TY  - JOUR
T1  - Body Image in The Digital Era: Thinspiration, Fitspiration, And Related Disorders
TT  - Dijital Çağda Vücut İmgesi: Zayıflık Özentisi, Spor Özentisi ve İlgili Bozukluklar
AU  - Çınaroğlu, Metin
PY  - 2024
DA  - July
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.59372/turajas.1441987
JF  - Turkish Research Journal of Academic Social Science
JO  - TURAJAS
PB  - Hüdaverdi BİRCAN
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2667-4491
SP  - 97
EP  - 107
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - This review explores the interconnected issues of Thinspiration, Fitspiration, Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), Muscle Dysmorphia (MD), and Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs), highlighting their impact on society and mental health. Thinspiration and Fitspiration, products of digital culture, promote unrealistic beauty and fitness standards, leading to psychological distress. BDD and MD involve an obsessive focus on perceived physical flaws, deeply affecting mental well-being. APED use, a response to societal body image pressures, raises health and ethical concerns. The review analyzes the psychological and sociocultural factors driving these phenomena, the role of media and the health and fitness industry in reinforcing or challenging these norms, and discusses the ethical aspects of health and fitness marketing. Controversies, criticisms, and intervention strategies are presented, advocating for a more inclusive approach to body image. The review calls for societal change, emphasizing education, policy development, and strategies for healthier body image perceptions.
KW  - Thinspiration
KW  - Fitspiration
KW  - Body Dysmorphic Disorder
KW  - Muscle Dysmorphia
N2  - Bu derleme, Thinspiration (Zayıflık özentisi), Fitspiration (Spor özentisi), Beden Algı Bozukluğu (BAD), Kas Disomorfisi (KD) ve Görünüm ve Performansı Artırıcı İlaçlar (GPAİ) gibi konuları, toplumsal ve zihinsel sağlık üzerindeki etkileriyle ele almaktadır. Thinspiration ve Fitspiration, dijital kültürün ürünü olarak, gerçek dışı güzellik ve spor standartları teşvik ederek psikolojik sıkıntılara neden olmaktadır. BAD ve KD, kişilerin zihinsel refahını derinden etkileyen zihinsel sağlık sorunlarıdır. GPAİ kullanımı ise sağlık ve etik sorunlar yaratmaktadır. Bu derleme, söz konusu olguların psikolojik ve sosyokültürel yönlerini, medya ve sağlık endüstrisinin rollerini ve etik meselelerini incelemekte; tartışmalar, eleştiriler ve müdahale yöntemlerini sunmaktadır. Toplumsal değişiklik gerekliliğine vurgu yaparak, daha sağlıklı vücut imajı algıları ve uygulamalarını teşvik etmek için eğitim ve politika gelişimine dikkat çekmektedir.
CR  - Aboody, D., Siev, J., & Doron, G. (2020). Building resilience to body image triggers using brief cognitive training on a mobile application: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 134, 103723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103723
CR  - Alberga, A. S., Wıthnell, S. J., & Von Ranson, K. M. (2018). Fitspiration and thinspiration: a comparison across three social networking sites. Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol 6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0227-x
CR  - Anderson, L. (2016). Harmful inspiration: The consequences of viewing thinspiration and fitspiration images. https://doi.org/10.58809/SOUC9363
CR  - Augusta Quist Møller, S., L Shapiro, S., & Sami, S. (2019). Health benefits of (mindful) self-compassion meditation and the potential complementarity to mindfulness-based interventions: A review of randomized-controlled trials. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 4(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.1901002
CR  - Bızjak, D. E. (2015). Fit Is The New Thin: Fitspiration and Body Satisfaction in College Age Women (Doctoral Dissertation), California State University, Sacramento.
CR  - Blashill, A. J., Grunewald, W., Fang, A., Davidson, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2020). Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder. PloS one, 15(8), e0237651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237651
CR  - Blomeley, D., Phillipou, A., & Castle, D. J. (2018). Sizing it up: a systematic review of the nosology of muscle dysmorphia. Clinical Research in Psychology, 1(1), 1-10.
CR  - Boepple, L., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(1), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22403
CR  - Bozsık, F., Whısenhunt, B. L., Hudson, D. L., Bennett, B., & Lundgren, J. D. (2018). Thin is in? Think again: The rising importance of muscularity in the thin ideal female body. Sex Roles, 79, 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0886-0
CR  - Bucko, A. G. (2017). Associations Amongst Physical Activity, Substance Use and Fitness Industry Trends. Arizona State University.
CR  - Burgard, D. (2009). What is “Health at Every Size”?. In The Fat Studies Reader (pp. 41-53). New York: New York University Press.https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814777435.001.0001
CR  - Carvalho, A. (2023). The ideal of the perfect body. The body in the mind: exercise addiction, body image and the use of enhancement drugs (p. 77-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Cash, T. F., & Smolak, L. (Eds.). (2011). Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention. Guilford press.
CR  - Cataldo, I., De Luca, I., Gıorgettı, V., Cıcconcellı, D., Bersanı, F. S., Imperatorı, C., ... & Corazza, O. (2021). Fitspiration on Social Media: Body-Image and Other Psychopathological Risks Among Young Adults. A Narrative Review. Emerging Trends In Drugs, Addictions, And Health, 1, 100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100010
CR  - Choo, L. (2022). The Impact of Fitspiration on Young Women: A Review of the Literature.
CR  - Cooper, M. (2018). Getting shredded: Improving our understanding of muscle dysmorphia and related symptomology. Downloaded date: 02.01.2024, https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/154284/1/Final%20Dissertation%20July%202018%20-%20Cooper,%20Marita%20.pdf tez
CR  - Coquet, R., Roussel, P., & Ohl, F. (2018). Understanding the paths to appearance-and performance-enhancing drug use in bodybuilding. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01431
CR  - Corazza, O., Simonato, P., Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., Van De Ven, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., ... & Martinotti, G. (2019). The emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study. PloS one, 14(4), e0213060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213060
CR  - Crerand, C. E., Menard, W., & Phıllıps, K. A. (2010). Surgical and Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Procedures Among Persons With Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Annals of Plastic Surgery, Vol: 65(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181bba08f
CR  - Crossman, J. M. (2017). Fitspiration to inspire or to mire? A review of the literature and educational implications. LEARNing Landscapes, 10(2), 115-130.	 https://doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v10i2.805
CR  - Cuadrado, J., Laulan, P., Sentenac, C., Legıgan, C., & Mıchel, G. (2024). “Bigger, stronger, sicker”, integrative psychological assessment for muscle dysmorphia: Case studies of two young women bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research Case Reports, 3(1), 100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycr.2024.100212
CR  - De Luca, I. V., Gıorgettı, D., & Cıcconcellı, O. C. (2023). Exercise, Fitspiration, and the Role of Social Media. The body in the mind: exercise addiction, body image and the use of enhancement drugs (p.  93-107). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CR  - Dıgnard, N. A., & Jarry, J. L. (2021). The “Little Red Riding Hood effect:” Fitspiration Is Just As Bad As Thinspiration For Women’s Body Satisfaction. Body Image, 36, 201-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.012
CR  - Dignard, N. A. (2017). The effects of thinspiration and fitspiration on body satisfaction and appearance self-esteem are equivalent and mediated by appearance comparisons (Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)).
CR  - Duarte, L. S., Chınen, M. N. K., & Fujımorı, E. (2021). Distorted Self-Perception And Dissatisfaction With Body Image Among Nursing Students. Revista Da Escola De Enfermagem Da USP, 55.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2019042903665
CR  - Ferraro, F. R., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Paintner, A., Wasson, K., Hager, T., & Hoverson, F. (2008). Aging, body image, and body shape. The Journal of general psychology, 135(4), 379-392. https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.4.379-392
CR  - Fisher, E. E. (2011). Communication and awareness about body dysmorphic disorder: A perspective from researchers and clinicians. Unpublished manuscript, Colorado State University.
CR  - Fox, K. R. (1999). The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public health nutrition, 2(3a), 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980099000567
CR  - Frare, F., Perugi, G., Ruffolo, G., & Toni, C. (2004). Obsessive–compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. European Psychiatry, 19(5), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.014
CR  - Frew, M., & McGillivray, D. (2005). Health clubs and body politics: Aesthetics and the quest for physical capital. Leisure studies, 24(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000300432
CR  - Ganson, K. T., Pang, N., Testa, A., Jackson, D. B., & Nagata, J. M. (2023). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology: Findings from a Sample of Canadian Adolescents and Young Adults. Clinical Social Work Journal, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-023-00908-9
CR  - Gawash, A., Zıa, H., Al-Shehab, U., & Lo, D. F. (2023). Association of Body Dysmorphic–Induced Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use With Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, Vol: 25(5), 49582. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.23r03532
CR  - Graham, M. R., Davies, B., Grace, F. M., Kicman, A., & Baker, J. S. (2008). Anabolic steroid use: patterns of use and detection of doping. Sports Medicine, 38, 505-525. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838060-00005
CR  - Grıffıths, S., Castle, D., Cunnıngham, M., Murray, S. B., Bastıan, B., & Barlow, F. K. (2018). How Does Exposure To Thinspiration And Fitspiration Relate To Symptom Severity Among Individuals With Eating Disorders? Evaluation Of A Proposed Model. Body Image, Vol: 27, 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.10.002
CR  - Griffiths, S., & Stefanovski, A. (2019). Thinspiration And Fitspiration In Everyday Life: An Experience Sampling Study. Body Image, Vol: 30, 135-144.	 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.07.002
CR  - Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review. International Journal of eating disorders, 31(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10005
CR  - Hadley, S. J., Greenberg, J., & Hollander, E. (2002). Diagnosis And Treatment Of Body Dysmorphic Disorder In Adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, Vol: 4(2), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-002-0043-4
CR  - Hakim, R. F., Alrahmani, D. A., Ahmed, D. M., Alharthi, N. A., Fida, A. R., & Al-Raddadi, R. M. (2021). Association of body dysmorphic disorder with anxiety, depression, and stress among university students. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 16(5), 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.05.008
CR  - Hartmann, A. S., Steenbergen, F., Vocks, S., Büsch, D., & Waldorf, M. (2018). How Healthy Is A Desire To Be Fit And Strong? Drives For Thinness, Leanness, And Muscularity In Women In Weight Training. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, Vol: 12(4), 544-561. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0022
CR  - Harvey, O. (2020). Male anabolic androgenic steroid-users: a mixed-methods study. The voice of the AAS-user (Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University).
CR  - Herceg, L. (2023). Social Connectedness on Instagram: Understanding Young Women’s Experience of Thinspiration and Fitspiration on Instagram. https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-1ryj-kg93
CR  - Hıldebrandt, T., Laı, J. K., Langenbucher, J. W., Schneıder, M., Yehuda, R., & Pfaff, D. W. (2011). The Diagnostic Dilemma Of Pathological Appearance And Performance Enhancing Drug Use. Drug And Alcohol Dependence, Vol: 114(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.018
CR  - Hildebrandt, T., & Alfano, L. (2012). Drug use, appearance-and performance-enhancing. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance, 392-98.
CR  - Hildebrandt, T., Alfano, L., & Langenbucher, J. W. (2010). Body image disturbance in 1000 male appearance and performance enhancing drug users. Journal of psychiatric research, 44(13), 841-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.001
CR  - Hogue, J., Mınıster, C., Sampson, L., Campbell, G., & Mılls, J. (2023). Young Women’s Dialectical Responses To Fitspiration And Thinspiration: A Qualitative Study. Eating Behaviors, 50, 101758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101758
CR  - Hrabosky, J. I., Cash, T. F., Veale, D., Neziroglu, F., Soll, E. A., Garner, D. M., ... & Phillips, K. A. (2009). Multidimensional body image comparisons among patients with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and clinical controls: a multisite study. Body image, 6(3), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.001
CR  - Hung, M. (2022). A content analysis on fitspiration and thinspiration posts on TikTok. Cornell Undergraduate Research Journal, 1(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.37513/curj.v1i1.662
CR  - Jerónımo, F., & Carraça, E. V. (2022). Effects Of Fitspiration Content On Body Image: A Systematic Review. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia And Obesity, Vol: 27(8), 3017-3035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.07.002
CR  - Kelly, M. M., Brault, M. E., & Dıdıe, E. R. (2017). Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder: Advances in research and clinical practice (p. 139-154). New York: Oxford University Press.
CR  - Khemlani-Patel, S., & Neziroglu, F. (2022). Body dysmorphic disorder. Hogrefe Publishing GmbH.
CR  - Krebs, G., Rautio, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Hartmann, A. S., Jassi, A., Martin, A., ... & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2024). Practitioner Review: Assessment and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder in young people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13984
CR  - Krug, I., Selvaraja, P., Fuller-Tyszkıewıcz, M., Hughes, E. K., Slater, A., Grıffıths, S., ... & Blake, K. (2020). The Effects of Fitspiration Images on Body Attributes, Mood And Eating Behaviors: An Experimental Ecological Momentary Assessment Study in Females. Body Image, Vol: 35, 279-287.	 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.011
CR  - Marques, L., Weingarden, H. M., LeBlanc, N. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2011). Treatment utilization and barriers to treatment engagement among people with body dysmorphic symptoms. Journal of psychosomatic research, 70(3), 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.10.002
CR  - McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. (2001). Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and strategies to both. Adolescence, 36(142).
CR  - Monks, H., Costello, L., Dare, J., & Reid Boyd, E. (2021). “We’re continually comparing ourselves to something”: Navigating body image, media, and social media ideals at the nexus of appearance, health, and wellness. Sex Roles, 84(3), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01162-w
CR  - Murashka, V., Lıu, J., & Peng, Y. (2021). Fitspiration on Instagram: Identifying Topic Clusters in User Comments to Posts with Objectification Features. Health Communication, Vol: 36(12), 1537-1548. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1773702
CR  - Murray, S. B., Nagata, J. M., Griffiths, S., Calzo, J. P., Brown, T. A., Mitchison, D., ... & Mond, J. M. (2017). The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis. Clinical psychology review, 57, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.001
CR  - Nagata, J. M., Mcguıre, F. H., Lavender, J. M., Brown, T. A., Murray, S. B., Compte, E. J., ... & Lunn, M. R. (2022). Appearance And Performance-Enhancing Drugs And Supplements (APEDS): Lifetime Use And Associations With Eating Disorder And Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms Among Cisgender Sexual Minority People. Eating Behaviors, Vol: 44, 101595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101595
CR  - Narrow, W. E., First, M. B., Sirovatka, P. J., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.). (2008). Age and gender considerations in psychiatric diagnosis: A research agenda for DSM-V.
CR  - O’Brien, K. (2015). The cultivation of eating disorders through Instagram.
CR  - Outar, L. (2022). Body Image Beliefs: The Examination of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Assessment of Irrational and Rational Beliefs in Body Image (Doctoral dissertation, Staffordshire University).
CR  - Pasko, K., & Arigo, D. (2021). The roles of social comparison orientation and regulatory focus in college students’ responses to fitspiration posts on social media: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Mental Health, 8(9), e26204. https://doi.org/10.2196/26204
CR  - Phillips, K. A. (2004). Body dysmorphic disorder: recognizing and treating imagined ugliness. World Psychiatry, 3(1), 12.
CR  - Phillips, K. A., Kim, J. M., & Hudson, J. I. (1995). Body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: Obsessions or delusions?. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(2), 317-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30057-1
CR  - Prnjak, K., Pemberton, S., Helms, E., & Phıllıps, J. G. (2020). Reactions To Ideal Body Shapes. The Journal of General Psychology, Vol: 147(4), 361-380.	 https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2019.1676190
CR  - Quesnel, D. A., Cook, B., Murray, K., & Zamudıo, J. (2018). Inspiration Or Thinspiration: The Association Among Problematic Internet Use, Exercise Dependence, And Eating Disorder Risk. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Vol: 16, 1113-1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9834-z
CR  - Raggatt, M., Wrıght, C. J., Carrotte, E., Jenkınson, R., Mulgrew, K., Prıchard, I., & Lım, M. S. (2018). “I Aspire To Look and Feel Healthy Like The Posts Convey”: Engagement with Fitness Inspiration on Social Media And Perceptions of Its Influence on Health And Wellbeing. BMC Public Health, Vol: 18, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5930-7
CR  - Ramsey, K. (2021). Hot or Not? The Effects of Fitspiration Images on Body Dysmorphic Concerns.
CR  - Scarth, M., Westlye, L. T., Havnes, I. A., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2023). Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis among male weightlifters. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 342. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04781-1
CR  - Schreıber, K., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2015). The truth about exercise addiction: Understanding the dark side of thinspiration. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
CR  - Segar, M. L., Eccles, J. S., & Richardson, C. R. (2011). Rebranding exercise: closing the gap between values and behavior. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 8, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-94
CR  - Segura-García, C., Ammendolia, A., Procopio, L., Papaianni, M. C., Sinopoli, F., Bianco, C., ... & Capranica, L. (2010). Body uneasiness, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia in individuals who overexercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(11), 3098-3104. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d0a575
CR  - Sımpson, C. C., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2017). Skinny Is Not Enough: A Content Analysis Of Fitspiration On Pinterest. Health Communication, Vol: 32(5), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1140273
CR  - Sreshta, N., Pope, H. G., Hudson, J. I., & Kanayama, G. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia (pp. 81-107). New York: Oxford University Press.
CR  - Steeves, M. (2010). Are we all ugly ducklings when we look in the mirror?: misunderstandings and new interpretations: a discursive analysis of the idealized body within pro-anorexia websites (Doctoral dissertation, University of Saskatchewan).
CR  - Strong, C. J. (2021). Body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: An investigation of shared etiology and a proposed transdiagnostic treatment model (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
CR  - Strübel, J., Leger, R., & Guan, X. (2022). Appearance and performance enhancing drug usage and body image across three age cohorts of fitness enthusiast men. Journal of Men’s Health, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jomh1802051
CR  - Sun, M. D., & Rieder, E. A. (2022). Psychosocial issues and body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetics: Review and debate. Clinics in Dermatology, 40(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.08.008
CR  - Talbot, C. V., Gavin, J., Van Steen, T., & Morey, Y. (2017). A content analysis of thinspiration, fitspiration, and bonespiration imagery on social media. Journal of eating disorders, 5, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-017-0170-2
CR  - Thompson, J. K., & Heinberg, L. J. (1999). The media’s influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders: We’ve reviled them, now can we rehabilitate them?. Journal of social issues, 55(2), 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00119
CR  - Tıggemann, M., Churches, O., Mıtchell, L., & Brown, Z. (2018). Tweeting Weight Loss: A Comparison Of# Thinspiration And# Fitspiration Communities On Twitter. Body Image, Vol: 25, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.03.002
CR  - Trenton, A. J., & Currıer, G. W. (2005). Behavioural Manifestations Of Anabolic Steroid Use. CNS Drugs, Vol: 19, 571-595. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519070-00002
CR  - van Amsterdam, J., Opperhuizen, A., & Hartgens, F. (2010). Adverse health effects of anabolic–androgenic steroids. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57(1), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.02.001
CR  - Walker, D. C., Anderson, D. A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2009). Body checking behaviors in men. Body image, 6(3), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.001
CR  - Webb, J. B., Thomas, E. V., Rogers, C. B., Clark, V. N., Hartsell, E. N., & Putz, D. Y. (2019). Fitspo at Every Size? A comparative content analysis of# curvyfit versus# curvyyoga Instagram images. Fat Studies, 8(2), 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2019.1548860
UR  - https://doi.org/10.59372/turajas.1441987
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3749992
ER  -