TY  - JOUR
T1  - Exploring Visual Search: Past and Current Insights
TT  - Görsel Aramayı Keşfetmek: Geçmiş ve Güncel Bilgiler
AU  - Kazan, Cansu
AU  - Bolat, Nilsu
AU  - Aksu, Zeynep
AU  - Alp, Nihan
PY  - 2025
DA  - May
Y2  - 2025
DO  - 10.26650/SP2024-1455510
JF  - Studies in Psychology
PB  - Istanbul University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1304-4680
SP  - 38
EP  - 63
VL  - 45
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - The visual search paradigm is a fundamental concept in cognitive psychology and neuroscience that seeks to understand how people perceive and recognize specific items in visually complex environments. It also serves as a fundamental tool for understanding cognitive mechanisms such as attentional processes, information processing, and environmental awareness. This paradigm is widely used in laboratory settings with consistent stimuli to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence visual perception and attention. In addition, visual search plays a significant role in our daily lives, particularly in social interactions. Although the phrase visual search has been used in scientific literature since the 1940s, its use as a technique in visual cognitive science research only began in the 1970s. It was not until the 1980s, pioneered by Tresiman and Galade, that visual search became a research field on its own, gaining significant popularity among visual perception scientists in the early 1990s. The current definition of visual search, which remains accepted and quoted to date, was introduced by Wolfe and Horowitz in 2008. Since then, studies in the field have continued to be carried out without slowing down. Today, the visual search paradigm not only remains an active research area of cognitive psychology and neuroscience but also a diagnostic approach in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. In this paper, we review the evolution of the visual search paradigm from the 1980s to the present, discussing the principles and mechanisms that have been accepted by the scientific community thus far. Additionally, we review studies that have been conducted using this paradigm on the topics of visual perception and attention, categorizing them into research areas.
KW  - Visual search
KW  - attention
KW  - perception
KW  - vision
N2  - Görsel arama, insanların görsel olarak zengin ortamlardaki belirli öğeleri nasıl algıladıklarını ve tanıdıklarını inceleyen, bilişsel psikoloji ve nörobilim için oldukça önemli bir paradigma olup, dikkat süreçleri, bilgi işleme ve çevresel farkındalık gibi bilişsel mekanizmaların anlaşılmasında temel bir araç olarak öne çıkar. Görsel arama paradigması, laboratuvar ortamlarında sabit ve kontrollü uyaranlar kullanarak görsel dikkati ve algıyı etkileyen çeşitli faktörleri anlamak için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir araştırma yöntemidir. Bununla birlikte, görsel arama, özellikle diğer insanlarla etkileşim söz konusu olduğunda, günlük yaşamımızda da son derece kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Görsel arama kalıbının bilimsel literatürde kullanılmaya başlaması 1940’lara kadar giderken, bu paradigmanın görsel bilişsel bilim araştırmalarında bir teknik olarak kullanılması 1970’lerde gerçekleşmiştir. Görsel aramanın bir araştırma aracı olmaktan çıkması ve kendi başına bir araştırma alanına evrilmesi Tresiman ve Galade’nin öncülüğünde 1980’lerde gerçekleşmiş ve bu yeni araştırma alanı 1990’ların başlarında görsel algı bilimcileri arasında oldukça popüler hale gelmiştir. Günümüzde halen kabul edilen ve sıkça alıntılanan tanımı, 2008 yılında Wolfe ve  Horowitz tarafından literatüre kazandırılmış ve alandaki çalışmalar hız kesmeden gerçekleştirilmeye devam etmiştir. Günümüzde hala oldukça aktif bir araştırma alanı ve aracı olan görsel arama paradigması, bilişsel psikoloji ve nörobilim çalışmalarının yanında dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu gibi birçok farklı sinir gelişimsel rahatsızlıkta da tanısal bir yaklaşım olarak yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, görsel arama paradigmasının 1980’lerden günümüze kadar olan evriminin, bilimsel toplulukça şimdiye kadar kabul edilmiş temel çalışma prensiplerinin ve mekanizmalarının üzerinden geçiyor ve görsel algı ve dikkat konu başlıkları altında bu paradigma kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş deneysel çalışmaları araştırma alanlarına ayırarak inceliyoruz.
CR  - Abassi Abu Rukab, S., Khayat, N., & Hochstein, S. (2022). High-LeveL visuaL search in chiLdren with autism. Journal of Vision, 22(9), 6. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.9.6 google scholar
CR  - ALmeida, R. A., Dickinson, J. E., Maybery, M. T., Badcock, J. C., & Badcock, D. R. (2010). VisuaL search performance in the autism spectrum ii: The radiaL frequency search task with additionaL segmentation cues. Neuropsychologia, 48 (14), 4117- 4124. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.neuropsychoLogia.2010.10.009 google scholar
CR  - Ambati, V. N. P., Reimer, J. F., EscaLante, G., & Saucedo, F. (2023). AtypicaL gaze behavior in chiLdren with high functioning autism during an active baLance task. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 11(2), 0-0. https://doi.org/10.52547/aassjournaL.1143 google scholar
CR  - Arend, i., & Henik, A. (2017). What can iLLusory conjunctions reveaL about synaesthetic bindings? Multisensory Research, 30(3-5), 235251. https://doi.org/l0.1163/22134808-00002555 google scholar
CR  - Bachmann, H. P., Japee, S., Merriam, E. P., & Liu, T. T. (2024). Emotion and anxiety interact to bias spatiaL attention. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 24(4), 1109-1124. https://doi.org/l0.1037/emo0001322 google scholar
CR  - BaLL, K., Lane, A. R., Smith, D. T., & ELLison, A. (2013). Site-dependent effects of tDCS uncover dissociations in the communication network underLying the processing of visuaL search. Brain Stimulation, 6(6), 959-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.06.001 google scholar
CR  - Banerjee, S., Grover, S., & Sridharan, D. (2017). UnraveLing CausaL Mechanisms of Top-Down and Bottom-Up VisuospatiaL Attention with Non-invasive Brain StimuLation. Journal of the InDian Institute of Science, 91, 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-017-0046-0 google scholar
CR  - Barrett, A. M., & Houston, K. E. (2019). Update on the cLinicaL approach to spatiaL negLect. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 19 (5), ArticLe e25. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s11910-019-0940-0 google scholar
CR  - Battersby, W. S., Bender, M. B., PoLLack, M., & Kahn, R. L. (1956). UniLateraL “spatiaL agnosia” (“inattention”) in patients with cerebraL Lesions. Brain, 79(1), 68-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/79.1.68 google scholar
CR  - Becker, D. V., Anderson, U. S., Mortensen, C. R., NeufeLd, S. L., & NeeL, R. (2011). The face in the crowd effect unconfounded: Happy faces, not angry faces, are more efficientLy detected in singLe- and muLtipLe-target visuaL search tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(4), 637-659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024060 google scholar
CR  - Becker, S. i., Grubert, A., Horstmann, G., & Ansorge, U. (2023). Which processes dominate visuaL search: Bottom-up feature contrast, top-down tuning or triaL history? Cognition, 236, ArticLe e105420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105420 google scholar
CR  - Behrmann, M., Ebert, P., & BLack, S. E. (2004). HemispatiaL negLect and visuaL search: A Large scaLe anaLysis. Cortex, 40(2), 247-263. https:// doi.org/l0.1016/S0010- 9452(08)70120-5 google scholar
CR  - BeLLato, A., Perna, J., Ganapathy, P. S., SoLmi, M., Zampieri, A., Cortese, S., & Faraone,S. V. (2023). Association between ADHD and vision probLems. A systematic review and meta-anaLysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 28 (i), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01699-0 google scholar
CR  - Benjamins, J. S., DaLmaijer, E. S., Ten Brink, A. F., Nijboer, T. C. W., & Van Der StigcheL, S. (2019). MuLti-target visuaL search organisation across the Lifespan: CanceLLation task performance in a Large and demographicaLLy stratified sampLe of heaLthy aduLts. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 26(5), 731-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2018.1521508 google scholar
CR  - Bisiach, E., BuLgareLLi, C., Sterzi, R., & VaLLar, G. (1983). Line bisection and cognitive pLasticity of uniLateraL negLect of space. Brain and Cognition, 2 (i), 32-38. https://doi.org/l0.1016/0278-2626(83)90027-1 google scholar
CR  - Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Lei, Z., Trommer, B. L., Davenport, N. D., Li, W., Parrish, T. B., GiteLman, D. R., & MesuLam, M. M. (2005). Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visuaL seLective attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46(1), 94-111. google scholar
CR  - https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.1469-7610.2004.00337.x google scholar
CR  - Botch, T. L., Garcia, B. D., Choi, Y. B., & Robertson, C. E. (2021). Individual differences in visual search performance extend from artificial arrays to naturalistic. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.15.464609 google scholar
CR  - Botch, T. L., Garcia, B. D., Choi, Y. B., Feffer, N., & Robertson, C. E. (2023). Active visuaL search in naturaListic environments reflects individuaL differences in cLassic visuaL search performance. Scientific Reports, 13(i), ArticLe e631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27896-7 google scholar
CR  - Brain, W. R. (1941). VisuaL disorientation with speciaL reference to Lesions of the right cerebraL hemisphere. Brain, 64(4), 244-272. https:// doi.org/10.1093/brain/64.4.244 google scholar
CR  - Buch, A. M., Vertes, P. E., SeidLitz, J., Kim, S. H., Grosenick, L., & Liston, C. (2023). MoLecuLar and network-LeveL mechanisms expLaining individuaL differences in autism spectrum disorder. Nature Neuroscience, 26(4), 650-663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01259-x google scholar
CR  - Burns, C. O., Dixon, D. R., Novack, M., & Granpeesheh, D. (2017). A systematic review of assessments for sensory processing abnormaLities in autism spectrum disorder. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3(4), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 40489-017-0109-1 google scholar
CR  - Buscher, G., Dumais, S. T., & CutreLL, E. (2010). The good, the bad, and the random: An eye-tracking study of ad quaLity in web search. in Proceedings of the 33rd International ACM SIĞIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (pp. 42-49). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/1835449.1835459 google scholar
CR  - ButLer, B. C., Lawrence, M., Eskes, G. A., & KLein, R. (2009). VisuaL search patterns in negLect: Comparison of peripersonaL and extrapersonaL space. Neuropsychologia, 47(3), 869-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychoLogia.2008.12.020 google scholar
CR  - Cai, Z.,Lİ, Y. N., Zheng, X. S., & Zhang, K. (2015, ApriL). AppLying feature integration theory to gLyph-based Information visuaLization. İn 2015 IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis) (pp. 99-103). iEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PACiFiCViS.2015.7156363 google scholar
CR  - Canu, D., ioannou, C., MüLLer, K., Martin, B., FLeischhaker, C., BiscaLdi, M., BeauduceL, A., Smyrnis, N., van ELst, L. T., & KLein, C. (2022). VisuaL search in neurodeveLopmentaL disorders: Evidence towards a continuum of impairment. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31 (8), 1-18. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s00787-021-01756-z google scholar
CR  - CazzoLi, D., RosenthaL, C. R., Kennard, C., Zito, G. A., Hopfner, S., Müri, R. M., & NyffeLer, T. (2015). Theta burst stimuLation improves overt visuaL search in spatiaL negLect independentLy of attentionaL Load. Cortex, 73, 317-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.09.009 google scholar
CR  - Chan, L. K. H., & Hayward, W. G. (2009). Feature integration theory revisited: Dissociating feature detection and attentionaL guidance in visuaL search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0096-1523.35.1.119 google scholar
CR  - Chan, M. K.-L., Wong, C. L., Yu, K. P., & Tong, R. K.-Y. (2023). Examining eye tracking metrics and cognitive function in post-stroke individ-uaLs: A comparison of visuaL searching tasks between those with and without cognitive impairment. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 53(6), 683-692. https://doi.org/l0.1159/000535756 google scholar
CR  - Chang, S., & Egeth, H. E. (2019). Enhancement and suppression flexibLy guide attention. Psychological Science, 30(12), 1724-1732. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0956797619878813 google scholar
CR  - Chapman, A. F., & Störmer, V. S. (2022). Feature simiLarity is non-LinearLy reLated to attentionaL seLection: Evidence from visuaL search and sustained attention tasks. Journal of Vision, 22(8), ArticLe e4. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.8.4 google scholar
CR  - ChechLacz, M., Rotshtein, P., Roberts, K. L., Bickerton, W. L., Lau, J. K., & Humphreys, G. W. (2012). The prognosis of aLLocentric and egocentric negLect: Evidence from cLinicaL scans. PloS one, 7(11), ArticLe e47821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journaL.pone.0047821 google scholar
CR  - CineL, C., & Humphreys, G. W. (2006). On the reLations between impLicit and expLicit spatiaL binding: Evidence from BaLint’s syndrome. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.6.2.127 google scholar
CR  - Cox, J. A., & AimoLa Davies, A. M. (2020). Keeping an eye on visuaL search patterns in visuospatiaL negLect: A systematic review. Neuropsychologia, 146, ArticLe e107547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychoLogia.2020.107547 google scholar
CR  - CubeLLi, R. (2017). Definition: SpatiaL negLect. Cortex, 92, 320-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.021 google scholar
CR  - CubeLLi, R. (2023). MiLestones in Cortex: Three itaLian papers on spatiaL negLect. Cortex, 170, 32-37. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023. 09.012 google scholar
CR  - Dakin, S., & Frith, U. (2005). Vagaries of visuaL perception in autism. Neuron, 48(3), 497-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.018 google scholar
CR  - DaLrympLe, K. A., Barton, J., & Kingstone, A. (2013). A worLd ungLued: SimuLtanagnosia as a spatiaL restriction of attention. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, ArticLe e145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00145 google scholar
CR  - Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartLand, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioraL and eLectrophysioLogicaL studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942 dn2703_6 google scholar
CR  - DeLLapiazza, F., Vernhet, C., BLanc, N., Miot, S., Schmidt, R., & BaghdadLi, A. (2018). Links between sensory processing, adaptive behaviours, and attention in chiLdren with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 270, 78-88. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.023 google scholar
CR  - Doherty, B. R., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., Scerif, G., GLiga, T., & BASiS Team. (2018). VisuaL search and autism symptoms: What young chiLdren search for and co-occurring ADHD matter. Developmental Science, 21 (5), ArticLe e12661. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12661 google scholar
CR  - Donnadieu, S., Berger, C., LaLLier, M., Marendaz, C., & Laurent, A. (2015). is the impairment in temporaL aLLocation of visuaL attention in chiLdren with ADHD reLated to a deveLopmentaL deLay or a structuraL cognitive deficit? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 384-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.014 google scholar
CR  - DonneLLy, N., MuhL-Richardson, A., Godwin, H. J., & Cave, K. R. (2019). Using eye movements to understand how security screeners search for threats in x-ray baggage. Vision, 3 (2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision3020024 google scholar
CR  - Dugue, L., Beck, A.-A., Marque, P., & VanRuLLen, R. (2019). Contribution of FEF to attentionaL periodicity during visuaL search: A TMS study. eNeuro, 6 (3), eneuro.0357-18.2019. https://doi.org/l0.1523/eneuro.0357-18.2019 google scholar
CR  - Eckstein, M. P. (2011). VisuaL search: A retrospective. Journal of Vision, 11(5), ArticLe e14. https://doi.org/10.1167/11.5.14 google scholar
CR  - Ellison, A., Ball, K. L., Moseley, P., Dowsett, J., Smith, D. T., Weis, S., & Lane, A. R. (2014). Functional interaction between right parietal and biLateraL frontaL cortices during visuaL search tasks reveaLed using functionaL magnetic imaging and transcraniaL direct current stimuLation. PLOS ONE, 9(4), ArticLe e93767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journaL.pone.0093767 google scholar
CR  - ELLison, A., Lane, A. R., & Schenk, T. (2007). The interaction of brain regions during visuaL search processing as reveaLed by transcraniaL magnetic stimuLation. Cerebral Cortex, 17(il), 2579-2584. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhLl65 google scholar
CR  - Emerson, R. L., Garcîa-MoLina, A., Lopez CarbaLLo, J., Garcîa Fernândez, J., Aparicio- Lopez, C., Novo, J., Sânchez-Carrion, R., Ensenat-CantaLLops, A., & Pena- Casanova, J. (2019). VisuaL search in uniLateraL spatiaL negLect: The effects of distractors on a dynamic visuaL search task. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(5), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1434522 google scholar
CR  - Epstein, R. A., & Baker, C. i. (2019). Scene Perception in the Human Brain. Annual Review of Vision Science, 5(1), 373-397. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-vision- 091718-014809 google scholar
CR  - ErasLan Boz, H., KoçoğLu, K., Akkoyun, M., Tüfekci, i. Y., Ekin, M., & AkdaL, G. (2023). VisuaL search in ALzheimer’s disease and amnestic miLd cognitive impairment: An eye-tracking study. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 20(2), 759-768. https://doi.org/10.1002/aLz.13478 google scholar
CR  - Eriksen, C. W., & Yeh, Y.-Y. (1985). ALLocation of attention in the visuaL fieLd. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(5), 583-597. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0096-1523.11.5.583 google scholar
CR  - Evans, K. K., Horowitz, T. S., Howe, P., Pedersini, R., Reijnen, E., Pinto, Y., Kuzmova, Y., & WoLfe, J. M. (2011). VisuaL attention. WIREs Cognitive Science, 2(5), 503-514. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.127 google scholar
CR  - Faieq, A. K., & MijwiL, M. M. (2022). The utiLisation of machine Learning techniques in the diagnosis of breast cancer. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Data Science and Applications (ICONDATA'22) (pp. 7-11). https://doi.org/10.24203/ajcis.v9i4.6765 google scholar
CR  - Federici, A., Bennett, C. R., Bauer, C. M., ManLey, C. E., Ricciardi, E., Bottari, D., & Merabet, L. B. (2023). ALtered neuraL osciLLations underLying visuospatiaL processing in cerebraL visuaL impairment. Brain Communications, 5(5), ArticLe efcad232. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/braincomms/fcad232 google scholar
CR  - FeLLrath, J., BLanche-Durbec, V., Schnider, A., Jacquemoud, A.-S., & Ptak, R. (2012). VisuaL search in spatiaL negLect studied with a preview paradigm. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, ArticLe e6. http://www.frontiersin.org/articLes/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00093 google scholar
CR  - Frischen, A., Eastwood, J. D., & SmiLek, D. (2008). VisuaL search for faces with emotionaL expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 662676. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0033-2909.134.5.662 google scholar
CR  - GaspeLin, N., Leonard, C. J., & Luck, S. J. (2017). Suppression of overt attentionaL capture by saLient-but-irreLevant coLor singLetons. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79(i), 45-62 https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13414-016-1209-1 google scholar
CR  - Ghose, T., Mathur, A., & Majumdar, R. (2018). Study of visuaL search in 3D space using virtuaL reaLity (VR). Journal of Vision, 18(10), ArticLe e286. https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.286 google scholar
CR  - GiLLebert, C. R., & Humphreys, G. W. (2010). The decomposition of visuaL binding over time: NeuropsychoLogicaL evidence from iLLusory conjunctions after posterior parietaL damage. Visual Cognition, 18(7), 954-980. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280903356764 google scholar
CR  - GLiga, T., Bedford, R., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & BASiS Team. (2015). Enhanced visuaL search in infancy predicts emerging autism symptoms. Current Biology, 25(13), 1727-1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.011 google scholar
CR  - GoLarai, G., GriLL-Spector, K., & Reiss, A. L. (2006). Autism and the deveLopment of face processing. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 6(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnr.2006.08.001 google scholar
CR  - Greenberg, A. S., Rosen, M., Cutrone, E., & Behrmann, M. (2015). The effects of visuaL search efficiency on object-based attention. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 77(5), 1544-1557. https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13414-015-0892-7 google scholar
CR  - GuiLbert, A., & Rochette, F. (2023). VisuaL search organization in a canceLLation task in deveLopmentaL dysLexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 40(3-4), 148-157. https://doi.org/l0.1080/02643294.2023.2286026 google scholar
CR  - Guo, J., Luo, X., Kong, Y., Li, B., Si, B., Jensen, O., Sun, L., & Song, Y. (2023a). The effects of first-dose methyLphenidate on the neuraL signatures of visuaL seLective attention in chiLdren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychology, 177, ArticLe e108481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108481 google scholar
CR  - Guo, J., Luo, X., Kong, Y., Li, B., Si, B., Sun, L., & Song, Y. (2023b). AbnormaL reactivity of brain osciLLations to visuaL search target in chiLdren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 8(5),522-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.002 google scholar
CR  - GutschaLk, A., & Dykstra, A. R. (2015). Auditory negLect and reLated disorders. in M. J. Aminoff, F. BoLLer, & D. F. Swaab (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (VoL. 129, pp. 557-571). ELsevier. https://doi.org/l0.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00031-7 google scholar
CR  - Hadad, B.-S., & Yashar, A. (2022). Sensory perception in autism: What can we Learn? Annual Review of Vision Science, 8(i), 239-264. https://doi.org/l0.1146/annurev-vision-093020-035217 google scholar
CR  - Hamblln-Frohman, Z., Chang, S., Egeth, H., & LLeras, A. (2022). Eye movements reveaL the contributions of earLy and Late processes of enhancement and suppression to the guidance of visuaL search. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84(6), 1913-1924. https:// doi.org/l0.3758/s13414-022-02536-w google scholar
CR  - Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 917-924. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0022-3514.54.6.917 google scholar
CR  - Hassan, M. M., & Mokhtar, H. M. O. (2019). investigating autism etioLogy and heterogeneity by decision tree aLgorithm. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 16, ArticLe e100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2019.100215 google scholar
CR  - HazeLL, P. L., Carr, V. J., Lewin, T. J., Dewis, S. A., Heathcote, D. M., & Brucki, B. M. (1999). EffortfuL and automatic information processing in boys with ADHD and specific Learning disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40(2), 275286. https://doi.org/l0.111l/l469-7610.00441 google scholar
CR  - HeiLman, K., VaLenstein, E., & Watson, R. (2000). NegLect and reLated disorders. Seminars in Neurology, 20, 463-470. https://doi.org/10. 1055/s-2000-13179 google scholar
CR  - Hemström, J., ALbonico, A., Djouab, S., & Barton, J. J. S. (2019). VisuaL search for compLex objects: Set-size effects for faces, words and cars. Vision Research, 162, 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.007 google scholar
CR  - Hirota, T., & King, B. H. (2023). Autism spectrum disorder: A Review. JAMA, 329(2), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.23661 google scholar
CR  - Hooge, i. T. C., Niehorster, D. C., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., & HesseLs, R. S. (2022). Fixation cLassification: How to merge and seLect fixation candidates. Behavior Research Methods, 54(6), 2765-2776. https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13428-021- 01723-1 google scholar
CR  - Hoppe, D., & Rothkopf, C. A. (2019). MuLti-step pLanning of eye movements in visuaL search. Scientfic Reports, 9(i), ArticLe e144. https:// doi.org/l0.1038/s41598-018-37536-0 google scholar
CR  - Horstmann, G., ScharLau, i., & Ansorge, U. (2006). More efficient rejection of happy than of angry face distractors in visuaL search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(6), 1067-1073. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213927 google scholar
CR  - Hsieh, P. J., CoLas, J. T., & Kanwisher, N. (2011). Unconscious pop-out: AttentionaL capture by unseen feature singLetons onLy when top-down attention is avaiLabLe. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419302 google scholar
CR  - Humphreys, G. W., HodsoLL, J., & Riddoch, M. J. (2009). Fractionating the binding process: NeuropsychoLogicaL evidence from reversed search efficiencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 627- 647. https://doi.org/10. 1037/a0013705 google scholar
CR  - Jassim, N., Baron-Cohen, S., & SuckLing, J. (2021). Meta-anaLytic evidence of differentiaL prefrontaL and earLy sensory cortex activity during non-sociaL sensory perception in autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 127, 146-157. https://doi.0rg/IO.IOI6/j. neubiorev.2021.04.014 google scholar
CR  - Jin, H., Oxner, M., CorbaLLis, P. M., & Hayward, W. G. (2022). HoListic face processing is influenced by non-conscious visuaL Information. British Journal of Psychology, 113(1), 300-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12521 google scholar
CR  - Joseph, R. M., Keehn, B., ConnoLLy, C., WoLfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2009). Why is visuaL search superior in autism spectrum disorder? Developmental Science, 12(6), 1083-1096. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.1467-7687.2009.00855.x google scholar
CR  - Juth, P., Lundqvist, D., KarLsson, A., & Öhman, A. (2005). Looking for foes and friends: perceptuaL and emotionaL factors when finding a face in the crowd. Emotion, 5(4), 379-395. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/l528-3542.5.4.379 google scholar
CR  - KaLdy, Z., Giserman, i., Carter, A. S., & BLaser, E. (2016). The mechanisms underLying the ASD advantage in visuaL search. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1513-1527. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10803-013-1957-x google scholar
CR  - Katsuki, F., & Constantinidis, C. (2014). Bottom-up and top-down attention: Different processes and overLapping neuraL systems. The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry, 20(5), 509-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1073858413514136 google scholar
CR  - Kavsek, M., HeiL, M., & Granrud, C. E. (2022). HoListic face processing in 4- and 7- month-oLd infants. Infancy: The Oficial Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 27(6), 1052-1067. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12504 google scholar
CR  - Kazanovich, Y., & Borisyuk, R. (2017). Reaction times in visuaL search can be expLained by a simpLe modeL of neuraL synchronization. Neural Networks, 87, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2016.12.003 google scholar
CR  - Keehn, B., & Joseph, R. M. (2016). SLowed search in the context of unimpaired grouping in autism: Evidence from muLtipLe conjunction search. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 9(3), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1002/ aur.1534 google scholar
CR  - Keehn, B., KadLaskar, G., & Keehn, R. M. (2023). ELevated and acceLerated: Locus coeruLeus activity and visuaL search abiLities in autistic chiLdren. Cortex, 169, 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.08.016 google scholar
CR  - Kershner, A. M., & HoLLingworth, A. (2022). ReaL-worLd object categories and scene contexts conjointLy structure statisticaL Learning for the guidance of visuaL search. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84(4), 1304-1316. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-022-02475-6 google scholar
CR  - Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Winkler, I., & Junghofer, M. (2009). Emotion and attention in visual word processing: An ERP study. Biological Psychology, 80(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/l0.1016Zj.biopsycho.2008.03.004 google scholar
CR  - Krakowski, C.-S., Borst, G., Pineau, A., Houde, O., & PoireL, N. (2015). You can detect the trees as weLL as the forest when adding the Leaves: Evidence from visuaL search tasks containing three-LeveL hierarchicaL stimuLi. Açta Psychologica, 157, 131-143. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.actpsy.2015.03.001 google scholar
CR  - Kristjânsson, Â., ingvarsdöttir, Â., & Teitsdöttir, U. D. (2008). Object- and feature-based priming in visuaL search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(2), 378-384. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.2.378 google scholar
CR  - Laasonen, M., SaLomaa, J., Cousineau, D., Leppâmâki, S., Tani, P., Hokkanen, L., & Dye, M. (2012). Project DyAdd: VisuaL attention in aduLt dysLexia and ADHD. Brain and Cognition, 80(3), 311-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.08.002 google scholar
CR  - Leonard, C. J., & Egeth, H. E. (2008). AttentionaL guidance in singLeton search: An examination of top-down, bottom-up, and intertriaL factors. Visual Cognition, 16(8), 1078-1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280701580698 google scholar
CR  - LeopoLd, D. A., & Rhodes, G. (2010). A comparative view of face perception. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 124(3), 233-251. https:// doi.org/10.1037/a0019460 google scholar
CR  - Li, F., Li, X., & Kou, H. (2023). EmotionaL recognition training enhances attention to emotionaL stimuLi among maLe juveniLe deLinquents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 575-586. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S403512 google scholar
CR  - Li, K., Kadohisa, M., Kusunoki, M., Duncan, J., Bundesen, C., & DitLevsen, S. (2020). Distinguishing between paraLLeL and seriaL processing in visuaL attention from neurobioLogicaL data. Royal Society Open Science, 7(1), ArticLe e191553. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191553 google scholar
CR  - Lian, X., Hong, W. C. H., Xu, X., KimberLy, K.-Z., & Wang, Z. (2023). The influence of picture book design on visuaL attention of chiLdren with autism: A piLot study. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 69(6), 946-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869. 2022.2033590 google scholar
CR  - Ligeza, T. S., Tymorek, A. D., & Wyczesany, M. (2017). Top-down and bottom-up competition in visuaL stimuLi processing. Açta Neurobi-ologiae Experimentalis, 77(4), 305-316. https://doi.org/l0.21307/ane-2017-063 google scholar
CR  - Lipp, O. V., Price, S. M., & TeLLegen, C. L. (2009a). EmotionaL faces in neutraL crowds: Detecting dispLays of anger, happiness, and sadness on schematic and photographic images of faces. Motivation and Emotion, 33(3), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-009-9136-2 google scholar
CR  - Lipp, O. V., Price, S. M., & TeLLegen, C. L. (2009b). No effect of inversion on attentionaL and affective processing of faciaL expressions. Emotion, 9(2), 248-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014715 google scholar
CR  - LLorens, R., & Noe, E. (2016). Through the eyes of negLect patients: A preLiminary eye- tracking study of uniLateraL spatiaL negLect. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28(i), ArticLe e8-9. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15060156 google scholar
CR  - Lopez Perez, D., Kennedy, D. P., TomaLski, P., BöLte, S., D’Onofrio, B., & FaLck-Ytter, T. (2019). VisuaL search performance does not reLate to autistic traits in the generaL popuLation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2624-2631. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10803-019-03907-3 google scholar
CR  - Luck, S. J., & Ford, M. A. (1998). On the roLe of seLective attention in visuaL perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(3), 825-830. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.825 google scholar
CR  - Luvizutto, G. J., FogaroLi, M. O., Theotonio, R. M., Moura Neto, E. D., Nunes, H. R. D. C., & Bazan, R. (2020). Norm scores of canceLation and bisection tests for uniLateraL spatiaL negLect: Data from a BraziLian popuLation. Clinics, 75, ArticLe e1468. https://doi.org/10.6061/ cLinics/2019/e1468 google scholar
CR  - Maccari, L., Pasini, A., CaroLi, E., Rosa, C., Marotta, A., MarteLLa, D., Fuentes, L. J., & Casagrande, M. (2014). VisuaL search and emotion: How chiLdren with autism spectrum disorders scan emotionaL scenes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 28712881. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10803-014-2148-0 google scholar
CR  - Marciano, H., GaL, E., Kimchi, R., HedLey, D., GoLdfarb, Y., & Bonneh, Y. S. (2022). VisuaL detection and decoding skiLLs of aeriaL photography by aduLts with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(3), 1346-1360. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10803-021-05039-z google scholar
CR  - Martin, A., & Becker, S. i. (2018). How feature reLationships influence attention and awareness: Evidence from eye movements and EEG. google scholar
CR  - Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(12),1865-1883.https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000574 google scholar
CR  - Masi, A., DeMayo, M. M., GLozier, N., & GuasteLLa, A. J. (2017). An overview of autism spectrum disorder, heterogeneity and treatment options. Neuroscience Bulletin, 33(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s12264-017-0100-y google scholar
CR  - Mason, D. J., Humphreys, G. W., & Kent, L. (2004). VisuaL search, singLeton capture, and the controL of attentionaL set in ADHD. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21(6), 661-687. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290342000267 google scholar
CR  - Mason, D. J., Humphreys, G. W., & Kent, L. S. (2003). ExpLoring seLective attention in ADHD: VisuaL search through space and time. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(8), 1158-1176. https://doi.org/l0.111l/l469-7610.00204 google scholar
CR  - Mayer, J. S., Bernhard, A., Fann, N., Boxhoorn, S., Hartman, C. A., Reif, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2021). Cognitive mechanisms underlying depressive disorders in ADHD: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 121, 307-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.neubiorev.2020.12.018 google scholar
CR  - McCants, C. W., Berggren, N., & Eimer, M. (2018). The guidance of visuaL search by shape features and shape configurations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(7), 1072-1085. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000514 google scholar
CR  - McKone, E., & YoveL, G. (2009). Why does picture-pLane inversion sometimes dissociate perception of features and spacing in faces, and sometimes not? Toward a new theory of hoListic processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(5), 778-797. https://doi.org/ 10.3758/PBR.16.5.778 google scholar
CR  - McLoughLin, G., ALbrecht, B., Banaschewski, T., Rothenberger, A., Brandeis, D., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2010). ELectrophysioLogicaL evidence for abnormaL preparatory states and inhibitory processing in aduLt ADHD. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6, ArticLe e66. https://doi.org/l0.1186/l744-9081-6-66 google scholar
CR  - Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Shayestehfar, M., Ziaee, V., & Moshayedi, P. (2014). Effects of visuaL search vs. Auditory tasks on posturaL controL in chiLdren with autism spectrum disorder. Gait & Posture, 39(1), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.07.012 google scholar
CR  - Meuter, R. F. i., & Lacherez, P. F. (2016). When and why threats go undetected: impacts of event rate and shift Length on threat detection accuracy during airport baggage screening. Human Factors, 58(2), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815616306 google scholar
CR  - MicheLini, G., SaLmastyan, G., Vera, J. D., & Lenartowicz, A. (2022). Event-reLated brain osciLLations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-anaLysis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 174, 29-42. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.014 google scholar
CR  - Minio-PaLueLLo, i., PorcieLLo, G., PascuaL-Leone, A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020). Face individuaL identity recognition: A potentiaL endophe-notype in autism. Molecular Autism, 11 (i), ArticLe e81. https://doi.org/l0.1186/s13229-020-00371-0 google scholar
CR  - MoLenberghs, P., & SaLe, M. V. (2011). Testing for spatiaL negLect with Line bisection and target canceLLation: Are both tasks reaLLy unreLated? PLoS ONE, 6(7), ArticLe e23017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journaL.pone.0023017 google scholar
CR  - Moran, R., ZehetLeitner, M., LiesefeLd, H. R., MüLLer, H. J., & Usher, M. (2016). SeriaL vs. paraLLeL modeLs of attention in visuaL search: Accounting for benchmark RT- distributions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(5), 1300-1315. https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13423-015-0978-1 google scholar
CR  - Morris, A. P., Kritikos, A., Berberovic, N., PiseLLa, L., Chambers, C. D., & MattingLey, J.B. (2004). Prism adaptation and spatiaL attention: A study of visuaL search in normaLs and patients with uniLateraL negLect. Cortex, 40(4), 703-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452 (08)70166-7 google scholar
CR  - Mottron, L., & Bzdok, D. (2020). Autism spectrum heterogeneity: Fact or artifact? Molecular Psychiatry, 25(12), 3178-3185. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41380-020- 0748-y google scholar
CR  - MüLLer, H. J., & and Krummenacher, J. (2006). VisuaL search and seLective attention. Visual Cognition, 14(4-8), 389-410. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13506280500527676 google scholar
CR  - MuLLane, J. C., & KLein, R. M. (2008). Literature review: VisuaL search by chiLdren with and without ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(1), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054707305116 google scholar
CR  - Naderi, M., PLadere, T., ALksnis, R., & Krumina, G. (2023). Brain activity underLying visuaL search in depth when viewing voLumetric muLtipLanar images. Scientific Reports, 13 (i), ArticLe e7672. https://doi.org/l0.1038/s41598-023-34758-9 google scholar
CR  - Najemnik, J., & GeisLer, W. S. (2005). OptimaL eye movement strategies in visuaL search. Nature, 434(7031), 387-391. https://doi.org/10. 1038/nature03390 google scholar
CR  - Nakatani, K., Notoya, M., Sunahara, N., Takahashi, S., & inoue, K. (2013). HorizontaL visuaL search in a Large fieLd by patients with uniLateraL spatiaL negLect. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 20(6), 837-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2012.07.014 google scholar
CR  - Nobre, A. C., CouLL, J. T., WaLsh, V., & Frith, C. D. (2003). Brain activations during visuaL search: Contributions of search efficiency versus feature binding. NeuroImage, 18(1), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1329 google scholar
CR  - Nordfang, M., & WoLfe, J. M. (2014). Guided search for tripLe conjunctions. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 76(6), 1535-1559. https:// doi.org/l0.3758/s13414-014-0715-2 google scholar
CR  - Nowakowska, A., CLarke, A. D., & Hunt, A. R. (2017). Human visuaL search behaviour is far from ideaL. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1849), ArticLe e20162767. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2767 google scholar
Nuthmann, A., & CLark, C. N. L. (2023). PseudonegLect during object search in naturaListic scenes. Experimental Brain Research, 241(9), 2345-2360. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s00221-023-06679-6 google scholar
CR  - Nuthmann, A., CLayden, A. C., & Fisher, R. B. (2021). The effect of target saLience and size in visuaL search within naturaListic scenes under degraded vision. Journal of Vision, 21(4), ArticLe e2. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.4.2 google scholar
CR  - O’Riordan, M. A., PLaisted, K. C., Driver, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2001). Superior visuaL search in autism. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 27(3), 719-730. https://doi.Org/l0.1037//0096-1523.27.3.719 google scholar
CR  - O’Riordan, M., & Plaisted, K. (2001). Enhanced discrimination in autism. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology, 54(4), 961-979. https://doi.org/l0.1080/713756000 google scholar
CR  - Ohmatsu, S., Takamura, Y., Fujii, S., Tanaka, K., Morioka, S., & Kawashima, N. (2019). VisuaL search pattern during free viewing of horizontaLLy flipped images in patients with uniLateraL spatiaL negLect. Cortex, 113, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018. 11.029 google scholar
CR  - OLk, B., Dinu, A., ZieLinski, D. J., & Kopper, R. (2018). Measuring visuaL search and distraction in immersive virtuaL reaLity. Royal Society Open Science, 5(5), ArticLe e172331.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172331 google scholar
CR  - Ortega, R., Lopez, V., Carrasco, X., AnLLo-Vento, L., & Aboitiz, F. (2013). Exogenous orienting of visuaL-spatiaL attention in ADHD chiLdren. Brain Research, 1493, 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.036 google scholar
CR  - PaLadini, R. E., Wyss, P., Kaufmann, B. C., UrwyLer, P., Nef, T., CazzoLi, D., NyffeLer, T., & Müri, R. M. (2019). Re-fixation and perseveration patterns in negLect patients during free visuaL expLoration. European Journal of Neuroscience, 49(10), 1244-1253. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/ejn.14309 google scholar
CR  - PaLmer, J., Verghese, P., & PaveL, M. (2000). The psychophysics of visuaL search. Vision Research, 40(10), 1227-1268. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0042-6989(99)00244-8 google scholar
CR  - Pan, Y., Ge, X., Ge, L., & Xu, J. (2021). Using eye-controLLed highLighting techniques to support both seriaL and paraLLeL processing in visuaL search. Applied Ergonomics, 97, ArticLe e103522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103522 google scholar
CR  - Pedrazzini, E., FeLLrath, J., Theze, R., & Ptak, R. (2016). ELectrophysioLogicaL correLates of visuaL binding errors after biLateraL parietaL damage. Neuroscience, 337, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.016 google scholar
CR  - PLaisted, K., O’Riordan, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1998). Enhanced visuaL search for a conjunctive target in autism: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39(5), 777-783. https://doi.org/l0.111l/l469-7610.00376 google scholar
CR  - PLate, R. C., PoweLL, T., Bedford, R., Smith, T. J., Bamezai, A., Wedderburn, Q., Broussard, A., Soesanto, N., SwetLitz, C., WaLLer, R., & Wagner, N. J. (2023). SociaL threat processing in aduLts and chiLdren: Faster orienting to, but shorter dweLL time on, angry faces during visuaL search. Developmental Science, ArticLe e13461. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13461 google scholar
CR  - Privitera, C. M., Noah, S., Carney, T., KLein, S. A., Lenartowicz, A., Hinshaw, S. P., McCracken, J. T., Nigg, J. T., KaraLunas, S. L., Reid, R. C., OLiva, M. T., Betts, S. S., & Simpson, G. V. (2024). PupiLLary diLations in a Target/Distractor visuaL task paradigm and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroscience Letters, 818, ArticLe e137556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuLet.2023.137556 google scholar
CR  - QuinLan, P. T. (2003). VisuaL feature integration theory: Past, present, and future. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 643-673. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.643 google scholar
CR  - Rao, R. P. N., ZeLinsky, G. J., Hayhoe, M. M., & BaLLard, D. H. (2002). Eye movements in iconic visuaL search. Vision Research, 42(11), 1447-1463.https://doi.org/l0.1016/S0042-6989(02)00040-8 google scholar
CR  - Ricci, R., SaLatino, A., Garbarini, F., Ronga, i., Genero, R., Berti, A., & Neppi-Modona, M. (2016). Effects of attentionaL and cognitive variabLes on uniLateraL spatiaL negLect. Neuropsychologia, 92, 158-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychoLogia.2016.05.004 google scholar
CR  - RichLer, J. J., Cheung, O. S., & Gauthier, i. (2011). HoListic Processing Predicts Face Recognition. Psychological Science, 22(4), 464-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611401753 google scholar
CR  - RizzoLatti, G., & Berti, A. (1994). NeuraL mechanisms of spatiaL negLect. in i. Robertson & J. MarshaLL (Eds.), Unilateral neglect: Clinical and experimental studies (pp. 87-102). PsychoLogy Press. google scholar
CR  - Roberts, K. L., ALLen, H. A., Dent, K., & Humphreys, G. W. (2015). VisuaL search in depth: The neuraL correLates of segmenting a dispLay into reLevant and irreLevant three-dimensionaL regions. Neurolmage, 122, 298-305. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.052 google scholar
CR  - Robertson, C. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017). Sensory perception in autism. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(il), ArticLe eli. https://doi. org/10.1038/nrn.2017.112 google scholar
CR  - Robertson, L., Treisman, A., Friedman-HİLL, S., & Grabowecky, M. (1997). The interaction of spatiaL and object pathways: Evidence from BaLint’s syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(3), 295-317. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.3.295 google scholar
CR  - Saito, A., Sato, W., & Yoshikawa, S. (2023). Sex differences in the rapid detection of neutraL faces associated with emotionaL vaLue. Biology of Sex Differences, 14(i), ArticLe e84. https://doi.org/l0.1186/s13293-023-00567-y google scholar
CR  - Sarwar, A., & Emmady, P. D. (2023). SpatiaL NegLect. in StatPearls. StatPearLs PubLishing. http://www.ncbi.nLm.nih.gov/books/NBK562184/ google scholar
CR  - Sauter, M., Stefani, M., & Mack, W. (2020). Towards Interactive search: investigating visuaL search in a noveL reaL-worLd paradigm. Brain Sciences, 10(12), ArticLe e927. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120927 google scholar
CR  - Savage, R. A., Becker, S. i., & Lipp, O. V. (2016). VisuaL search for emotionaL expressions: Effect of stimuLus set on anger and happiness superiority. Cognition and Emotion, 30(4), 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1027663 google scholar
CR  - Savage, R. A., & Lipp, O. V. (2015). The effect of face inversion on the detection of emotionaL faces in visuaL search. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 972-991. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.958981 google scholar
CR  - Savage, R. A., Lipp, O. V., Craig, B. M., Becker, S. I., & Horstmann, G. (2013). In search of the emotional face: Anger versus happiness superiority in visual search. Emotion, 13(4), 758–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031970 google scholar
CR  - Seernani, D., Damania, K., ioannou, C., PenkaLLa, N., HiLL, H., FouLsham, T., Kingstone, A., Anderson, N., Boccignone, G., Bender, S., Smyrnis, N., BiscaLdi, M., Ebner- Priemer, U., & Klein, C. (2021). VisuaL search in ADHD, ASD and ASD + ADHD: OverLapping or dissociating disorders? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(4), 549-562. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s00787-020-01535-2 google scholar
CR  - ShaLev, L., Humphreys, G. W., & Mevorach, C. (2005). GLobaL processing of compound Lettersin a patient with BaLint’s syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(6), 737-751. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000284 google scholar
CR  - SiLva, A. D., OLiveira, A. M., Viegas, R. G., & Teixeira, N. S. (2011). What changes in face processing with face inversion and with short presentation durations? Proceedings of Fechner Day, 27(1), 397-400. google scholar
CR  - SkaLski, S., Konaszewski, K., Pochwatko, G., BaLas, R., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2021). Effects of hemoencephaLographic biofeedback with virtuaL reaLity on seLected aspects of attention in chiLdren with ADHD. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 170, 59-66. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.001 google scholar
CR  - SLater, J., Joober, R., Koborsy, B. L., MitcheLL, S., SahLas, E., & PaLmer, C. (2022). Can eLectroencephaLography (EEG) identify ADHD subtypes? google scholar
CR  - A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 139, ArticLe e104752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104752 google scholar
CR  - SpeLke, E. S. (1990). PrincipLes of object perception. Cognitive Science, 14(1), 29-56. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1401_3 google scholar
CR  - Stein, N., Watson, T., Lappe, M., & Bremmer, F. (2024). Eye and head movements in visuaL search in the extended fieLd of view. Scientific Reports, 14 (i), ArticLe e8907. https://doi.org/l0.1038/s41598-024-59657-5 google scholar
CR  - TaLsma, D., Coe, B., Munoz, D. P., & Theeuwes, J. (2010). Brain structures invoLved in visuaL search in the presence and absence of coLor singLetons. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(4), 761-774. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21223 google scholar
CR  - Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and WhoLes in Face Recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 46(2), 225-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401045 google scholar
CR  - Tanaka, Y., ishikawa, K., Oyama, T., & Okubo, M. (2023). Face inversion does not affect the reversed congruency effect of gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 30(3), 974-982. https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13423-022-02208-8 google scholar
CR  - Thornton, T. L., & GiLden, D. L. (2007). ParaLLeL and seriaL processes in visuaL search. Psychological Review, 114(1), 71-103. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0033- 295X.114.1.71 google scholar
CR  - Tian, Y., Chica, A. B., Xu, P., & Yao, D. (2011). DifferentiaL consequences of orienting attention in paraLLeL and seriaL search: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1391, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.062 google scholar
CR  - Ting, D. S. J., PoLLock, A., Dutton, G. N., DoubaL, F. N., Ting, D. S. W., Thompson, M., & DhiLLon, B. (2011). VisuaL negLect foLLowing stroke: Current concepts and future focus. Survey of Ophthalmology, 56(2), 114-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthaL.2010.08.001 google scholar
CR  - Torrado, J. C., Montoro, G., & Gomez, J. (2016). Easing the integration: A feasibLe indoor wayfinding system for cognitive impaired peopLe. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 31, 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2016.02.003 google scholar
CR  - Treisman, A. (1982). PerceptuaL grouping and attention in visuaL search for features and for objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8(2), 194-214. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0096-1523.8.2.194 google scholar
CR  - Treisman, A. M., & GeLade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(i), 97-136. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 google scholar
CR  - Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature anaLysis in earLy vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95(1), 1548. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0033-295X.95.1.15 google scholar
CR  - Tsao, D. Y., & Livingstone, M. S. (2008). Mechanisms of face perception. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 411-437. https://doi.org/10. 1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094238 google scholar
CR  - Türkan, B. N., Amado, S., Ercan, E. S., & PerçineL, i. (2016). Comparison of change detection performance and visuaL search patterns among chiLdren with/without ADHD: Evidence from eye movements. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49-50, 205-215. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.002 google scholar
CR  - Ueda, M., Yuri, T., Ueno, K., ishii, R., & Naito, Y. (2023). The neurophysioLogicaL features associated with uniLateraL spatiaL negLect recovery: A scoping review. Brain Topography, 36(5), 631-643. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10548-023-00980-x google scholar
CR  - VaLLar, G., & BoLognini, N. (2014). UniLateraL spatiaL negLect. in A. C. (Kia) Nobre & S. Kastner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of attention (p. 972-1027). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.012 google scholar
CR  - VaLLar, G., & CaLzoLari, E. (2018). UniLateraL spatiaL negLect after posterior parietaL damage. in G . VaLLar & H. B. CosLett (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (VoL. 151, pp. 287-312). ELsevier. https://doi.org/l0.1016/B978-0-444-63622-5.00014-0 google scholar
CR  - Van der StigcheL, S., & Nijboer, T. C. W. (2017). SpatiaL attention and eye movements. in A. Postma & i. J. M. van der Ham (Eds.), Neuropsychology of space (pp. 159-196). Academic Press. https://doi.org/l0.1016/B978-0-12-801638-1.00005-7 google scholar
CR  - Van der StigcheL, S., BeLopoLsky, A. V., Peters, J. C., Wijnen, J. G., Meeter, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2009). The Limits of top-down controL of visuaL attention. Acta Psychologica, 132(3), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.07.001 google scholar
CR  - Vangkilde, S., & Habekost, T. (2010). Finding Wally: Prism adaptation improves visual search in chronic neglect. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 1994-2004. https://doi.org/l0.1016Zj.neuropsychoLogia.2010.03.020 google scholar
CR  - Vestner, T., Gray, K. L. H., & Cook, R. (2021). VisuaL search for facing and non-facing peopLe: The effect of actor inversion. Cognition, 208. ArticLe e104550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104550 google scholar
CR  - WaLshe, R. C., & GeisLer, W. S. (2022). Efficient aLLocation of attentionaL sensitivity gain in visuaL cortex reduces foveaL sensitivity in visuaL search. Current Biology, 32(i), 26-36.e6. https://doi.org/l0.1016Zj.cub.2021.10.011 google scholar
CR  - Wang, S., Xu, J., Jiang, M., Zhao, Q., HurLemann, R., & AdoLphs, R. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder, but not amygdaLa Lesions, impairs sociaL attention in visuaL search. Neuropsychologia, 63, 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychoLogia.2014.09.002 google scholar
CR  - WiLkinson, D., Ko, P., MiLberg, W., & McGLinchey, R. (2008). impaired search for orientation but not coLor in hemi-spatiaL negLect. Cortex, 44(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2005.10.001 google scholar
CR  - WiLLiams, M., Moss, S., Bradshaw, J. L., & MattingLey, J. (2005). Look at me, i’m smiLing: VisuaL search for threatening and nonthreatening faciaL expressions. Visual Cognition, 12, 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280444000193 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J., Cain, M., Ehinger, K. & Drew, T. (2015). Guided Search 5.0: Meeting the chaLLenge of hybrid search and muLtipLe-target foraging. Journal of Vision 15(12), ArticLe e1106. https://doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1106. google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J., & Horowitz, T. (2008). VisuaL search. Scholarpedia, 3, ArticLe e3325. https://doi.org/10.4249/schoLarpedia.3325 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2.0: A revised modeL of visuaL search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(2), 202-238. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200774 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M. (1998). VisuaL search. in Attention (pp. 13-73). PsychoLogy Press/ErLbaum (UK) TayLor & Francis. google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M. (2007). Guided Search 4.0: Current progress with a modeL of visuaL search. in Integrated models of cognitive systems (pp. 99 119). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189193.003.0008 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M. (2010). VisuaL search. Current Biology, 20(8), R346-R349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.016 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M. (2020). VisuaL search: How do we find what we are Looking for? Annual Review of Vision Science, 6, 539-562. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-vision- 091718-015048 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M. (2021). Guided Search 6.0: An updated modeL of visuaL search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(4), 1060-1092. https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13423-020-01859-9 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J.M., & Gancarz, G. (1997). Guided Search 3.0. in Lakshminarayanan, V. (Eds) Basic and clinical applications of vision science, Documenta ophthalmologica proceedings series, (VoL 60, pp 189-192). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5698-1_30 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2017). Five factors that guide attention in visuaL search. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), 0058. https://doi.org/l0.1038/s41562-017-0058 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M., ALvarez, G. A., RosenhoLtz, R., Kuzmova, Y. i., & Sherman, A. M. (2011). VisuaL search for arbitrary objects in reaL scenes. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(6), 1650-1671. https://doi.org/l0.3758/s13414-011-0153-3 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M., Cave, K. R., & FranzeL, S. L. (1989). Guided search: An aLternative to the feature integration modeL for visuaL search. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 15(3), 419-433. https://doi.Org/10.1037//0096-1523.15.3.419 google scholar
CR  - WoLfe, J. M., PaLmer, E. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2010). Reaction time distributions constrain modeLs of visuaL search. Vision Research, 50(14),1304-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.11.002 google scholar
CR  - Wu, C. C., & WoLfe, J. M. (2022). The functionaL visuaL fieLd(s) in simpLe visuaL search. Vision Research, 190, ArticLe e107965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.107965 google scholar
CR  - ZeLinsky, G. J. (2008). A theory of eye movements during target acquisition. Psychological Review, 115(4), 787-835 https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0013118 google scholar
CR  - Zhou, R., Xie, X., Wang, J., Ma, B., & Hao, X. (2023). Why do chiLdren with autism spectrum disorder have abnormaL visuaL perception? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, ArticLe e1087122. http://www.frontiersin.org/articLes/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1087122 google scholar
CR  - Zhou, Y., & Yu, Y. (2021). Human visuaL search foLLows a suboptimaL Bayesian strategy reveaLed by a spatiotemporaL computationaL modeL and experiment. Communications Biology, 4(i), ArticLe e34 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01485-0 google scholar
UR  - https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2024-1455510
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3806656
ER  -