TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Job Demands-Resources Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study
TT  - İş Taplepleri-Kaynakları Ölçeği: Güvenirlilik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması
AU  - Tunç, Abdullah
AU  - Bulut, Meryem Berrin
PY  - 2024
DA  - December
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.14812/cuefd.1474481
JF  - Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi
PB  - Cukurova University
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1302-9967
SP  - 1384
EP  - 1405
VL  - 53
IS  - 3
LA  - en
AB  - The Job Demands-Resources Model proposes that working conditions may relate to job outcomes in different ways. According to this model, high job demands, and low job resources cause an increase in factors such as stress and burnout. This study aimed to adapt the Job Demands-Resources Scale (JD-R Scale) to Turkish context and to examine its the reliability and validity. Data were collected in two different stages; therefore, two separate samples participated in this research (n1= 244- women= 119 and men= 125, and n2= 227- women= 117 and men= 110 academicians). In the first stage, the JD-R Scale and demographic information form were utilized. In the second stage, the JD-R Scale, Work Engagement Scale, and demographic information form were used. Principal component analysis with a Promax rotation revealed 35 items and seven factors which explained 69.99% of the total variability. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable fits. Significant correlations were found between dimensions of the JD-R Scale and work engagement. The reliability coefficients were also found to be acceptable. It can be concluded that the JD-R Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing job demands and resources in Turkey.
KW  - job demands
KW  - job resources
KW  - reliability
KW  - validity
KW  - scale adaptation
N2  - İş Talepleri-Kaynakları Modeli, çalışma koşullarının iş sonuçlarıyla farklı şekillerde ilişkili olabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Bu modele göre, yüksek iş talepleri ve düşük iş kaynakları, stres ve tükenmişlik gibi faktörlerin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İş Talepleri-Kaynakları Ölçeğinin (İT-K Ölçeği) Türkiye bağlamına uyarlanması, güvenilirlik ve geçerliliğinin incelenmesidir. Veriler iki farklı aşamada toplanmıştır; dolayısıyla bu araştırmaya iki örneklem katılmıştır (n1= 244- kadın= 119 ve erkek= 125 ve n2= 227- kadın= 117 ve erkek= 110 akademisyen). İlk aşamada İT-K Ölçeği ve demografik bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise İT-K Ölçeği, İşe Bağlanma Ölçeği ve demografik bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Promax rotasyonlu temel bileşenler analizi, toplam değişkenliğin %69.99'unu açıklayan 35 madde ve yedi faktör göstermiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kabul edilebilir uyum göstermiştir. İT-K Ölçeğinin boyutları ile işe bağlanma arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Güvenilirlik katsayıları da kabul edilebilir bulunmuştur. İT-K Ölçeğinin Türkiye'de iş taleplerini ve kaynaklarını değerlendirmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğu sonucuna varılabilir.
CR  - Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 341–356. https://doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
CR  - Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands‐Resources Model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
CR  - Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the Job Demands-Resources Model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
CR  - Britt, T. W., Dickinson, J. M., Greene, T. M., & Mckibben, E. (2007). Self engagement at work. In C. L. Cooper, & D. Nelson (Eds.), Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work (pp. 143–158). Sage.
CR  - Cohen, D., & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative research guideline project. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://www.qualres.org/HomeHomo-3804.html
CR  - Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
CR  - Crowne, D., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. John Wiley.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512. https://doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
CR  - Finch, H. (2006). Comparison of the performance of varimax and promax rotations: Factor structure recovery for dichotomous items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 43(1), 39–52. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1745-3984.2006.00003.x
CR  - Ford, J. K., MacCallum, R. C., & Tait, M. (1986). The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis. Personnel Psychology, 59, 291–314. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x
CR  - George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Pearson.
CR  - Gravetter, F., & Wallnou, L. (2014). Essentials of Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Wadsworth.
CR  - Gorsuch, R. (1983). Factor analysis. L. Erlbaum Associates.
CR  - Grover, S. L., Teo, S. T., Pick, D., & Roche, M. (2017). Mindfulness as a personal resource to reduce work stress in the job demands‐resources model. Stress and Health, 33(4), 426–436. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/smi.2726
CR  - Güler, M., Çetin, F., & Basım, H. (2019). The validity and reliability study of Work Engagement Ultra Short Version (UWES-3): Proposal of an alternative version (UWES-6). The Journal of Human and Work, 6(2), 189–197. https://doi:10.18394/iid.516921
CR  - Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
CR  - Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22, 224–241. https://doi:10.1080/02678370802379432
CR  - Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1–30.
CR  - Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
CR  - Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness-of-fit indices. Sociological Methods and Research, 11, 325–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124183011003003
CR  - Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300
CR  - Jackson, L., & Rothmann, S. (2005). Work-related well-being of educators in a district of the North-West Province. Perspectives in Education, 23(1), 107–122. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC87328
CR  - Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
CR  - Kim, M. J., & Shin, S. J. (2023). A study on job burnout and job enthusiasm of hair beauty industry employee's: Based on the Job Demands-Resources Model. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 29(5), 1250–1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.52660/JKSC.2023.29.5.1250
CR  - Maroof, D. A. (2012). Statistical methods in neuropsychology: Common procedures made comprehensible. Springer.
CR  - Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3), e67670. https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670
CR  - Peeters, M. C., Montgomery, A. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Balancing work and home: How job and home demands are related to burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 43–61. https://doi.10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.43
CR  - Razavi, T. (2001). Self-report measures: an overview of concerns and limitations of questionnaire use in occupational stress research (Discussion Papers in Accounting and Management Science, 01-175) Southampton, UK. University of Southampton 23pp.
CR  - Rummel, R. J. (1970). Applied factor analysis. Northwestern University Press.
CR  - Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019). An Ultra-Short Measure for Work Engagement: The UWES-3 Validation Across Five Countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577–591. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
CR  - Scherer, R. F., Wiebe, F. A., Luther, D. C., & Adams, J. S. (1988). Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 62, 763–770.  https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.763
CR  - Sedgwick, P. (2013). Convenience sampling. Bmj, 347-348. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6304
CR  - Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2018). Job demands and job resources as predictors of teacher motivation and well-being. Social Psychology of Education, 21(5), 1251–1275. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11218-018-9464-8
CR  - Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
CR  - Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
CR  - Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2006). The research methods knowledge base. Atomic Day.
CR  - Van den Broeck, A., Van der Elst, T., Baillien, E., Sercu, M., Schouteden, M., De Witte, H., & Godderis, L. (2017). Job demands, job resources, burnout, work engagement, and their relationships: an analysis across sectors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(4), 369–376. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000964
CR  - Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22, 277–294. https://doi.10.1080/02678370802393672
CR  - Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2022). Üniversitelerimiz. https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/universite.php
UR  - https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.1474481
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3889148
ER  -