TY - JOUR T1 - Effective herbal therapeutics against the protozoan parasites in aquaculture TT - Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde protozoan parazitlerine karşı etkili bitkisel ilaçlar AU - Gadallah, Ahmed O AU - Kaya, Doğukan AU - Gürler, Ahmet AU - Genç, Ercüment PY - 2024 DA - June Y2 - 2024 DO - 10.12714/egejfas.41.2.10 JF - Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences JO - EgeJFAS PB - Ege University WT - DergiPark SN - 2148-3140 SP - 158 EP - 165 VL - 41 IS - 2 LA - en AB - In industrial aquaculture, producing at high stock densities is inevitable to maximize efficiency and harvest per unit volume. Antibiotics, disinfectants, and other chemicals have become necessary to prevent and control disease outbreaks in intensive fish farming practices. However, the negative impacts of the use of synthetic chemical drugs on environmental health have sparked discussions, making research into alternative treatments inevitable. Medicinal plants offer promising solutions for disease control due to their natural, biodegradable, and antimicrobial properties. The therapeutic properties of plants have been known and safely used in traditional medicine for a long time. The idea that medicinal plants can be utilized in aquaculture as a safer, sustainable, and environmentally friendly practice has begun to be embraced. Although numerous treatment protocols have been developed against metazoan parasites in aquaculture, managing protozoan parasites still poses a significant challenge. A detailed literature review has identified that more than 30 plant species have the potential to control many protozoan pathogens in fish, including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans. Studies highlight the effectiveness of plant-derived compounds in combating parasites and promoting growth, supporting immunity, serving as antibacterial agents, and even as anaesthetics. Since research on medicinal plants predominantly targets commercially valuable fish farming, there is a recognized need for expanded studies on their application in shellfish farming. Collaboration among researchers, institutions, and farmers is crucial in increasing awareness of local medicinal plants and promoting their use. The use of plants with medicinal properties in aquaculture represents a promising path for disease control and sustainable production. Adopting these natural alternatives could align with responsible agricultural practices and meet the urgent need to mitigate the environmental impacts of traditional treatments in the aquaculture industry. KW - Medicinal plants KW - herbal therapeutics KW - protozoan KW - antiparasitic KW - aquaculture CR - Abd El-Galil, M.A.A., & Aboelhadid, S.M. (2012). Trials for the control of trichodinosis and gyrodactylosis in hatchery reared Oreochromis niloticus fries by using garlic. Veterinary Parasitology, 185(2–4), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.035 CR - Aboud, O.A.E. (2010). Application of some Egyptian medicinal plants to eliminate Trichodina sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Researcher, 2(10), 12-16. CR - Alcivar-Warren, A., Bateman, K., Baumgartner, W.A., Clinton, M., Foyle, L., Lewbart, G., Loh, R., Tepper, J., & Hall, A. (2023). Aquatic invertebrates. In L. Urdes, C. Walster, J. Tepper (Eds.). Pathology and Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases for Practitioners. (pp. 1-80). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119839729.ch1 CR - Andrews, J.D. (1996). History of Perkinsus marinus, a pathogen of oysters in Chesapeake Bay 1950-1984. Journal of Shellfish Research, 15(1), 13–16. CR - Baldissera, M.D., Souza, C.F., Moreira, K.L.S., da Rocha, M.I.U.M., da Veiga, M.L., & Baldisserotto, B. (2017). Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil prevents oxidative stress and ameliorates the antioxidant system in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) naturally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Aquaculture, 480, 11 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.042 CR - Buchmann, K. (2015). Impact and control of protozoan parasites in maricultured fishes. Parasitology, 142(1), 168 177. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118201300005x CR - Bulfon, C., Volpatti, D., & Galeotti, M. (2015). Current research on the use of plant-derived products in farmed fish. Aquaculture Research, 46(3), 513–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12238 CR - Chitmanat, C., Tongdonmuan, K., & Nunsong, W. (2005). The use of crude extracts from traditional medicinal plants to eliminate Trichodina sp. in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Songklanakarin Journal Of Science And Technology 27(Suppl 1), 359-364. CR - Da Cunha, J.A., Sutili, F.J., Oliveira, A.M., Gressler, L.T., Scheeren, C.D.A., Silva, L.D.L., Vaucher, R.D.A., Baldisserotto, B., & Heinzmann, B.M. (2017). The essential oil of hyptismutabilis in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection and its effect on hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Journal of Parasitology, 103(6), 778–785. https://doi.org/10.1645/16-174 CR - Dawood, M.A.O., El Basuini, M.F., Zaineldin, A.I., Yilmaz, S., Hasan, M.T., Ahmadifar, E., El Asely, A.M., Abdel-Latif, H.M.R., Alagawany, M., Abu-Elala, N.M., Van Doan, H., & Sewilam, H. (2021). Antiparasitic and antibacterial functionality of essential oils: An alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. Pathogens, 10(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020185 CR - de Castro Nizio, D.A., Fujimoto, R.Y., Maria, A. N., Carneiro, P.C.F., França, C.C.S., da Costa Sousa, N., de Andrade Brito, F., Sampaio, T.S., de Fátima Arrigoni-Blank,M., & Blank, A.F. (2018). Essential oils of Varronia curassavica accessions have different activity against white spot disease in freshwater fish. Parasitology Research, 117(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-017-5673-x CR - Ekanem, A.P., Obiekezie, A., Kloas, W., & Knopf, K. (2004). Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 92(5), 361 366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-003-1038-8 CR - Ferreira, L.C., Cruz, M.G. da, Lima, T.B. C., Serra, B.N.V., Chaves, F.C.M., Chagas, E.C., Ventura, A.S., & Jerônimo, G.T. (2019). Antiparasitic activity of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) essential oil against Piscinoodinium pillulare and its physiological effects on Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818). Aquaculture, 512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734343 CR - Fu, Y. W., Wang, B., Zhang, Q. Z., Xu, D. H., Liu, Y. M., Hou, T. L., & Guo, S. Q. (2019). Efficacy and antiparasitic mechanism of 10-gingerol isolated from ginger Zingiber officinale against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp. Veterinary Parasitology, 265, 74 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.011 CR - Fu, Y.W., Guo, S.Q., Luo, J.J., Sang, C.G., Lin, D.J., Liu, Y.M., & Zhang, Q.Z. (2021). Effectiveness assessment of plant mixtures against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Aquaculture, 530, 735742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735742 CR - Gholipour-Kanani, H., Sahandi, J., & Taheri, A. (2012). Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) and mother worth (Matricaria chamomilla) extract on Ichthyophtirius multifilus parasite treatment in sail fin molly (Poecilia latipinna) ornamental fish. APCBEE Procedia, 4, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.11.002 CR - Harikrishnan, R., Heo, J., Balasundaram, C., Kim, M. C., Kim, J.S., Han, Y.J., & Heo, M.S. (2010). Effect of traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) triherbal extract on the innate immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum. Veterinary Parasitology, 170(1–2), 1 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.046 CR - Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J.S., Kim, M.C., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M.S. (2011a). Hericium erinaceum enriched diets enhance the immune response in Paralichthys olivaceus and protect from Philasterides dicentrarchi infection. Aquaculture, 318(1–2), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.04.048 CR - Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J.S., Kim, M.C., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M.S. (2011b). Kalopanax pictus as feed additive controls bacterial and parasitic infections in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 31(6), 801 807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.017 CR - Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J.S., Kim, M.C., Dharaneedharan, S., Kim, D.H., Hong, S.H., Song, C.Y., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M.S. (2012). Effect of dietary supplementation with Suaeda maritima on blood physiology, innate immune response, and disease resistance in olive flounder against Miamiensis avidus. Experimental Parasitology, 131(2), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.024 CR - Li, M., Wei, D., Huang, S., Huang, L., Xu, F., Yu, Q., Liu, M., & Li, P. (2022). Medicinal herbs and phytochemicals to combat pathogens in aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 30(3), 1239-1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00841-7 CR - Ling, F., Wang, J.G., Lu, C., Wang, G.X., Lui, Y.H., & Gong, X.N. (2012). Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 111(2), 841-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2907-9 CR - Liu, Y.M., Zhang, Q.Z., Xu, D.H., Fu, Y.W., Lin, D.J., & Zhou, S.Y. (2017). Antiparasitic efficacy of commercial curcumin against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture, 480, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.041 CR - Madhuri, A.V., Rao, D.S., Verma, M.K., Naik, J.K., & Rao, M.V.R. (2021). Treatment of gregarines sporozoites in shrimp with allicin an herbal preparation and control intermediate hosts with copper sulfate. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studie, 9(4), 37-40. https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2021.v9.i4a.2520 CR - Moon, T., Wilkinson, J.M., & Cavanagh, H.M.A. (2006). Antiparasitic activity of two Lavandula essential oils against Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Hexamita inflata. Parasitology Research, 99(6), 722–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0234-8 CR - Noga, E.J. (2010). Fish Disease: Diagnosis and treatment. John Willey & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786758 CR - Noor El-Deen, A.I.E. (2010). Green tea extract role in removing the Trichodina sp. on Oreochromis niloticus fry in the Egyptian fish hatcheries. Report and Opinion, 2(8). https://doi.org/10.7537/marsroj020810.14 CR - Özil, Ö. (2023). Antiparasitic activity of medicinal plants against protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 75(2). https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.83257 Rajendran, K.V., Shivam, S., Ezhil Praveena, P., Joseph Sahaya Rajan, J., Sathish Kumar, T., Avunje, S., Jagadeesan, V., Prasad Babu, S.V.A.N.V., Pande, A., Navaneeth Krishnan, A., Alavandi, S.V., & Vijayan, K.K. (2016). Emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in farmed Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei in India. Aquaculture, 454, 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.034 CR - Reverter, M., Bontemps, N., Lecchini, D., Banaigs, B., & Sasal, P. (2014). Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives. Aquaculture, 433, 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.048 CR - Rohde, K. (2005). Marine parasitology. Csiro publishing, 592 p. CR - Saha, M., Ghosh, S., & Bandyopadhyay, P.K. (2020). Description of protozoan parasites parasitizing gold fishes and their possible control by herbal extracts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B-Biological Sciences, 90(2), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-019-01083-z CR - Shan, X.F., Kang, Y.H., Bian, Y., Gao, Y.H., Wang, W.L., & Qian, A.D. (2014). Isolation of active compounds from methanol extracts of Toddalia asiatica against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Veterinary Parasitology, 199(3–4), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.021 CR - Soares, B.V., Neves, L. R., Oliveira, M.S.B., Chaves, F.C.M., Dias, M.K.R., Chagas, E.C., & Tavares-Dias, M. (2016). Antiparasitic activity of the essential oil of Lippia alba on ectoparasites of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) and its physiological and histopathological effects. Aquaculture, 452, 107 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.10.029 Song, C., Song, K., Wu, X., Tu, X., Qi, X., Wang, G., & Ling, F. (2018). Antiparasitic efficacy and safety assessment of magnolol against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish. Aquaculture, 486, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.12.002 CR - Suzuki, K., Misaka, N., & Sakai, D.K. (2006). Efficacy of green tea extract on removal of the ectoparasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator from chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, and masu salmon, O. masou. Aquaculture, 259(1–4), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.004 CR - Valladão, G.M.R., Gallani, S.U., & Pilarski, F. (2015). Phytotherapy as an alternative for treating fish disease. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 38(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12202 CR - Valladão, G.M.R., Gallani, S.U., Ikefuti, C.V., da Cruz, C., Levy-Pereira, N., Rodrigues, M.V.N., & Pilarski, F. (2016). Essential oils to control ichthyophthiriasis in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg): special emphasis on treatment with Melaleuca alternifolia. Journal of Fish Diseases, 39(10), 1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12447 CR - Vijayaram, S., Elboughdiri, N., Razafindralambo, H., Sun, Y. Z., Nedaei, S., & Ghafarifarsani, H. (2023). Application of herbal dietary supplements in aquaculture- A review. Annals of Animal Science. (Accepted article) https://doi.org/10.2478/AOAS-2023-0076 CR - Williams, C.F., Vacca, A.R., Dunham, L., Lloyd, D., Coogan, M.P., Evans, G., Graz, M., & Cable, J. (2016). The redox-active drug metronidazole and thiol-depleting garlic compounds act synergistically in the protist parasite Spironucleus vortens. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 206(1–2), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.03.001 CR - Woo, P.T.K. (2006). Fish diseases and disorders. Volume 1: Protozoan and metazoan infections(2nd edition). CABI. CR - Wu, Z., Ling, F., Song, C., Chen, W., & Wang, G. (2017). Effects of oral administration of whole plants of Artemisia annua on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Aeromonas hydrophila after parasitism by I. multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 116(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5265-1 CR - Wunderlich, A.C., Zica, É. de O.P., Ayres, V.F. dos S., Guimarães, A.C., & Takeara, R. (2017). Plant-derived compounds as an alternative treatment against parasites in fish farming: A Review. In H. Khater, M. Govindarajan, G. Benelli, (Eds.) Natural remedies in the fight against parasites. (Chapter 5, 115-135). InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/67668 CR - Yao, J.Y., Shen, J.Y., Li, X.L., Xu, Y., Hao, G.J., Pan, X.Y., Wang, G.X., & Yin, W.L. (2010). Effect of sanguinarine from the leaves of Macleaya cordata against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Parasitology Research, 107(5), 1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1966-z CR - Yao, J.Y., Zhou, Z.M., Li, X.L., Yin, W. L., Ru, H. S., Pan, X.Y., Hao, G.J., Xu, Y., & Shen, J.Y. (2011a). Antiparasitic efficacy of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine from Macleaya microcarpa against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in richadsin (Squaliobarbus curriculus). Veterinary Parasitology, 183(1 2), 8 13. 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.021 CR - Yao, J.Y., Li, X.L., Shen, J.Y., Pan, X.Y., Hao, G.J., Xu, Y., Ying, W.L., Ru, H.S., & Liu, X.L. (2011b). Isolation of bioactive components from Chelidonium majus L. with activity against Trichodina sp. Aquaculture, 318(1–2), 235–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.04.035 CR - Yılmaz, H., Genc, E., Ünal, E. M., Yıldırım, Ş., & Keskin, E. (2020). Molecular identification of parasites isolated from Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) specimens. Ecological Life Sciences, 15(2), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.2.5A0133 CR - Yi, Y. L., Lu, C., Hu, X. G., Ling, F., & Wang, G. X. (2012). Antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 111(4), 1771–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3022-7 CR - Zhang, Q., Xu, D.H., & Klesius, P.H. (2013). Evaluation of an antiparasitic compound extracted from Galla chinensis against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Parasitology, 198(1–2), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.019 CR - Zhang, Z., Cui, H., Zhang, Z., Qu, S., Wang, G., & Ling, F. (2022). Pharmacokinetics of magnolol following different routes of administration to goldfish (Carassius auratus) and its oral efficacy against Ichthyophthirius multififiliis infection. Aquaculture, 546, 737356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737356 CR - Zhong, Z.H., Guo, W.L., Lei, Y., Wang, F., Wang, S.F., Sun, Y., Hu, W.T., & Zhou, Y.C. (2019). Antiparasitic efficacy of honokiol against Cryptocaryon irritans in pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Aquaculture, 500, 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.037 UR - https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.41.2.10 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3705489 ER -