caffarella, R.S. (1999). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (2nd ed.), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
CR  - Millar, P. & Falk, I. (2000) Seniors online: Online literacy and learning by senior citizens in rural centres. Launceston, AU: Adult Literacy and Numeracy Australian Research Consortium. ERIC Reproduction Document ED 457 399.
CR  - Morris, T.H., Steinmüller, B. & Rohs, M. (2022) Examining barriers to participation in further and continuing education in Germany: Why a regional perspective is (still) important. Int Rev Educ 68, 551–577 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-022-09968-4
CR  - Moskal, B. M., & Leydens, J. A. (2019). Scoring rubric development: Validity and reliability. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 7(1), 10.
CR  - Munn, P., & MacDonald, C. (1988). Adult Participation in Education and Training. Practitioner Minipaper 4. SCRE Publication 100.
CR  - National Institute for Adult Continuing Education (2002.) Meeting the needs of older learners – A briefing for LSCs. Leicester, UK: NIACE Accessed from http://www.niace.org.uk/information/Briefing_sheets/Meeting_needs_older_learners.htm
CR  - Norman, M., & Hyland, T. (2003). The role of confidence in lifelong learning. Educational studies, 29(2-3), 261-272.
OECD (2012), Education at a Glance 2012: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing 
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2002) Thematic review of adult learning: Canada. Background Report. Paris: OECD. ERIC Reproduction Document ED 469 815. Also available at http://ww.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/32/1940307.pdf
CR  - Örs, M., & Kilinç, M. (2017). An Investigation of the Opinions of Pre-Service Midwives and Nurses Regarding Lifelong Learning. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(n12A), 56-62.
CR  - Örs, Mukaddes & Kılınç, Mustafa. (2017). An Investigation of the Opinions of Pre-service Midwives and Nurses Regarding Lifelong Learning. Universal Journal of Educational Research. 5. 56-62. 10.13189/ujer.2017.051309.
CR  - Ostermeier, C.A. (2003) Assessing the continuing professional educational needs of educators. Master of Adult Education, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS.
CR  - Pak, T.N. (2012). An examination of lifelong learning policy rhetoric and practice in Singapore. International Journal of 	Lifelong Education, 32(3), 318-334.
CR  - Paldanius, S. (2007). The rationality of reluctance and indifference toward adult education: Difficulties in recruiting unemployed adults to adult education. In Adult Education Research Conference (AERC), Mount Saint Vincent, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 2007.
CR  - Pennacchia, J., Jones, E., & Aldridge, F. (2018). Barriers to learning for disadvantaged groups. Report of qualitative findings. Government Social Research. Learning and Work Institute, Department for Education, UK.
CR  - Potter, J. & Ferguson, C. (2003) Canada's Innovation Strategy and lifelong learning: Facilitating adult learning in Canada. Fredericton, NB: University of New Brunswick, College of Extended Learning.
CR  - Poyraz, H., & Titrek, O. (2013). Development of lifelong learning in Turkey. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1).
CR  - Price, W. F. ve Lyon, L. B. (1982). Educational orientations of the aged: An attitudinal inquiry. Educational Gerontology: An International Quarterly, 8(5), 473-484.
CR  - Raymer, E. A. B. (2022). Qualitative Study: Investigating Situational, Dispositional, and Institutional Barriers Among Learners Aged 35 and Older (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
CR  - Reynolds, F. (2002) An exploratory survey of opportunities and barriers to creative leisure activity for people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30 (2), 63-67.
CR  - Roosmaa, E. L., & Saar, E. (2011). Barriers to and in participation in lifelong learning. Retrieved March, 20, 2020.
CR  - Rubenson, K. (2007). Determinants of formal and informal Canadian adult learning. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.
CR  - Rubenson, K., & Desjardins, R. (2009). The Impact of Welfare State Regimes on Barriers to Participation in Adult Education. Adult Education Quarterly, 59(3), 187–207. doi:10.1177/0741713609331548
CR  - Scanlan, C. S., & Darkenwald, G. G. (1984). Identifying Deterrents to Participation in Continuing Education. Adult Education Quarterly, 34(3), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001848184034003004
CR  - Smith, J., & Spurling, A. (2001). Understanding Motivation for Lifelong Learning. National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, Renaissance House, 20 Princess Road West, Leicester LE1 6TP, United Kingdom (14.95 British pounds). Web site: http://www. niace. org. uk or Southgate Publishers, The Square, Sandford, North Crediton, Devon EX17 4LW, United Kingdom (14.95 British pounds)
CR  - Spivey, T. M. (2016). Examining barriers to retention of adult learners in rural education programs. [Doctoral dissertation]. Walden University
CR  - Sürücü, L., & Maslakci, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726.
CR  - Thomas, L. (Ed.). (2005). Widening participation in post-compulsory education. A&C Black.
UNESCO (2022). 5th Global report on adult learning and education. International Conference on Adult Education  Marrakech, Morocco.  https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/grale5
CR  - Vaccaro, A., & Lovell, C.D. (2010). Inspiration from home: Understanding family as key to adult women's self-investment. Adult Education Quarterly, 60, 161-176.
CR  - Yıldırım, A., & Simsek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınları. Ankara.
UR  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmse/issue//1403816
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3594804
ER  -