TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Addition Saccharomyces cerevisiae Elicitor on Total Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Gardenia jasminoides Cell Suspension Culture
AU  - Mursyanti, Exsyupransia
AU  - Francisca, Giovanny Okta
AU  - Arsiningtyas, Ines Septi
PY  - 2025
DA  - March
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.29133/yyutbd.1474298
JF  - Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences
JO  - YYU J AGR SCI
PB  - Van Yuzuncu Yıl University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1308-7576
SP  - 23
EP  - 35
VL  - 35
IS  - 1
LA  - en
AB  - G. jasminoides is a medicinal plant with diverse properties due to the various secondary metabolites including flavonoids. Flavonoid content in gardenia leaves can be increased through in vitro culture methods, such as CSC combined with elicitation. This process is carried out by adding an elicitor, which provides a stress condition in the culture to produce secondary metabolites. An example of an elicitor capable of increasing secondary metabolites is S. cerevisiae powder. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the morphology of gardenia leaves callus, measure the growth of CSC, determine the optimum elicitation time, and evaluate the most potent concentration of S. cerevisiae powder. The treatments carried out include variations in elicitation duration of 0, 2, 4, and 6 days as well as S. cerevisiae elicitor concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%. The results showed that the callus of gardenia leaves was friable and yellowish. Gardenia CSC showed two growth phases, namely exponential and stationary. The optimal elicitation period for maximizing total flavonoid content was six days, whereas the ideal period for achieving the highest antioxidant activity was two days. The highest levels of both flavonoids and antioxidant activity were observed with a 7.5% concentration of S. cerevisiae.
KW  - Cell Suspension Culture (CSC)
KW  - DPPH Inhibition
KW  - Dry weight
KW  - Elicitation
KW  - Flavonoid
CR  - Abbas, M. S., El-Shabrawi, H. M., Soliman, A. S., & Selim, M. A. (2018). Optimization of germination, callus induction, and cell suspension culture of African locust beans Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 16(1), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.012
CR  - Açıkgöz, M. A. (2020). Establishment of cell suspension cultures of Ocimum basilicum L. and enhanced production of pharmaceutical active ingredients. Industrial Crops and Products, 148(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112278
CR  - Aghakhani, F., Kharazian, N., & Lori Gooini, Z. (2017). Flavonoid constituents of phlomis (Lamiaceae) species using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis, 29(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2733
CR  - Ahmad, Z., Shahzad, A., & Sharma, S. (2019). Chitosan versus yeast extract driven elicitation for enhanced production of fragrant compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H4MB) in root tuber derived callus of Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Venter. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 136(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1488-4
CR  - Ahmed, S. A., & Baig, M. M. V. (2014). Biotic elicitor enhanced production of psoralen in suspension cultures of Psoralea corylifolia L. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 21(5), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.12.008
CR  - Alcalde, M. A., Perez-Matas, E., Escrich, A., Cusido, R. M., Palazon, J., & Bonfill, M. (2022). Biotic elicitors in adventitious and hairy root cultures: A review from 2010 to 2022. In Molecules (Vol. 27, Issue 16). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165253
CR  - Al-Gendy, A. A., Bakr, R., Al-Gendy, A. A., Bakr, R. O., & El-Gindi, O. D. (2015). Production of flavonoids and phenolic compounds by elicitation of Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.) asch. & schweinf (Asteraceae) callus and suspension cultures. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 30(1), 1293–1300. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276027730
CR  - Bavi, K., Khavari-Nejad, R. A., Najafi, F., & Ghanati, F. (2022). Phenolics and terpenoids change in response to yeast extract and chitosan elicitation in Zataria multiflora cell suspension culture. 3 Biotech, 12(8), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03235-x
CR  - Bhatia, S., Sharma, K., Dahiya, R., & Bera, T. (2015). Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Elsevier.
CR  - Bhojwani, S. S., & Dantu, P. K. (2013). Plant Tissue Culture: An Introductory Text. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1026-9
CR  - Cai, Z., Kastell, A., & Smetanska, I. (2014). Chitosan or yeast extract enhance the accumulation of eight phenolic acids in cell suspension cultures of Malus × domestica Borkh. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2014.11513054
CR  - Chagas, M. do S. S., Behrens, M. D., Moragas-Tellis, C. J., Penedo, G. X. M., Silva, A. R., & Gonçalves-De-Albuquerque, C. F. (2022). Flavonols and Flavones as Potential anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Compounds. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9966750
CR  - Chodisetti, B., Rao, K., Gandi, S., & Giri, A. (2013). Improved gymnemic acid production in the suspension cultures of Gymnema sylvestre through biotic elicitation. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 7(4), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-013-0290-3
CR  - Daffalla, H. M., Elsheikh, A. M., Ali, H. A., & Khalafalla, M. M. (2019). Callus Maintenance and Cell Line Selection of Grewia Tenax. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 25(3), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2019.1595256
CR  - Damayanti, F., Indrianto, A., Sasongko, A. B., Fajarina, S., Prabowo, B. H., Iskandar, A., Hidayati, L., & Sri Tunjung, W. A. (2020). Variation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) concentration on kaffir lime callus growth as raw material for cell suspension. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2260, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0016420
CR  - Dena, A., Restiani, R., & Aditiyarini, D. (2021). Peningkatan produksi saponin pada kultur kalus ginseng jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn) dengan penambahan ekstrak yeast. Sciscitatio, 2(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.21460/sciscitatio.2021.21.48
CR  - dos Santos, M. R. A., de Souza, C. A., & Paz, E. S. (2017). Growth pattern of friable calluses from leaves of Capsicum annuum var. annuum cv. Iberaba Jalapeño1. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 48(3), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20170061
CR  - Dowom, S. A., Abrishamchi, P., Radjabian, T., & Salami, S. A. (2017). Enhanced phenolic acids production in regenerated shoot cultures of Salvia virgata Jacq. after elicitation with Ag+ ions, methyl jasmonate and yeast extract. Industrial Crops and Products, 103(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.03.043
CR  - Dwivedi, S., Alam, A., & Shekhawat, G. S. (2016). Antioxidant response of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Angiosperms; Asteraceae) during developing phase of suspension cell culture. Plant Science Today, 3(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2016.3.2.227
CR  - Farjaminezhad, R., & Garoosi, G. (2021). Improvement and prediction of secondary metabolites production under yeast extract elicitation of Azadirachta indica cell suspension culture using response surface methodology. AMB Express, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01203-x
CR  - Gabr, A. M. M., Arafa, N. M., El-Ashry, A. A. E. L., & El-Bahr, M. K. (2017). Impact of zeatin and thidiazuron on phenols and flavonoids accumulation in callus cultures of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(7), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2017.328.335
CR  - Gonçalves, S., Mansinhos, I., Rodríguez-Solana, R., Pérez-Santín, E., Coelho, N., & Romano, A. (2019). Elicitation improves rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant activity in Thymus lotocephalus shoot cultures. Industrial Crops and Products, 137(1), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.071
CR  - Hassanpour, H., & Niknam, V. (2020). Establishment and assessment of cell suspension cultures of Matricaria chamomilla as a possible source of apigenin under static magnetic field. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 142(3), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01885-4
CR  - Higashino, S., Sasaki, Y., Giddings, J. C., Hyodo, K., Sakata, S. F., Matsuda, K., Horikawa, Y., & Yamamoto, J. (2014). Crocetin, a carotenoid from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, protects against hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytotherapy Research, 28(9), 1315–1319. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5130
CR  - Isah, T. (2016). Production of camptothecin in the elicited callus cultures of Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabberly. Chemical Papers, 71(6), 1091–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0056-9
CR  - Jin, M. Y., Wang, M., Wu, X. H., Fan, M. Z., Li, H. X., Guo, Y. Q., Jiang, J., Yin, C. R., & Lian, M. L. (2023). Improving flavonoid accumulation of bioreactor-cultured adventitious roots in oplopanax elatus using yeast extract. Plants, 12(2174), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112174
CR  - Kanthaliya, B., Joshi, A., Arora, J., Alqahtani, M. D., & Abd_Allah, E. F. (2023). Effect of biotic elicitors on the growth, antioxidant activity and metabolites accumulation in ın vitro propagated shoots of pueraria tuberosa. Plants, 12(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061300
CR  - Karalija, E., Zeljković, S. Ć., & Parić, A. (2020). Harvest time–related changes in biomass, phenolics and antioxidant potential in Knautia sarajevensis shoot cultures after elicitation with salicylic acid and yeast. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant, 56(2), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-10028-0
CR  - Krasteva, G., Berkov, S., Pavlov, A., & Georgiev, V. (2022). Metabolite profiling of gardenia jasminoides ellis in vitro cultures with different levels of differentiation. Molecules, 27(24), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248906
CR  - Krishnan, S. R. S., & Siril, E. A. (2018). Elicitor mediated adventitious root culture for the large-scale production of anthraquinones from Oldenlandia umbellata L . Industrial Crops & Products, 114(1), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.069
CR  - Kümmritz, S., Louis, M., Haas, C., Oehmichen, F., Gantz, S., Delenk, H., Steudler, S., Bley, T., & Steingroewer, J. (2016). Fungal elicitors combined with a sucrose feed significantly enhance triterpene production of a Salvia fruticosa cell suspension. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(16), 7071–7082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7432-9
CR  - Li, J., Liu, S., Wang, J., Li, J., Li, J., & Gao, W. (2017). Gene expression of glycyrrhizin acid and accumulation of endogenous signaling molecule in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots after Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Meyerozyma guilliermondii applications. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 64(5), 700–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.1534
CR  - Liu, Z. B., Chen, J. G., Yin, Z. P., Shangguan, X. C., Peng, D. Y., Lu, T., & Lin, P. (2018). Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation increase content and yield of chlorogenic acid and its derivatives in Gardenia jasminoides cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 134(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1401-1
CR  - Mendoza, D., Arias, J. P., Cuaspud, O., & Arias, M. (2020). Phytochemical screening of callus and cell suspensions cultures of Thevetia peruviana. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 63(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020180735
CR  - Mendoza, D., Cuaspud, O., Arias, J. P., Ruiz, O., & Arias, M. (2018). Effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate in the production of phenolic compounds in plant cell suspension cultures of Thevetia peruviana. Biotechnology Reports, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00273
CR  - Nikalje, G. C., Zimare, S. B., & Shelke, D. B. (2021). Effect of elicitors on plant cell suspension culture for the enhancement of secondary metabolite production. National Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1), 50–57. www.pharmajournal.net
CR  - Nurcolis, W., Iqbal, T. M., Sulistiyani, S., & Liwanda, N. (2023). Profile of secondary metabolites in different parts of the butterfly pea (clitoria ternatea) plant with antioxidant activity. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2), 231-247.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1251495
CR  - Paredes-Lopez, O. (2018). Molecular Biotechnology for Plant Food Production (O. Paredes-Lopez, Ed.). CRC Press.
CR  - Phua, Q. Y., Keong Chin, C., Rafiqi Mohammad Asri, Z., Yue Aun Lam, D., Subramaniam, S., & Lynn Chew, B. (2016). The callugenic effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-d) on leaf explants of sabah snake grass (clinacanthus nutans). Pak. J. Bot., 48(2), 561–566.
CR  - Purwianingsih, W., & Hamdiyanti, Y. (2009). Metode elisitasi menggunakan ragi Sachharomyces cerevisiae untuk meningkatkan kandungan bioaktif kuinon kalus Morinda Citrifolia L. (Mengkudu). Biosainstifika, 1(2), 167–178.
CR  - Stewart, C. N. (2008). Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. In News.Ge. John Wiley and Sons.
CR  - Uddin, R., Saha, M. R., Subhan, N., Hossain, H., Jahan, I. A., Akter, R., & Alam, A. (2014). HPLC-analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Gardenia jasminoides and determination of antioxidant activity by using free radical scavenging assays. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 4(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.5681/apb.2014.040
CR  - Wang, J., Qian, J., Yao, L., & Lu, Y. (2015). Enhanced production of flavonoids by methyl jasmonate elicitation in cell suspension culture of Hypericum perforatum. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 2(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-014-0033-5
CR  - Wiart, C. (2022). Medicinal Plants in the Asia Pacific for Zoonotic Pandemics Volume 4. CRC Press.
CR  - Yoga, I. B. K. W., Suprapta, D. N., Jawi, I. M., & Permana, I. D. G. M. (2022). A study on the antioxidant and active compounds of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE) leaves extract. Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka, 17(3), 445. https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v17i3.9924
CR  - Zaman, G., Farooq, U., Bajwa, M. N., Jan, H., Shah, M., Ahmad, R., Andleeb, A., Drouet, S., Hano, C., & Abbasi, B. H. (2022). Effects of yeast extract on the production of phenylpropanoid metabolites in callus culture of purple basil (Ocimum Basilicum L. var purpurascens) and their in-vitro evaluation for antioxidant potential. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 150(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02303-7
CR  - Zehra, A., Raytekar, N. A., Meena, M., & Swapnil, P. (2021). Efficiency of microbial bio-agents as elicitors in plant defense mechanism under biotic stress: A review. In Current Research in Microbial Sciences (Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 1–14). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100054
CR  - Zheng, X., Mi, J., Balakrishna, A., Liew, K. X., Ablazov, A., Sougrat, R., & Al-Babili, S. (2022). Gardenia carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4a is an efficient tool for biotechnological production of crocins in green and non-green plant tissues. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 20(11), 2202–2216. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13901
CR  - Zhu, H., Bi, K., Han, F., Guan, J., Tang, Z., Chen, K., Zhao, L., Li, Q., Yin, R., & Hou, X. (2014). Simultaneous determination of two iridoid glycosides, two anthraquinones and four flavonoid glycosides of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction in rat plasma by UFLC-MS/MS: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and cholestatic liver injury rats. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 960(1), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.031
UR  - https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1474298
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3888345
ER  -