TY  - JOUR
T1  - Provenance Study of Gypsum Black Crusts
AU  - Karalis, Petros
AU  - Dotsika, Elissavet
AU  - Kyropoulou, Dafni
AU  - Mazarakis-ainian, Alexandros
AU  - Kolofotia, Evaggelia
AU  - Raptis, Iakovos
AU  - Drosou, Anastasios
AU  - Tzovaras, Dimitrios
AU  - Poutouki, Anastasia Electra
AU  - Diamantopoulos, Giorgos
AU  - Poutoukis, Panagiotis Leandros
PY  - 2023
DA  - November
DO  - 10.55549/epstem.1406254
JF  - The Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
JO  - EPSTEM
PB  - ISRES Publishing
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2602-3199
SP  - 119
EP  - 125
VL  - 24
LA  - en
AB  - CaSO4- black crusts are the major cause of the deterioration of cultural heritage monuments. Gypsum black crusts are formed on marble or other carbonate rocks as a result of the reaction of atmospheric sulfur with the calcium of the stone causing erosion of its surface. Samples of CaSO4- crusts were collected by scraping off about 1 g of the layer of decayed carbonate rocks. A total of 18 samples from the archaeological site of Vryokastro at  Kythnos island in Greece, were collected. These salts may have originated from different natural and anthropogenic sources. Understanding this deterioration process is crucial for the restoration/conservation of cultural heritage monuments. The natural sources include biological sources, construction materials, rainwater, marine spray, and pyrite oxidation within the rock substrate. Anthropogenic sources include pollution from fossil fuels. The oxygen and sulfur isotopes can help to discriminate the S-origin of black crusts. The isotopic analysis was conducted in the Stable Isotope Unit of the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCSR Demokritos). For S isotope analyses, sulfate minerals were dissolved in deionized water and subsequently precipitated as BaSO4. Sulfur isotopic compositions were measured after the conversion of BaSΟ4 to SΟ2 using an elemental analyzer (Flash EA device) coupled with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer.
KW  - Sulfur isotopes
KW  - Oxygen isotopes
KW  - Gypsum crust
KW  - Monument degradation
CR  - Dotsika, E., Kyropoulou, D., Christaras, V., & Diamantopoulos, G. (2018). δ13C and δ18Ο stable isotope analysis applied to detect technological variations and weathering processes of ancient lime and hydraulic mortars. Geosciences, 8(9), 339.
CR  - Dotsika, E., Psomiadis,D., Poutoukis, D., Raco, B., & Gamaletsos, P. N.(2009). Isotopic analysis for degradation diagnosis of calcite matrix in mortar and plaster. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395, 2227–2234.
CR  - Dotsika, E., Lykoudis, S., & Poutoukis, D. (2010). Spatial distribution of the isotopic composition of precipitation and spring water in Greece. Global and Planetary Change, 71(3–4), 141–149.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1406254
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3605121
ER  -