@article{article_1439529, title={Future of European Security Policies: Is Geopolitical Europe Possible?}, journal={Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi}, volume={23}, pages={229–259}, year={2024}, DOI={10.32450/aacd.1439529}, author={Üstün, Çiğdem and Han, Ahmet K.}, keywords={Mediterranean, Black Sea, EU, Neo-Classical Realism, Geopolitical}, abstract={Since the aftermath of World War II, the pursuit of European autonomy in ensuring its security began with the 1950s French proposal for a pan-European defense force, though never realized. The Lisbon Treaty facilitated Union representation as a legal entity and introduced Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) to deepen defense ties. Geopolitical ambitions increased with von Der Leyen’s 2019 call for a Geopolitical Commission, preceding the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Global geopolitical shifts amplify the need for a robust European role. However, EU’s historical struggle in forging a strong security policy fuels skepticism. This study assesses the EU’s foreign policy in the Mediterranean and Black Sea amidst regional turmoil, employing a neo-classical realist lens and a global perspective.}, number={Özel Sayı-Future of Europe: Reflections from Türkiye}, publisher={Ankara University}